LATE PEST CONTROL IN DETERMINATE TOMATO CULTIVARS

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1 Lte pest control in tomto 589 LATE PEST CONTROL IN DETERMINATE TOMATO CULTIVARS Arlindo Lel Boiç Júnior *; Mrcos Aurélio Anequini Mcedo ; Adlci Leite Torres ; Mrin Roles Angelini UNESP/FCAV - Depto. de Fitossnidde - Vi de Acesso Prof. Pulo Donto Cstellne - km Joticl, SP- Brsil. UNESP/FCAV - Progrm de Pós-Grdução em Agronomi/Entomologi Agrícol. *Corresponding uthor <oicjr@fcv.unesp.r> ABSTRACT: The usge of iecticidl plnts nd others iect resistnt vrieties cn e strong llies to the Integrted Pest Mngement (IPM), eing le to reduce the numer of iecticides pplictio nd to minimize its effect to the mn nd the environment.the following control techniques were compred in field conditio, investigting the lte pest control of two determinte tomto cultivrs: ) Conventionl - spryings of metmidophos, uprofezin, cephte, cipermetrin, mectin, permetrin, tefluenzuron nd lufenuron, pplied every three to six dys; ) IPM - ction threshold of ech pest to the sprying of imidcloprid, triflumuron, lufenuron nd mectin; c) IPM - Azdircht indic (neem) - Action threshold of ech pest to the sprying of the nim oil (.% of zdirchtin) t concentrtion of 0.5%. The IPM nd IPM - Neem control techniques were efficient controlling the lte pest of the tomto cultivr, not differing from the conventionl tretment tht presented the lowest levels of infesttion. The conventionl control technique, IPM nd IPM-neem promoted igger tomto production with incresements of up to 74%. The numer of spryings ws reduced up to 77% with the IPM nd IPM - neem techniques, when compred to the conventionl method. The neem product my e promising lterntive to the lte pest control in the tomto field tht djusts to the IPM. Key words: Azdircht indic, Lycopersicon esculentum, chemicl control, integrted pest mngement CONTROLE DE PRAGAS TARDIAS EM CULTIVARES DE TOMATEIRO DE CRESCIMENTO DETERMINADO RESUMO: O uso de plnts ieticids e de vrieddes pode ser forte lido o Mnejo Integrdo de Prgs (MIP), podendo reduzir o número de plicções de ieticids e minimizr seus efeitos o homem e o meio miente. Em condições de cmpo, visndo o controle de prgs trdis do tomteiro em dus cultivres de crescimento determindo, comprrm-se s seguintes tátics de controle: ) Convencionl - pulverizções com os produtos metmidofós, uprofezin, cefto, cipermetrin, mectin, permetrin, tefluenzuron e lufenuron, plicdos em intervlos de três seis dis; ) MIP - nível de ção de cd prg pr plicções de imidcloprid, triflumuron, lufenuron e mectin; c) MIP - Azdircht indic (nim) - nível de ção de cd prg pr plicções de óleo de nim (,% de zdirctin) 0,5%. As tátics de controle MIP e MIP - nim form eficientes no controle ds prgs trdis do tomteiro, qundo pressão d populção é ix, não diferindo do trtmento convencionl que presentou s menores médis de infestção. As tátics de controle convencionl, MIP e MIPnim promoverm miores produções do tomteiro, com incrementos de té 74%. O número de pulverizções foi reduzido em té 77% com s tátics MIP e MIP - nim, comprdo o método convencionl. O produto nim pode ser lterntiv promissor no controle de prgs trdis do tomteiro em cmpo, que se just o MIP. Plvrs-chve: Azdircht indic, Lycopersicon esculentum, controle químico, mnejo integrdo de prgs INTRODUCTION In the tomto culture it is common to perform systemtic ppliction of phytosnitry products sed on clendr sprying, tking into ccount only the residul ctivity of the products, without monitoring occurrence of pests or ny level of dmge to the culture. According to Grven (984), the lte seson pest control, which is dominted y lepidoptern orers nd lefminers, through inteive spryings with primrily Sci. Agric. (Pircic, Brz.), v.64, n.6, p , Novemer/Decemer 007

2 590 Boiç Júnior et l. chemicl iecticides, hving three dy intervls etween pplictio during the entire circle. Severl times mixtures of two or more kinds of iecticides. The indiscriminnt use of these clendr pplictio my led to serious prolems including development of resistnce to iecticides, pests resurgence nd depletion of nturl enemies, pollinting iects nd sylvester nimls, not to mention the unnecessry exposure of the frmer during the ppliction, nd higher potentil pesticide residue to produce other impcts over the environment (Vills Bôs & Cstelo Brnco, 990; Grven, 99; Hji, 99). In the determinte tomto culture, lte seson pests such s the smll orer, Neoleucinodes elegntlis (Guenee), the ig orer, Helicoverp ze (Boddie), nd the tomto lefminer, Tut solut (Meyrick) hve contriuted to the frequent use of rod spectrum iecticides. This hs een pushing the scientific community to develop Integrted Pest Mngement (IPM). The isolted control techniques with phytosnitry products hve not proven themselves effective, mking it necessry to serch for other strtegies tht mke leding to sustinle results, nd to monitor the pest iect popultio (Grven, 984; Mlt, 999). The use of iecticide plnts nd iect resistnt vrieties my e strong IPM llies, nd mking it possile to reduce the numer of iecticides pplictio nd minimizing its effects over men nd environment. With these ides in mind, the purpose of this work ws to compre the lte pest seson control in two tomto vrieties. MATERIAL AND METHODS The experiment ws conducted on My 00, under field conditio in Pongí, Stte of São Pulo, Brzil, (49º W, º44 S, 430 m ltitude), during the dry seson (Emrp, 999). Tomto seedlings of determinte growth of the cultivrs AP533 nd Rio Grnde, with six definite leves ech, otined from nursery locted in Zcris, Stte of São Pulo, Brzil, were used. There the seeds were sowed on commercil sustrte in 88-cell polystyrene trys, one seed per cell, nd kept in high tunnel greenhouse protected on the sides y 50% shde screen covered with 00-micrometer polyethylene film to void pest infesttion. The soil ws conventionlly prepred through hevy disking, followed y one plowing nd two light diskings. Correction of soil cidity ws performed with one ppliction of dolomitic lime (80% Effective Neutrlizing Power, ENP) 60 dys efore plnting to rech 70% of se sturtion. Fertilizers contining 60% of the NPK, s recommended y soil nlysis, were pplied mde efore trplnting seedlings. Ech repliction ws formed y ten furrows with 6 m length spced y.3 m, contining three plnts per liner meter, totlizing 80 plnts per plot. For ech repliction, it ws used 5 m² useful plot, totlizing 0 plnts per plot. The remining 40% of the fertiliztion ws performed 0 dys fter the trplnting incorported to the side of cultivtion rows. Three further pplictio of NK were incorported 40, 55 nd 70 dys fter trplnting. Culturl prctices were crried out s recommended for the tomto crops (Emrp, 994). Four tretments were used: ) no pest controls; ) conventionl pest control, clendr schedule used y frmers; 3) Integrted Pest Mngement (IPM); 4) IPMneem. Control tretment coisted of two cultivrs with no iecticide use nd nturl product. For conventionl tretment the methods used y the frmer were dopted. In tht tretment, iecticides pplictio re performed guided y pre-estlished clendr every three to six dys. For the IPM tretment, iecticides pplictio were performed s recommended y Centro de Mnejo Integrdo de Prgs (CEMIP) (Center of Integrted Pest Mngement), dopting the ction threshold (Tle ) for decision mking. As for IPM-neem, the methods used were the sme s the IPM, only the iecticides were replced y the nturl product Neem (Tle ). For tomto lefminer control decision during fruiting phse, we hd smples of four fruit clusters per plnt in 0 rndom plnts per plot, nd we pplied controls when 5% of the tomto fruit clusters were infested. As for the orers, it hs een visully oserved tht two tomto fruit clusters in 0 plnts per plot, for totl of 00 fruits, we used verge of % of these fruits infested s the ction threshold. Evlutio were conducted every seven dys, nd when the control threshold ws chieved, even if y single plot, pesticide pplictio were mde in every plot. Tle - Action threshold used regrding decision mking in the Integrted Pest Mngement (IPM), for monitored lte pests of tomto cultivrs of determinte growth. Pongi, São Pulo, Brzil, 00. Borers Lefminer Lte pests Source: Grven (984) Helicoverp ze Neoleucinodes elegntlis Tut solut Action threshold % of ored fruits 5% of stem with infested fruit Sci. Agric. (Pircic, Brz.), v.64, n.6, p , Novemer/Decemer 007

3 Lte pest control in tomto 59 Tle - Synthetic iecticides nd neem-sed product used for pest control in tomto cultivrs of determinte growth. Pongi, SP, Brzil, 00. T echnicl nme Dose (commercil product) methmidophos BR 00 ml 00 L wter cipermetrin 00 CE 0 ml 00 L, mectin 8 CE 3 wter 00 ml 00 L wter permethrin 500 CE 0 ml 00 L wter permethrin 384 CE 6 ml 00 L wter tefluenzuron 50 5 ml 00 L, triflumuron 50 PM, lufenuron CE wter 60 g 00 L 80 ml 00 L wter imidcloprid 00 g h 3 zdirchtin 00 ml 00 L 5 wter Synthetic iecticides used in the conventionl tretment. Synthetic iecticides used in the IPM. 3 Nturl product (oil) used in the IPM-neem (.% zdirchtin). A production estimte ws determinte fter three hrvests, eing tht the first to were destined to in ntur, nd the third to industry, nd notes regrding the weight of the fruits of every plot were tken. The otined dt were sumitted to the ANOVA y the F test, nd me were compred through Tukey test (P 0.05). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Tle 3 - Men percentge of tomto clusters dmged y Tut solut, nd numer of fruits dmged y Neoleucinodes elegntlis nd Helicoverp ze in two tomto cultivrs of determinte growth sujected to three control techniques. Pongi, São Pulo, Brzil, 00. Cultivr (C) AP533 Rio Grnde.4 Tretment (T) Control Conventionl IPM IPM- N im T. solut Reprodutive phse N. elegntlis H. ze c * * 43.66* * 37.6* * F (C T) C.V. (%) Me followed y the sme lower-cse letter in the column re not different y Tukey test (**%, F test, not significnt). The IPM nd IPM-neem control techniques were s effective s the conventionl technique when controlling the three lte seson pests in tomto cultivr of determinte growth (Tle 3). Fifty-four dys fter trplnting, the ig orer (H. ze) predominted, nd it exceeded the ction threshold, necessitting control t this time for orers nd lefminers (Figure e-f-g-h). Such fct could e relted to the nery corn culture, which, t this point in time ws sprouting, in view of the fct tht the ig orer is secondry pest when it comes to tomto culture. The men percentge of the fruits dmged y H. ze ws inversely relted to the tomto production (r = -0.64**), which me, while the numer of dmged fruits incresed, the production decresed (Figure ). In generl, mong the lte seson pests, the lefminer ws respoile for the higher numer of spryings (Figures e-f-g-h), ffecting tomto production, s seen in the negtive nd highly significnt correltion etween the men percentge of fruits dmged y the lefminer nd the production (r = -0.53**) in Figure. The smll orer popultion initited in the end of Mrch (Figures -), nd exceeded the ction threshold quickly in the first ten dys of April (Figure h), eing tht its levels were given together with the lefminer (Figures e-g-h). The conventionl control technique mintined the lowest popultion of lte seson pests, the lefminer eing the most ffected one, due to the short time etween the iecticides pplictio, levels of the smll orer, were higher in the conventionl plots nd cused smll strings to the fruit y hrvest (Figures c-d). Tht confirms the report provided y Frnç (984), Reis et l. (989), Grven (99) nd Reis & Souz (996), which sid tht the smll orer is hrd to control, specilly t high popultion pressure, ecuse its equilirium level is lwys close to the ction threshold level, therefore, requiring cotnt chemicl control. Rodrigues Filho et l. (998) interviewed tomto frmers nd reported tht the N. elegntlis control is mintined through preventtive chemicl pplictio. These frmers strt the smll orer control from the initition of fruit set nd mintin regime of three spry per week, in n verge, under low technicl qulity nd questionle efficiency. Therefore, Frnç (984) suggests tht the control threshold is plced little ove the equilirium position, or tht the control should proceed t the initil sig of injury in order to prevent ny loss. Mlt (999) determined Sci. Agric. (Pircic, Brz.), v.64, n.6, p , Novemer/Decemer 007

4 59 Boiç Júnior et l. Figure - Percentge of tomto clusters dmged y Tut solut, Helicoverp ze, nd Neoleucinodes elegntlis, in two tomto cultivrs of determinte growth, sujected to three control techniques. Pongi, São Pulo, Brzil, 00. * Arrow indicted spry ppliction necessitte y n ction threshold of exceeded y pest. the ction threshold of 3% of orer entrnce sig, ited of 5%. With the development of the plnts, the popultion differences etween the tretments IPM nd IPM-Nim nd the trditionl hve the tendency to get closer relted (Figure c-d-e-f-g-h), greeing with Jordão & Nkno (000). All lte pest control techniques potentilized the tomto yield when compred to control (Tle 4). There ws no difference etween the cultivrs in terms of percentge of fruit injured; there ws, however, difference etween the control techniques. But there ws lrger mount of fruits from the AP533 cultivr destined to the industry when compred to Sci. Agric. (Pircic, Brz.), v.64, n.6, p , Novemer/Decemer 007

5 Lte pest control in tomto 593 Figure - Liner regression nd correltion (r) etween the men percentge of plnts with Tut solut live lrve () nd the verge numer of fruits dmged y Neoleucinodes elegntlis () nd y Helicoverp ze (c) nd the production of tomto of determinte growth. Tle 4 - Men percentge of fruit lost ecuse of orers nd production for in ntur mrket nd industry, coidering two tomto cultivrs of determinte growth, sujected using the three control techniques. Pongi, São Pulo, Brzil, 00. Cultivr (C) Fruits with orers Production in ntur Mrket Industry Totl % t h AP Rio Grnde * n s * * 0.45 Tretment (T) Control Conventionl IPM IPM- Neem **.76* * n s * * F (C T) C.V. (%) Me followed y the sme lower-cse letter in the column re not different y Tukey test (** % nd * 5% F test, not significnt). the Rio Grnde cultivr. There ws no difference etween the control techniques nd the control tretment (Tle 4). Such fct is coequence of the dmge cused y orers nd lefminers on AP533, which ws more significnt thn the hrm cused on Rio Grnde. Fruits with orers re not culled when sent to the industry mrket, which expli the difference of production with this purpose. The conventionl control technique ws respoile for the highest increse in tomto yield 74.4%, not different from IPM (67.03%) or IPM- Neem (6.97%). Ahmed (000) oserved, in field conditio, the incresement of 74% in the tomto pro- Sci. Agric. (Pircic, Brz.), v.64, n.6, p , Novemer/Decemer 007

6 594 Boiç Júnior et l. duction with the ppliction of wtery neem seed extrct, nd of 46% with two incorportio of neem seeds ( g) to the soil. As for the NeemAzl commercil product (5 ml L ) it incresed the production in 38% nd the iecticide fenvlerte in 8%. In okr, tht sme uthor oserved n increse of up to 6% in the first yer of plnting nd of 5% in the following yer, with the ppliction of neem seed wter extrcts (50 g L ). The numer of spryings for lte pests following the frmer s clendr (Conventionl) ws 3, eing reduced in up to 77% to IPM technique nd 6% to IPM-neem (Tle 5). Grven et l. (998) reported tht reducing in up to 70% the numer of iecticide sprying is possile, using pest monitoring nd ction threshold nd ssocite choice of iecticides, which ws confirmed y the current reserch in the IPM nd IPM-Neem techniques, which presented differences from one nother of one sprying to AP533 cultivr nd two to Rio Grnde cultivr. The influence of the smll orer over the tomto production is evident in the highly significnt negtive correltion etween the men percentge of fruits dmged y N. elegntlis nd production (r = -0.73**) in Figure, eing tht s the fruits with N. elegntlis incresed, the production decresed. In ddition to reduce the numer of spryings, the IPM-neem control technique presented more vigorous plnts thn those presented y the conventionl nd IPM control. Such fct hs lso een noted y Ahmed (000) regrding tomto culture in field conditio. The uthors oserved yet, strong effect in the growing index, in the plnts height nd the numer of leves crried y ech plnt when treted with wtery neem seed extrct (50 g L ) nd the commercil product NeemAzl (5mL L ). The sme ws oserved in the culture of okr. The IPM nd IPM-neem techniques showed est results when compred s the conventionl technique in the lte pests control in tomto cultivrs of determinte growth. These techniques promoted lrger tomto productio, with incresements of up to 74%. The numer of spryings ws reduced in up to 77% with the IPM nd IPM-neem techniques, in reltion to the conventionl control. In fce of tht, the nturl product shown s promising lterntive in the tomto field lte pests control, which djusts to the Integrted Pest Mngement progrm. REFERENCES AHMED, M.M.M. Studies on the control of iect pests in vegetles (okr, tomto, nd onion) in Sudn with specil reference to neem-preprtio. Giessen: University of Giessen, Fculty of Agrrwissechften, Ökotrophlogie und Umweltmngement, 000. p. (Disserttion Doctor). EMPRESA BRASILEIRA DE PESQUISA AGROPECUÁRIA - EMBRAPA. Recomendções técnics pr o cultivo do tomte industril em condições irrigds. Petrolin: EMBRAPA-CPATSA, p. (Circulr Técnic, 30). EMPRESA BRASILEIRA DE PESQUISA AGROPECUÁRIA - EMBRAPA. Sistem rsileiro de clssificção de solos. Brsíli: Emrp Solos, p. FRANÇA, F.H. 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RODRIGUES FILHO, I.L.; MARCHIOR, L.C.; REIS, C.A.; GRAVENA, S.; MENEZES, E.B. Aspectos d tomticultur do município de Pty do Alferes RJ, lizdos pel relção com Neoleucinodes elegntlis (Guéene, 854) (Lepidopter; Pyrlide). In: CONGRESSO BRASILEIRO DE ENTOMOLOGIA, 7. Rio de Jneiro, 998. Resumos. Rio de Jneiro: Sociedde Entomológic do Brsil, 998. p.306. VILLAS BÔAS, G.L.; CASTELO BRANCO, M. Mnejo integrdo de prgs em hortliçs. In: FERNANDES, O.A.; CORREA, A.C.B.; BORTOLI, S. A. (Ed.) Mnejo integrdo de prgs. Joticl: FUNEP, 990. v., p Received Mrch 8, 006 Accepted August 8, 007 Sci. Agric. (Pircic, Brz.), v.64, n.6, p , Novemer/Decemer 007