Dendrometry and litterfall of neotropical pioneer and early secondary tree species

Transcrição

1 Biot Neotrop., vol. 9, no. 1, Jn./Mr Dendrometry nd litterfll of neotropil pioneer nd erly seondry tree speies Gli Benvenuti-Ferreir 1, Gerldo Ceni Coelho 2,4, Jorge Shirmer 3 & Osório Antônio Luhese 3 1 Universidde Regionl do Noroeste do Estdo do Rio Grnde do Sul UNIJUÍ Ijuí, RS, Brzil, e-mil: glenvenuti@hotmil.om 2 Deprtmento de Biologi e Quími, Universidde Regionl do Noroeste do Estdo do Rio Grnde do Sul UNIJUÍ, Ru do Comério, 3000, CEP , Ijuí, RS, Brzil 3 Deprtmento de Estudos Agrários, Instituto Regionl de Desenvolvimento Rurl IRDeR, Universidde Regionl do Noroeste do Estdo do Rio Grnde do Sul UNIJUÍ, Ru do Comério, 3000, CEP , Ijuí, RS, Brzil 4 Corresponding uthor: Gerldo Ceni Coelho, e-mil: enioelho@gmil.om BENVENUTI-FERREIRA, G., COELHO, G.C., SCHIRMER, J. & LUCCHESE, O.A. Dendrometry nd litterfll of neotropil pioneer nd erly seondry tree speies. Biot Neotrop. 9(1): r/v9n1/en/strt?rtile+n Astrt: The inresed forest over loss in the tropil nd sutropil regions hs stimulted the development of restortion methods through tree plnttions. Bsed on the suessionl model of forest development the use of different suessionl groups n e seen s strtegy to elerte the re-omposition of forests nd n ttempt to reover eologil onditions prior to disturne. Tree speies hve prtiulr growth rtes nd eologil needs, nd this knowledge is importnt in the development of high diversity models of forest restortion. The ojetive of this study ws to ompre the initil growth nd litterfll of ntive pioneer versus erly seondry tree speies in mixed plnttion system, nd to determine the reltionships etween guilds nd mesurements. The omprison mong speies nd guilds ws mde sed on dendrometri nd llometri prmeters, nd in terms of nnul litterfll. The study ws rried out in the Gurit Indin Are, Tenente Portel, Rio Grnde do Sul, Brzil. Dendrometry of seven speies ws evluted, inluding the pioneer tree speies Mimos srell Benthm, Trem mirnth (L.) Blume, Shinus molle L., Enteroloium ontortisiliquum (Vell.) Morong, nd the erly seondry tree speies Peltophorum duium (Spreng.) Tu., Cedrel fissilis Vell. nd Teui l (Chm.) Sndwith. The litterfll ws quntified for the first six speies. The pioneer tree speies exhiited higher verge height, stem dimeter nd rown width thn the erly seondry tree speies. The pioneer speies (exept E. ontortisiliquum) showed lso higher vlues of verge nnul litterfll. A positive interspeifi orreltion etween stem dimeter nd nnul litterfll ws oserved. The dt indite tht the hoie of the speies nd guilds is signifint to the qulity of the restortion. Nevertheless, the oveground rhiteture my depend on speies-speifi llometri hrteristis nd distintion mong guilds ws not oserved. Keywords: restortion eology, seondry suession, llometry, suessionl guilds. BENVENUTI-FERREIRA, G., COELHO, G.C., SCHIRMER, J. & LUCCHESE, O.A. Dendrometri e produção de serpilheir de espéies róres neotropiis pioneirs e seundáris iniiis. Biot Neotrop. 9(1): Resumo: A perd de oertur florestl em regiões tropiis e sutropiis tem motivdo o desenvolvimento de modelos de resturção florestl trvés do plntio de espéies róres. Tendo omo se o modelo suessionl, o uso onomitnte de espéies de diferentes tegoris suessionis pode ser visto omo um estrtégi no sentido de elerr o retorno ondições prévis à perturção. As espéies róres têm ritmos de resimento e neessiddes eológis diferentes e este onheimento é importnte pr o desenvolvimento de modelos de resturção florestl om lt diversidde. O ojetivo deste estudo foi omprr o resimento iniil e qued nul de serpilheir de espéies róres ntivs pioneirs e seundáris iniiis em um sistem heterogêneo de plntio, determinndo orrelção entre tegoris suessionis e medids. A omprção entre espéies e tegoris foi relizd onsiderndo prâmetros dendrométrios e lométrios, e qued nul de serpilheir. O estudo foi onduzido n Áre Indígen Gurit, Tenente Portel-RS, Brsil, pr sete espéies, inluindo s pioneirs róres Mimos srell Benthm, Trem mirnth (L.) Blume, Shinus molle L., Enteroloium ontortisiliquum (Vell.) Morong, e s seundáris iniiis Peltophorum duium (Spreng.) Tu., Cedrel fissilis Vell. e Teui l (Chm.) Sndwith. A vlição d produção d serpilheir foi feit ns primeirs seis espéies. As espéies pioneirs presentrm miores médis de ltur, diâmetro do fuste e lrgur d op. As pioneirs (om exeção de E. ontortisiliquum) tmém presentrm vlores médios mis elevdos de qued de serpilheir. Um orrelção interespeífi entre diâmetro do ule e produção nul de serpilheir foi oservd. Os ddos indim que esolh ds espéies e guilds tem influêni signifitiv sore qulidde d resturção. Entretnto, rquitetur d prte ére depende ds rterístis lométris espeífis ds espéies e um distinção entre guilds não foi verifid. Plvrs-hve: resturção eológi, suessão seundári, lometri, tegoris suessionis.

2 66 Biot Neotrop., vol. 9, no. 1, Jn./Mr Benvenuti-Ferreir, G. et l. Introdution The loss of forest over nd soil fertility in the tropis hs stimulted the development of different models of eologil restortion. Strtegies of forest restortion inlude imitting nturl seondry suession, diret seed sowing, monospeifi or mixed tree speies plnttion (Holl et l. 2000, Mrtinez-Grz & Howe 2003), or even nuletion with key speies whih ould fvor the suession (Reis et l. 2003). In severl ses, the seedling plntings onstitute neessry step to otin stisftory regenertion sine others strtegies suh s diret sowing or nturl regenertion hve not produed the expeted results (Prrott & Knowles 1999, Cmrgo et l. 2002). Additionlly, tree estlishment ontriutes to fst reovery of eologil proesses nd prmeters e. g. the inrementl umultion of litter, nutrient yling, nd the inrese in funl nd florl diversity (Crlo et l. 2003, Ruiz-Jén & Aide 2005). Models of restortion sed on heterogeneous pool of tree speies of different suessionl sttus hve een proposed in Brzil over the lst two dedes (Kgeym et l. 1989, Knowles & Prrott 1995, Kgeym & Gndr 2000, Kgeym et l. 2003) nd more reently in Asi (Shono et l. 2007). In these models it is ssumed tht the omintion of guilds (pioneer, seondry nd shde-tolernt tree speies) n elerte the return to the onditions prior to disturne, in terms of floristi struture nd soil iogeohemistry. Besides, some uthors stte tht monospeifi plnttions, prtiulrly some long lived pioneer tree speies, n hinder the return of lter suessionl speies (Mrtinez-Grz & Howe 2003). On the other hnd, some oservtions indite tht speies re different in terms of ontriution nd interferene to the restortion proess (Powers et l. 1999, Meli 2003), whih ould e relted to the suessionl guilds (Rodrigues & Gndolfi 2000). Few experimentl tests hve een mde to vlidte these models or to determine differenes mong guilds whih ould interfere in the restortion. Given the eophysiologil heterogeneity of tree speies (Flster & Westwoy 2005), the knowledge of silviulturl nd eologil prmeters n filitte plnning forest restortion (Knowles & Prrott 1995). Allometry reserh llows modeling the spe required y the trees during development. In the forest restortion suessionl model, the erly suessionl speies shde the lte suessionl ones in the first yers (Kgeym et l. 1989). In generl, pioneer tree speies hve higher growth rtes (Botelho et l. 1996, Souz & Válio 2003, Lurne et l. 2004, Nsimento et l. 2005), nd respond etter to fertilizers (Wlker et l. 1996). Additionlly, pioneer tree speies respond positively to liming, for exmple T. mirnth (Admski & Coelho, 2008). On the other hnd, there re inditions tht the seondry tree speies re more exigent in terms of nutrient vilility, due to their lower effiieny in nutrient uptke (Gonçlves et l. 1992). However, the growth superiority of the pioneer tree speies my not e universl. P. duium nd Cordi trihotom Vell. ttined higher heights 18 months fter plnttion when ompred to the pioneer tree speies Shinus tereinthifolius Rddi nd Mlur tintori (L.) D. Don (Coelho et l. 2003). Besides the fster growth rtes, pioneer tree speies exhiited higher litterfll rtes (Leitão Filho 1993, Mrtins & Rodrigues 1999). Nevertheless, empiril omprisons mong guilds in reltion to nnul litterfll with neotropil speies re rre, espeilly with even ged, mixed plnttions. Our work ws imed t ompring the dendrometry, llometry nd litterfll of ntive pioneer versus erly seondry tree speies in mixed plnttion system, verifying reltionships etween the guilds nd mesurements. The omprison mong speies nd guilds ws mde sed on dendrometri nd llometri prmeters, nd in terms of nnul litterfll. The hypothesis ddressed here is tht the dendrometry, llometry nd litterfll differentite not only the speies ut lso the different suessionl tegories. Mterils nd Methods 1. Sites The studied plnttions were reted s n environmentl meliortion nd forest restortion progrm in the Gurit Indin Are, Rio Grnde do Sul, Brzil. The sites were previously sujeted to severe deforesttion nd soil degrdtion y intensive monoultures nd slsh-nd-urn griulture. The Gurit Indin Are is loted in the Tenente Portel, Mirguí, Ervl Seo nd Redentor muniiplities, in the Uruguy River sin nd its ffluent Gurit River, Rio Grnde do Sul Stte, Brzil. The remnnt forest is lssified s Sesonl Forest. The limte is perhumid sutropil, with verge nnul tempertures of 19 C nd nnul rinfll of mm (Mluf 2000). Rinfll in the yer of the seedling plnting ws mm (2004), nd therefter it ws mm (2005) nd mm (2006), in Tenente Portel - RS, 10 km wy from the studied sites (dt supplied y oopertive COTRIJUÍ). The study ws rried out in two sites nmed RC ( S nd W) nd FF ( S nd W). The prevlent soils in the re re lssified s oxisols nd ineptisols (USDA, 1999). The physio-hemil profile of the sites is shown in Tle 1 (provided y UNIJUÍ Soil Lortory, 2004, nd otined under the reommendtions of Tedeso et l. 1995). The soils smples were olleted on eh site in the 5-20 m depth intervl, through the sum of ten susmples of nerly 100 g eh one, distriuted t rndom. The soil susmples were mixed nd homogenized prior to the nlysis. On eh site the terrin ws susoiled nd 5.0 mg.h 1 of dolomiti lime ws inorported t 20 m depth. A grnulted NPK fertilizer ( ) ws mixed with the soil round the seedling t the moment of plnting. The seedlings were produed in individul oni ontiners (75 m 3 ) in the Viveiro Regionl, IRDeR/FIDENE, Augusto Pestn nd were plnted t densities of 1,667/h (3 x 2 m). The seedling s size rnged from 20 to 30 m for ll the speies nd they were 4-6 months old t plnttion time. Eh study site inluded n re of 3 h tht ws plnted (etween July nd August 2004) with seedlings of 38 ntive tree speies of different suessionl groups in mixed system. The survivorship fter eight months ws less thn 50% (Luhese et l. 2005), in this wy the sping mong trees ws in ft more thn 3 x 2 m in the mjor prt of the period under evlution, nd n e onsidered rndom, onsidering tht the ded trees were distriuted y hne. Only seven speies were inluded in this study, given the low pility of surviving or redued growth of the others (Luhese et l. 2005). The speies evluted were the pioneer tree Shinus molle L., Mimos srell Benthm, Trem mirnth (L.) Blume nd Enteroloium ontortisiliquum (Vell.) Morong, nd the erly seondry tree Peltophorum duium (Spreng.) Tu., Cedrel fissilis Vell. nd Teui l (Chm.) Sndwith. Nonetheless, T. l ws not inluded in the nnul litterfll quntifition. The speies lssifition into guilds followed Crvlho (1994) who oriented his lssifition sed on Budowski (1965). In oth sites, nnul rop plnts, minly mize, ens nd penuts, were ultivted mong the lines of tree seedlings etween 2004 nd However, in the FF site the nnul plnttion ws ndoned e.g. the rop seeds were sowed ut the rops were not hrvested, nd tht is ssumed here s the only differene etween the sites in terms of rop ultivtions.

3 Biot Neotrop., vol. 9, no. 1, Jn./Mr Dendrometry of pioneer nd erly seondry trees 2. Dendrometri prmeters The growth is here evluted through n instntneous mesurement 2 yers nd 9 months fter plnting, nd onsidering tht the verge size of the seedlings ws not different mong the speies. Fifteen trees for eh speies were mesured t oth sites, totlizing 30 plnts per speies. Height (h), stem dimeter t 1.3 m ove the soil (d) nd rown width (w) were mesured with metri pole, pquimeter nd metri tpe, respetively. The rown width (w) ws estimted s the geometri verge of two mesures of North/South nd Est/West xes. From the primry dt the indexes h/w nd h/d were lulted. 3. Litterfll Two trps of 0.5 x 0.5 m were set up under eh of four trees per speies, 20 m ove the soil nd 50 m from the plnt, totlizing eight trps per speies, nd only in the RC site. The trps were set up in the proximity of the trees sine the plnttion ws heterogeneous nd the ontmintion y litter from other trees ould e minimized in suh wy. In ddition, ny mterils from other speies were disrded. The trps hd nylon net ottom with 1.0 x 1.0 mm mesh. The interepted litter (leves, flowers, fruits, stlks) ws gthered regulrly t intervls of. 30 dys etween Deemer 2005 nd Novemer The litter ws dried in n ir fored irulting oven during 24 hours t 40 C, nd weighed therefter. 4. Experimentl design nd sttistil proedures The experimentl design ws ompletely rndomized nd the vlues dt were trnsformed ording to the squre root of (X + 0.5) (Zr 1995). The dendrometri nd llometri dt nd the indexes (h, d, w, h/w nd h/d ) were sumitted to two-wy ANOVA with speies nd site s independent vriles. The nnul litterfll dt ws nlyzed through one-wy ANOVA. A Tukey test ws used for multiple omprisons mong the mens (α = 5%). Results Both speies nd sites presented signifint differenes in primry dendrometri prmeters (h, d, w). The two ftors, speies nd sites, did not show signifint intertion (Tle 2). Pioneer tree speies ttined greter height thn the erly seondry speies fter the first 33 months of growth (Figure 1). Among the pioneer speies, M. srell (5.49 m) ttined signifintly higher height thn the other speies ( m, T. mirnth m nd E. ontortisiliquum m). The pioneer tree speies lso ttined lrger stem dimeters fter 33 months (Figure 1), espeilly M. srell with n verge vlue of 10.2 m., T. mirnth nd E. ontortisiliquum hd dimeters etween 6.0 nd 8.0 m. The men stem dimeters of the erly seondry tree speies were ll under 4.0 m. Pioneer tree speies likewise hd lrger rown widths thn the erly seondry speies (Figure 1). Allometri indexes differed signifintly etween speies, ut not etween sites (Tle 2). Furthermore, the differenes mong speies were not relted to the suessionl sttus. As whole, pioneer tree speies were not different from the erly suessionl tree speies (Figure 1). T. l hd the highest h/w vlue, nd P. duium nd T. l hd the highest h/d vlues (Figure 1). Speies showed signifintly different men vlues of nnul litterfll (one-wy ANOVA, F = 61.11, df = 47, P < ). Although pioneer tree speies s group were not signifintly different from erly seondry tree speies, the pioneer tree speies hd remrkly higher litterfll deposition vlues, with the exeption of E. ontortisiliquum (Figure 1). Aross speies, ll dendrometri vriles were high orrelted with litter prodution: rown width (r 2 = 0.81, P = 0.015), stem dimeter (r 2 = 0.79, P = 0.019) nd height (r 2 = 0.77, P = 0.022). Tle 1. Physio-hemil profile of the soils in the experimentl res, Gurit Indin Are, Rio Grnde do Sul Stte, Brzil, June Tel 1. Perfil físio-químio dos solos ds áres experimentis n Áre Indígen Gurit, Rio Grnde do Sul, Brsil. ly % ph P K O.M. Al C Mg H + Al CEC (ph 7,0) (mg.dm 3 ) (%) (mol.dm 3 ) RC < FF Tle 2. Two-wy ANOVA summry for the effets of speies, site nd its intertion on height (h), stem dimeter (d), rown width (w) nd the llometri indies. Tel 2. Sumário dos efeitos de espéie, sítio e su interção sore ltur (h), diâmetro do ule (d), lrgur d op (w) e os índies lométrios, nlisdos por ANOVA de dois ftores. Men squre DF h d w h/w h/d Speies (Sp) *** *** 42.53*** 8.62*** 12.86*** Sites (Si) *** ** 16.63*** 1.40 n.s n.s. Sp x Si n.s n.s n.s n.s n.s. Error Totl n.s. indites P > 0.05, **P < nd ***P <

4 68 Biot Neotrop., vol. 9, no. 1, Jn./Mr Benvenuti-Ferreir, G. et l Height (m) Dimeter (m) M. srell T. mirnth E. ontorstiliquum P. duium T. l 0 M. srell T. mirnth E. ontorstiliquum P. duium T. l Crown widht (m) 2.5 d h/w 3 2 d M. srell T. mirnth E. ontorstiliquum P. duium T. l 0 M. srell T. mirnth E. ontorstiliquum P. duium T. l h/d M. srell T. mirnth E. ontorstiliquum P. duium T. l Litter (g.m 2 /yer) M. srell T. mirnth d E. ontorstiliquum d P. duium Figure 1. Dendrometri prmeters, height (h), stem dimeter (d) nd rown width (w), llometri rtios, h/w nd h/d, nd nnul litterfll t Gurit Indin Are, Brzil. The letters indite differenes on the Tukey test (α = 0.05). The pioneer tree speies re represented y drk olumns nd erly seondry tree speies y light olumns. Figur 1. Prâmetros dendrométrios ltur (h), diâmetro do ule (d), lrgur d op (w), índies lométrios (h/w e h/d), e produção nul de serrpilheir n Áre Indígen Gurit, Brsil. As letrs indim diferençs om se no teste de Tukey (α = 0.05). As espéies pioneirs são representds por oluns esurs e s seundáris iniiis por oluns lrs.

5 Biot Neotrop., vol. 9, no. 1, Jn./Mr Dendrometry of pioneer nd erly seondry trees Disussion 1. Dendrometry nd llometry The llometri rtios (h/w nd h/d) n indite how plnt llotes its energy. There n e more pronouned investment in height, in stem struture or in lterl rmifitions, whih ould modify the reltive rown width. The h/w index is sometimes used to evlute the growth fetures of the trees, nd my e relted to the suessionl sttus (Dvies et l. 1998; Bros 2000, Ymd et l. 2000). As ephemerl nd light demnding speies, pioneer tree speies re supposed dpted to quikly oupy open spes. However, differenes in terms of h/w etween the pioneers nd erly suessionl tree speies s groups were not oserved in Gurit plntings. Only T. l hd higher h/w men vlue, mthing the monopodil rhiteture reported in this speies (Longhi 1995). The results indites tht the pioneers tree speies simply grow more rpidly in height, stem dimeter nd rown width, ut mintin similr rhiteture to the slower growing erly suessionl speies P. duium nd when sumitted to n equivlent ondition. On the other hnd, two erly suessionl speies, T. l nd P. duium did exhiit signifintly higher h/d rtios. This dt suggests different rhiteture, e.g. greter height for given stem dimeter, whih ould e n dpttion to the light ompetition during erly life stge nd/or erly suession stge. High h/d rtio is positively relted with shde tolerne (Dvies et l. 1998). These speies my not require full sunlight to the initil growth nd thus my develop in more shded forest environments, feture typil of non-pioneer tree speies (Denslow 1980, Gndolfi 2000, Ymd et l. 2000). An intertion etween sites nd speies ws not oserved (Tle 2), wht suggests tht differenes mong speies do not depend on site on whih the plnts were grown. The low h/w nd h/d vlues of my e explined y the inidene of the inset orer Hypsipyl grndell Zeller, whih destroys the terminl uds (Crvlho 1994, Durign & Pgno 2004). These lrve dmge the pil meristem, reduing the height growth nd promoting the development of lterl uds. This Lepidopter ws oserved in our study sites. 2. Litterfll Our dt is in greement with the hypothesis tht the pioneer tree speies hve higher litterfll deposition (Leitão Filho 1993, Mrtins & Rodrigues 1999), with the exeption of dt from E. ontortisiliquum. Menwhile, there is some ontroversy in the lssifition of this speies mong the pioneer tree speies or the seondry tree speies (Crvlho 1994, Ruhel et l. 2007). The ontriution of E. ontortisiliquum to nutrient yle nd soil ron umultion tends to e lower thn the other pioneer tree speies nlyzed. The higher litterfll of the pioneer tree speies is relted to high folige turnover nd short lef life spn (Chot & Hiks 1982), whih implies slient ontriution to inrese the fertility of the upper soil horizons espeilly in the seondry suession (Ruiz-Jén & Aide 2005). The highest litterfll of M. srell (671 g.m 2 /yer) is fr distinguished from the other tree speies. This speies, plnted t site degrded y ituminous shist in Prná Stte, rehed n verge litterfll of 630 g.m 2 /yer etween four nd five yers of ge (Chirnd et l. 1983) nd 479 g.m 2 /yer etween four nd nine yers of ge t the sme site (Poggini et l. 1987), nd lso g.m 2 /yer etween two nd three yers old in Botutu, São Pulo Stte (Bertlot et l. 2004). The erly seondry forests tend to present lower litter deposition thn the mture forest (Ruiz-Jén & Aide 2005). The litter deposition of M. srell with. 2 yers old pprohes the mture forest sine the litterfll in the Sesonl Forest rnges etween 776 nd 920 g.m 2 /yer (Cunh et l. 1993, König et l. 2002). Nevertheless, the litterfll ould e overestimted in the present study y the position of the litter trps lose to the trees. In spite of tht, the dt indites tht M. srell ould represent noteworthy ontriutor in the suession proess, espeilly to ove-ground iomss umultion nd nutrient yling, when ompred with the other evluted speies. M. srell in monoulturl plnttions presents puttive high iomss umultion (Somrri & Kss 2001) nd high ontriution in terms of nitrogen retion due to its symioti fixtion (Crvlho, 1994). The signifint orreltion etween stem dimeter nd nnul litterfll mong the different tree speies suggests tht suh orreltion ould e true in interspeifi omprisons, t lest mong pioneer nd erly seondry tree speies, s the intrspeifi orreltion oserved y Adu-Bredu & Hgihr (2003). On the other hnd, rown width seems to e s good preditor of litter prodution s stem dimeter, in these erly stges of suession. M. srell nd T. mirnth re short-lived speies (Crvlho, 1994), whih presented fst growing nd high litterfll. In suh wy these pioneer tree speies fulfill importnt gols in the forest restortion (Prrott & Knowles 1999, Mrtinez-Grz & Howe 2003): fst sl re nd iomss umultion nd voidne of suession ostrution used y plnttions with only long-lived pioneer tree speies. The greter dendrometri vlues nd nnul literfll of the pioneers tree speies suggest tht the inlusion of suh speies n elerte the suession proess through nutrient yling nd iomss umultion. Further reserhes ould ontriute y onfirming if differenes oserved in the initil growth period, reported in the present pper, will result in signifint interferene in the long-term suession proesses. In ddition, other omprisons in the sme environmentl onditions ould test if there re differenes in the rhiteture of lte suessionl speies nd the pioneer nd erly seondry speies. Conlusions In generl, pioneer tree speies presented higher vlues thn erly suessionl tree speies in the dendrometri hrteristis height, rown width nd stem dimeter. On the other hnd, the two groups shre similr llometri rtios. Pioneer tree speies lso tend to produe higher nnul litterfll, nd there is orreltion etween dendrometri prmeters nd litterfll. Therefore, the hoie of guilds n e signifint to restortion plns. Aknowledgements To the Kigng ommunity for the permission to rry out the study, to Fundção de Apoio à Pesquis do Estdo do Rio Grnde do Sul - FAPERGS (ProCoredes 04/0556.3) for the finnil support nd first uthor fellowship, to José Antonio Gonzles d Silv nd Sndr V. Fernndes (UNIJUÍ Universidde Regionl do Noroeste do Estdo do Rio Grnde do Sul) who provided sttistil ssistne nd the soil informtion, respetively. Uirtã Sores Joi (Fundção Universidde de Rio Grnde) reviewed the mnusript nd Letíi Lnius nd Andress Felipin mde the English review.

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7 Biot Neotrop., vol. 9, no. 1, Jn./Mr Dendrometry of pioneer nd erly seondry trees RUCHEL, R.A., NODARI, R.O. & MOERSCHBACHER, B.M Woody plnt speies rihness in the Turvo Stte prk, lrge remnnt of deiduous Atlnti forest, Brzil. Biodivers. Conserv. 16(6): RUIZ-JAÉN, M.C. & AIDE, T.M Vegettion struture, speies diversity, nd eosystem proesses s mesures of restortion suess. For. Eol. Mnge. 218(11): SHONO, K., DAVIES, S.J. & CHUA, Y.K Performne of 45 ntive tree speies on degrded lnds in Singpore. J. Trop. For. Si. 19(1): SOMARRIBA, E. & KASS, D Estimtes of ove-ground iomss nd nutrient umultion in Mimos srell fllows in southern Brzil. Agrofor. Syst. 51(2): SOUZA, R.P. & VÁLIO, I.F.M Seedling growth of fifteen Brzilin tropil tree speies differing in suessionl sttus. Rev. Brs. Bot. 26(1): WALKER, L.R., ZIMMERMAN, J.K., LODGE, D.J. & GUZMAN- GRAJALES, S An ltitudinl omprison of growth nd speies omposition in hurrine- dmged forests in Puerto Rio. J. Eol. 84(6): TEDESCO, M.J., GIANELLO, C., BISSANI, C.A., BOHNEN, H., VOLKWEISS, S.J Análise de solo, plnts e outros mteriis. Deprtmento de Solos; UFRGS, Porto Alegre. UNITED STATES DEPARTAMENT OF AGRICULTURE USDA Soil txonomy: si system of soil lssifition for mking nd interpreting soil surveys. 2 ed. U.S. Government Printing Offie, Wshington. YAMADA, T., YAMAKURA, T. & LEE, H.S Arhiteturl nd llometri differenes mong Sphium speies re relted to mirohitt preferenes. Funt. Eol. 14(6): ZAR, J.H Biosttistil nlysis. 4 ed. Prentie Hll, New Jersey. Dt Reeived 13/03/08 Revised 13/12/08 Aepted 21/01/09

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