ATMOSFERA, EMISSÕES E MUDANÇAS CLIMÁTICAS. ATMOSPHERE, EMISSIONS and CLIMATE CHANGES

Transcrição

1 ATMOSFERA, EMISSÕES E MUDANÇAS CLIMÁTICAS ATMOSPHERE, EMISSIONS and CLIMATE CHANGES Maria Joana Neiva Correia- DEQB-IST Francisco Ferreira- DCeEA-UNL -1-

2 Desenvolvimento Sustentável Desenvolvimento que garanta a satisfação das capacidade das futuras gerações satisfazerem as suas necessidades do presente sem comprometer a próprias. Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs Bruntland Comission -2-

3 ATMOSPHERE, EMISSIONS and CLIMATE CHANGES -3-

4 Summary Atmosfera, Emissões e Mudanças Climáticas ATMOSPHERE, EMISSIONS and CLIMATE CHANGES Air Pollutants (emissions, effects,...). Greenhouse Effect Climate Changes -4-

5 Air Pollution Atmosfera, Emissões e Mudanças Climáticas Emissions Sources Measurem. Control Atmosphere Dilution Transport Modification Transporte & dispersão Transformação Vento Deposição Impacto Remoção Monitoriza zação Effects Human Health Materials Climate -5-

6 Poluição Atmosférica Atmosfera, Emissões e Mudanças Climáticas Emissions Emission limits Air Quality Limit Values for the Concentration of Air Pollutants in the Atmosphere Meteorology (wind/hum./t) -6-

7 Air Pollutants Atmosfera, Emissões e Mudanças Climáticas Primary (Part.;NOx;SOx...) Organic Cumulative Accute Pollutants Type Chemical Comp State Effects Secondary (PS; O 3...) Inorganic Global Regional -7-

8 Air Pollutants Atmosfera, Emissões e Mudanças Climáticas PTS /PM10/PM2,5 CO SOx NOx COV NH 3 O 3 Benzene. Sources Combustion Effects Cl O O CO 2 CH 4 N 2 O CFC /HCFC/HFC/ F Dioxines 2,3,7,8,-tetracloro dibenzodioxina Cl -8-

9 Combustion and Air Pollution Atmosfera, Emissões e Mudanças Climáticas Combustion Reactions C+ O 2 CO 2 (-94,1 kcal/mol) N2 + O 2 2 NO C+ 1/2O 2 CO (-26,4 kcal/mol) (T>1200ºC) H 2 + 1/2O 2 H 2 O g (-57,8 kcal/mol) S+ O 2 SO 2 (-70,9 kcal/mol) Variables NO+ ½ O 2 NO 2 Thermal NOx (NOx térmico) Prompt NOx (NOx imediato) Fuel NOx (NOx combustível) Air Temperature Time Turbulence/mixing -9-

10 Emission Inventories Air Pollutants PM10- Particulate Matter (d <10µm) SOx NH 3 NOx CO COV CO 2 CH 4 N 2 O HFC/F CFC /HCFC PM10 Acid Rain Tropospheric O 3 Greenhouse Gases Stratospheric Ozone Depletion -10-

11 Particulate Matter Atmosfera, Emissões e Mudanças Climáticas Particulate Pollutants (PTS/PM10/PM2.5) Dispersed material, solid or liquid PST- total suspended matter PM 10/2.5- particulate matter with a particle size < 10/2.5 µm Primary (fly-ash, diesel motors particles...) Secundary (NOx, SOx, NH 3,.) -11-

12 Particulate Matter Atmosfera, Emissões e Mudanças Climáticas Effects: Depend on the exposition time and the existence of other pollutants (SO2) Human health Respiratory problems/asthma/ cardiac disorders, d >10 µm removed in the upper respiratory system Plants/animals/materials dust deposition reduces photosynthesis/growth inhibition animals who eat plants covered by toxic particles corrosion, eroding, discoloring,.. Reflection of the incoming solar radiation -12-

13 Particulate Matter Atmosfera, Emissões e Mudanças Climáticas Sources: -Natural: polens, bacterias, spores, volcanic dust, desert storms etc., - Anthropogenic: E

14 Particulate Matter Concentration Values: -Anual mean PM concentration in Portugal versus the number of monitoring stations Porto Lit AMLN AMLS Number of measures of PM10 higher than the maximum daily limit of 50µg/m 3-14-

15 SOx Inventário de emissões PM10- Partículas inaláveis SOx NOx NH 3 CO COV CO 2 CH 4 N 2 O HFC/F CFC /HCFC PM10 Acid Pollutants Substâncias Percursoras do Ozono Troposférico Efeito de Estufa Destruição da Camada de Ozono -15-

16 SOx Atmosfera, Emissões e Mudanças Climáticas SO x (SO 2, SO 3, SO 4, S 2 O 3..) Sources: Energy industries Industries -16-

17 SOx Atmosfera, Emissões e Mudanças Climáticas Effects Acid rain ( 62%): damage to plants / leaching of nutrients/ corrosion... Attack building materials namely limestone: CaCO 3 + H 2 SO 4 = CaSO 4 + CO 2 + H 2 O SO 4 Particles=> 0.2<d<0.9 µm reduction of visibility Aerossols of SO 4 reflection of the incoming solar radiation (PS*SO x ) smog -17-

18 SOx Atmosfera, Emissões e Mudanças Climáticas SOx Control Burn fuels with lower sulfur contents (natural gas< fuel<coal) Remove sulfur from the fuel (diesel and gasoline) Biofuels Wet Scrubbers -18-

19 NO, NO 2, N 2 O,... Sources: Combustion Transports Energy Atmosfera, Emissões e Mudanças Climáticas NOx -19-

20 NOx Atmosfera, Emissões e Mudanças Climáticas Effects Acid rain ( 35%)/Eutrofization Nitrate aerossols Yellowing of white fabric, oxidation of metals Tropospheric Ozone -20-

21 NOx Atmosfera, Emissões e Mudanças Climáticas Control Control of the combustion conditions (excess of air and temperature)/ low NOX burners/ reburning systems NOx removal from the flue gas- catalysts, NH 3 /CO(NH 2 ) 2 Increasing the combustion temperature and the excess of air decrease CO and HC emissions but increases NOx emissions -21-

22 NH 3 Atmosfera, Emissões e Mudanças Climáticas NH 3 Sources: Agriculture Emissions: Portugal Effects: Acidification/ Eutrofization -22-

23 SOx + NOx + NH 3 Europe-15 SOx ; NOx; NH3 Portugal

24 SOx ; NOx; NH3 Atmosfera, Emissões e Mudanças Climáticas SOx + NOx + NH 3 PIB=GDP=Gross Domestic Product Dissociation between GDP/ Consumption of energy and AS -24-

25 Emissions Inventory PM10- Partículas inaláveis SOx NH 3 NOx CO COV/CH4 CO 2 CH 4 N 2 O HFC/F CFC /HCFC PM10 Substâncias Acidificantes e Eutrofizantes Ozone Precursors /Photochemical Smog Efeito de Estufa Destruição da Camada de Ozono -25-

26 Carbon Monoxide Carbon Monoxide Sources: Transports sector (C+ 1/2O 2 CO) Some industrial Processes -26-

27 Carbon Monoxide Carbon Monoxide Effects: Depends on the concentration: no effects effects on the nervous system cardiac and pulmonar problems coma death Tropospheric O 3 Control: Oxidation to CO 2 pos-combustion /catalysts -27-

28 VOC Sources: Agriculture landfills Transports Industry Volatile Organic Compounds Control Emissions: NMVOC CH 4 incineration/pos combustion/catalysts adsorption in activated carbon, absorption in scrubbers condensation -28-

29 Portugal Report 2006 (published in 2007) Preliminary Report 2007 NOx; CO; CH4; COV -29-

30 Portugal NOx; CO; CH4; COV Dissociation between GDP and TOP -30-

31 OZONE Atmosfera, Emissões e Mudanças Climáticas Ozone Stratosphere Absorption of the Solar UV radiation Troposphere Dangerous Pollutant Tropospheric Ozone NOx + COV/CO + Temp. / Sunlight Verão O 3-31-

32 O 3 troposférico Atmosfera, Emissões e Mudanças Climáticas Reactions 2NO + O 2 2NO 2 NO 2 + hν NO + O O + O 2 O 3 NO + O 3 NO 2 +O 2-32-

33 O 3 troposférico Atmosfera, Emissões e Mudanças Climáticas COV/CO O 3 [O 3 ] COV/CO RO 2. / HO. 2 RO. 2 + NO RO. +NO2 NO+O 3 NO 2 +O 2 Photochemical Oxidants O 3 /NO 2 /H 2 O 2 /O/O 2 / CH 3 C(O)O 2 NO 2-33-

34 O 3 Atmosfera, Emissões e Mudanças Climáticas Effects O 3 is a powerfull oxidizing agent cough/ headache /chest pains /eye, nose and throat irritation/.. Oxidizes several materials (rubber /nylon etc.) Damage tree foliage/reduces photosynthesis function/inhibits vegetation growth Effect of O 3-34-

35 O 3 Atmosfera, Emissões e Mudanças Climáticas Legislation: Public information µg/m 3 Alert µg/m 3 (360 µg/m 3 até 2003) AML Sul AML Norte Norte Interior -35-

36 Stratospheric Ozone O 3 O 2 /O 3 absorbs 95-99,9% of the UV (λ<0,28µm => O 3 ) Stratospheric Ozone Sun s UV radiation is absorbed by strastopheric O 3-36-

37 Stratospheric Ozone Atmosfera, Emissões e Mudanças Climáticas Strastospheric Ozone Depletion Antartic- Significant decrease of [O3] Error? Alarm Montreal Protocol 1990-London, 1997-Kyoto [O 3 ] 1994 < ½[O 3 ]

38 O 3 Depletion Why???? Stratospheric Ozone CFC (CF 2 Cl 2 ) HCFC (CHF 2 Cl) CH 3 Br (pesticides) NO + O 3 NO 2 + O 2 Cl -38-

39 Stratospheric Ozone Atmosfera, Emissões e Mudanças Climáticas Reaction beteween O3 and Chlorine?? Alternatives to CFC/HCFC HFC- R134 (C 2 H 2 F 4 ) does not release Cl does not reacts with O 3. But this compound is a Greenhouse Gas Hydrocarbons-- Isooctane /propane/ mixtures -39-

40 Emissions Inventory PM10- Partículas inaláveis SOx NH 3 NOx CO COV CO 2 CH 4 N 2 O HFC/F CFC /HCFC PM10 Air Pollutants Substâncias Acidificantes e Eutrofizantes Substâncias Percursoras do Ozono Troposférico Greenhouse Gases -40-

41 Greenhouse gases CO 2 CH 4 (CO 2 equiv.= 24) N 2 O (CO 2 equiv.=310) CFC-HCFC-HFC (CO 2 equiv: ) PFC (CO 2 equiv: ) SF 6 (CO 2 equiv: 22200) Greenhouse Gases Mundial-2000 Portugal -41-

42 CO2 Atmosfera, Emissões e Mudanças Climáticas CO2 T increased 0.6ºC due to CO 2? The greatest increase occured up to 1940 T increase is lower than the one expected due to [CO 2 ] -42-

43 CO2 Effects of the emissions of GHG ppm CO ppm Between T increased ºC XXI Century T should increase 1-3.5ºC ( a 0.5ºC/10 yr) and the ocean level may increase 3-10cm/10yr. -43-

44 Effects of GhG GhG Increase of the temperature of the atmosphere and of the ocean Climate Change Melting of glaciers Increase of the ocean levels due to heat absorption and to the melting of the glaciers. -44-

45 Greenhouse Effect -45-

46 Greenhouse effect Absorption spectra of some GHG Greenhouse Effect 15ºC CH 4 N 2 O CO 2-46-

47 Portugal Temperature Rain Deviation from the mean value -47-

48 Emissions Greenhouse Gases -48-

49 GhG Emissions Atmosfera, Emissões e Mudanças Climáticas Kyoto Protocol- CO2 emissions in 2010 versus 1990 (+27%) 2002: +40,5% 2003: +37% 2005: +45% 2006: +39% Kyoto Em CO 2 equiv/habitant Portugal-7,6 ton; Spain-8,2 ton; Greece- 11,8 ton Predicts a reduction of 5% of the Emissions for the developped countries After Kyoto????? -49-

50 GhG Emissions Emissions in Europe

51 Increase of PIB (GDP) increase of Energy Consumption GHG emissions -51-

52 Portugal vs Europe GhG Emissions GHG / capita GHG / GDP Aquecimento -52-

53 Portugal RENOVÁVEIS -53-

54 Conclusions -54-