Air quality in Portugal: From emissions to measures. Francisco Ferreira

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Benedita Vasques Sintra
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1 Air quality in Portugal: From emissions to measures Francisco Ferreira

2 Context National Air Strategy for 2020 Gothenburg Protocol (2020) NEC (2030) Air quality levels for 2020 (modelling by University of Aveiro) Definition of policies and measures

3 Context Greenhouse gases and air pollutants emissons historic evolution Pollutant GHG 13% -32% NOx -31% -41% NMVOC -43% -13% SO2-86% -42% NH3-25% -4% PM2.5-24% -18% PM10-16% -29% TSP 7% -73% CO -61% -20%

4 Sampling Diffusive samplers SO 2, NO 2, C 6 H 6 e O 3 + PM10 (other equipment)

5 NO 2 Máximo das duas campanhas

6 SO 2

7 O 3

8 Point sources Power Plants (2 coal) Siderurgy Refineries Pulp and paper Chemical Cement

9 Example: Sines Power Plant

11 Flue-gas desulphurization Denitrification

12 Electrostatic precipitators

13 Real-time emissions measurements Example: Particles, CO, NOX, TOC, HCl, HF

14 Hazardous waste incineration Sampling equipment PAH s Metais Pesados Dioxinas e Furanos CO-NOx-TOC

15 Sahara/Sahel and forest fires (natural events) Station monitoring data Modelling Satellite imagery

16 Natural events identification Tools: 1. BSC-DREAM 2. SKIRON 3. NAAPs-NRL 4. Air masses retrotrajectories (HYSPLIT) Navy- USA NRL 5. SeaWIFS, MODIS-Terra satellite imagery 6. TOMS

17 Identification fo natural events Northern African events Model BSC-Dream (Barcelona Supercomputer Centre) Based on satellite imagery Cloud cover Aerosols Surface concentration Forecasting

18 Identification fo natural events Northern African events Modelo SKIRON (Univ. Atenas)

19 Identification fo natural events Northern African events Modelo NAAPS (Navy Aerosol Analysis and Prediction System) Naaps Global Aerosol Model Naval Research Laboratory, Monterey USA

Naaps Global Aerosol Model Naval Research Laboratory,

20 Identification fo natural events Northern African events Modelo Hysplit (NOAA/Dep. Commerce - USA) MODELO ftp:// METEO FILES ftp://

Commerce - USA) MODELO ftp://www.arl.noaa.

21 Identification fo natural events Northern African events Satélite SeaWIFS (NASA) SeaWIFS: for chlorophyll Not éideal but good photos (ex.: 05/Mar/1998)

22 Identification fo natural events Northern African events Satélite TOMS (NASA) Aerosols index Outdated EUROPA ftp://jwocky.gsfc.nasa.gov/pub/tmp/meduse ESCALA GLOBAL

23 Identification fo natural events Chemical mass balance PM 10 crustal % 51.5 CO 2-3 µg.m SiO 2 µg.m Al 2 O 3 µg.m P 2 O 5 µg.m Ca µg.m Fe µg.m K µg.m Mg µg.m CRUSTAL CO 2-, 3 SiO 2, Al 2 O 3, P 2 O 5,, Ca, Fe, K, Mg 2.5* Al 2 O 3 = SiO 2 GRAVIMETRY PM µg.m -3

24 Identification fo natural events Chemical mass balance >Rodoviário AVL 2ª a 6ª 16,42 39% 13,93 34% AVL fim de semana 6,40 16% 4,52 11% AVL Evento Natural >Crustal 11,95 35% 11,82 34% crustal marinho part. sec. tráfego rodoviário 23,41 33% 32,29 44% 7,11 21% 3,30 10% 12,91 18% 3,39 5% crustal marinho part. sec. tráfego rodoviário crustal marinho part. sec. tráfego rodoviário DCEA-FCT/UNL, CCDRLVT, 2006

25 Long distance transport Origin of episodes

26 Natural events Metereology and probability of occurence Tipo de evento Período Fonte e meteorologia Fraca probabilidade, apenas áreas Sul Novembro - Janeiro Injecção atmosférica de poeiras inibida, eventos de poeiras apenas nas áreas Sul (P. Ibérica) Eventos secos Chuvas vermelhas & Eventos secos Fevereiro - Março Abril - Junho Sahel Nuvens Longas de plumas partículas de poeiras do Atlântico do Anticiclones Atlântico; Anticiclone (Med+NAF) (Med+NAF) Sahel a Sahara Depressões (SW Portugal) e/ou Anticiclone (Med+NAF) Eventos secos Julho - Agosto Sahara Vastos e intensos outbreaks de poeiras; anticyclone (Med+NAF) Chuvas vermelhas & Eventos secos Setembro - Outubro Sahara a Sahel Depressões (SW Portugal) e/ou Anticiclone (Med+NAF)

27 Transporte a longa distância de partículas: características meteorológicas H Atlantic Depression: 1000 hpa 850 hpa 700 hpa L L H H H North African Depression: 1000 hpa 850 hpa 700 hpa L L L H Diapositivo desenhado por Querol, IJA

28 Transporte a longa distância de partículas: características meteorológicas North African High in Surface L 1000 hpa 850 hpa 700 hpa H H L H L H L North African High in Altitude H 1000 hpa 850 hpa 700 hpa H H H L Diapositivo desenhado por Querol, IJA

29 Forest fires Satellite (ex: Modis Terra e Aqua), Databases (ex: DGRF) 22/08/2005

30 Forest fires Combination of satellite imagery* + Model (Hysplit) *web fire mapper

31 Plans and Programmes to Improve Air quality

32 Before and after ZER Phase II Fleet characterization

33 Before and after ZER Emissions (Lisbon Center) Less cars, modern fleets = less emissions

34 Before and after ZER Emissions (Lisbon Center)

35 Avenida da Liberdade 2001/2012 PM10 NOx

36 Before and after ZER Phaase II (AVL)

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