A PLANT BREEDING APPROACH TO FACE CLIMATE CHANGE. Benvindo Maçãs INIAV, IP Seminar: HOW TO FACE CLIMATE CHANGE 1/2/2017

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1 A PLANT BREEDING APPROACH TO FACE CLIMATE CHANGE Benvindo Maçãs INIAV, IP Seminar: HOW TO FACE CLIMATE CHANGE 1/2/2017

2 INIAV - Mission Applied Research Mandatory activities National Reference Laboratories Genetic resources

3 INIAV Headquarters 1 > Quinta do Marquês Oeiras Research Stations 2 > Pólo de Merelim (BPGV) Braga 3 > Pólo de Vairão Vila do Conde 4 > Pólo de Alcobaça 5 > Pólo de Santarém Quinta da Fonte Boa, Vale de Santarém 6 > Pólo de Dois Portos Quinta da Almoínha Dois Portos 7 > Pólo de Elvas 8 > Pólo de Lisboa Tapada da Ajuda 14 Experimental Farms Laboratories 15 9 > Centro Operativo e Tecnológico do Arroz 14 > Genética Molecular Salvaterra de Magos Alter do Chão 10 > Estação Experimental António Teixeira 15 > Veterinário Coruche Évora 11 > Herdade Monte dos Alhos S. Domingos da Serra 12 > Posto de Culturas Regadas D. Manoel de Castello Branco Alvalade do Sado 13 > Herdade da Fataca Odemira 3

4 For thousands of years farmers have adopted new crop species and varities and adjusted their practices in accordance with changes in the environment As example, the Neolithic wheat dispersal ( B.C.) resulted in a broad ecological differentation as wheats adapted to different latitudes, altitudes, soil moisture regimes and cultural practices The Portuguese and Spanish settlers were also responsible for wheat spread to almost all of the current production areas during the colonial period.

5 CIMMYT Wheat Facts and Trends, 2001

6 Facing new scenarios of climate variability new approaches are required for adaptation.. Crop varieties, cropping systems and agricultural management strategies are needed to provide options to farmers

7 Climate Change (?) extreme weather events

8 8 Climate Change (?) extreme weather events

9 Climate Change (?) extreme weather events

10 Climate Change Projected impacts on European Union Agriculture (DG Agriculture 2008) Winter rainfall (waterloging) Water sea level Summer Temperature and drought Yield variability Water sea/lakes level Storms, waterloging Summer Temperature and drought Growth season Yield Pests Defrost Temperature Annual rainfall water availability Heat and drought stress Yield Suitable crops Winter rainfall (waterloging) Summer rainfall Drought risk Soil erosion risk Growth season Yield variability

11 Expected Impacts of Climate Change on Crop Production/Adaptation (Mediterranean Region) Agricultural production may decline along Mediterranean and in South-Eastern Europe Change land use, with cropping becoming non-viable Production of temperate fruits and nuts will drop because of reduced winter chill Geographical spread of pests and diseases Yields and/or quality of crops like wine grapes are likely to decrease Increasing surface affected by desertification and salinization

12 Climate and its variability are largely responsible for variation in crop suitability and productivity in Portugal

13 Chickpea yield across years Temperature x Rainfall interaction Year Rainfall total Rainfall Winter Rainfall Temperatura Máxima Yield (kg/ha) Março Abril Maio Março Abril Maio 1985/86 365,4 288,2 21,7 42,8 12,3 21,5 23,0 36, /87 515,0 376,7 10,0 95,9 2,7 25,6 27,0 35, /88 712,4 494,5 13,8 32,5 63,8 24,7 26,6 29, /89 433,9 237,7 26,8 69,6 97,7 25,5 22,0 32, /90 807,9 628,1 27,1 115,1 36,6 25,5 23,6 33, /91 524,3 388,8 96,4 30,6 0,0 24,0 26,5 34, /92 403,9 193,3 0,0 62,9 11,0 29,0 29,5 36, /93 385,7 187,7 51,3 52,9 87,8 23,0 28,0 24, /94 433,5 342,8 7,5 10,2 72,3 27,5 30,5 33, /95 335,2 232,1 13,0 9,8 30,1 26,5 31,0 32, /96 825,3 653,6 57,2 29,3 84,5 24,5 26,5 35, /97 699,2 537,5 0,1 30,1 59,7 28,5 32,0 32, /98 758,9 613,9 10,0 36,8 95,0 27,0 27,0 30, /99 240,0 129,5 63,0 16,0 23,6 24,0 30,5 35, /00 463,4 254,8 14,0 140,6 49,8 26,0 22,0 34, /01 765,6 590,6 127,1 0,4 37,4 23,2 26,0 36, /02 436,4 262,9 90,2 50,8 17,1 28,5 31,0 34, /03 451,8 348,9 41,0 55,4 6,2 25,0 26,0 34, /04 577,4 457,5 23,2 23,3 57,8 24,0 30,5 29, /05 284,0 194,7 31,7 10,1 43,1 26,5 31,0 34, /06 486,1 291,1 89,4 28,0 0,0 23,0 27,5 37, /07 653,7 500,5 6,6 34,8 38,5 22,5 27,5 34, /08 423,3 269,2 8,2 87,1 55,6 24,5 30,0 30,0 lost 2008/09 311,5 240,8 9,4 34,7 6,9 27,0 28,0 37, /10 806,8 575,0 111,1 66,6 28,9 22,0 30,5 33, /11 656,7 412,7 65,9 73,5 88,3 24,5 30,5 35, Mean 529,1 373,2 39,1 47,7 42,6 25,1 27,9 33, Sd 177,8 157,8 37,2 34,1 31,6 2,0 2,9 2,9 669,0

14 Percentagem de Variedades (%) Olive trees - Phenology Abril Maio CULTIVARES Azeiteira Arbequina 1 Redondil Carrasquenha de Elvas Maçanilha de Tavira Cordovil de C. Branco Blanqueta de Elvas Cordovil de Serpa Conserva de Elvas Redondal Cobrançosa Galega Vulgar Verdeal de Serpa Verdeal Trás-os-Montes Picual Cornicabra Cordovil Trás-os-Montes Borrenta Madural Galego Grado de Serpa Bico de Corvo 1 Gulosinha 1 Galego de Évora 1 Épocas floração de cultivares oliveira em Elvas (média 5 anos, 1998 a 2002) A floração é também condicionada por fatores climáticos, particularmente pela temperatura Abril Maio Diferenças entre as cultivares: 1) datas de floração; 2) duração da floração º; 24º; 25º; 18ºC Ano Médio Meses do Ano 17º; 17º; 18º; 19ºC

15 As in the past genetic resources will be one of the most important keys to promote ADAPTATION.

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18 Allium sativum L.

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20 Capsicum spp.

21 Phaseolus vulgaris L.

22 Secale cereale L.

23 Solanum lycopersicum L.

24 Zea mays L.

25 Percentagem de Variedades (%) Olive trees - Phenology Abril Maio CULTIVARES Azeiteira Arbequina 1 Redondil Carrasquenha de Elvas Maçanilha de Tavira Cordovil de C. Branco Blanqueta de Elvas Cordovil de Serpa Conserva de Elvas Redondal Cobrançosa Galega Vulgar Verdeal de Serpa Verdeal Trás-os-Montes Picual Cornicabra Cordovil Trás-os-Montes Borrenta Madural Galego Grado de Serpa Bico de Corvo 1 Gulosinha 1 Galego de Évora 1 Épocas floração de cultivares oliveira em Elvas (média 5 anos, 1998 a 2002) A floração é também condicionada por fatores climáticos, particularmente pela temperatura Abril Maio Diferenças entre as cultivares: 1) datas de floração; 2) duração da floração º; 24º; 25º; 18ºC Ano Médio Meses do Ano 17º; 17º; 18º; 19ºC

26 Genetic Recombination Artificial Crossing A hibridação conduz à recombinação génica

27 Focus on genotype adaptation and design of plant ideotypes Field based phenotypic research programs and related breeding efforts coordinated with the full spectrum of crop development sciences Requires testing across more locations and environments to face greater local variability (Experimental Stations network across countries and regions)

28 Wheat Ideotype South Project Definition of wheat variety type (ideotype South) in face of current and future climate risks in the Mediterranean region of southern Europe Since Common trials of bread and durum wheat in Portugal and France Portugal INIAV - research institute, Ministry of Agriculture ANPOC - Portuguese farmer s association for cereals and pulses France ARVALIS, Institut du Végétal - agricultural applied research French organization 2015: Tunisie INGC Near future: Spain IRTA Elvas Gréoux INGC Tunisie Chebika (Kairouan) Hakim (NW)

29 Climate data 2011/ / / / /16 PT FR PT FR PT FR PT FR PT FR Rainfall Total rainfall (mm) (1 oct - 30 jun) Winter rainfall (mm) (jan, feb, mar) Spring rainfall (mm) (apr, may, jun) Number of days with rainfall (1 oct - 30 jun) Temperatures heading + grain filling (1 apr -15 jun) Average of max. Temp ( C) Number of days temp >25 C Number of days temp >30 C Total rainfall in southeast France was always higher than in the south Portugal. Major difference between Elvas and Gréoux-les-Bains is the rain distribution during spring, which is markedly more irregular (and scarce, 2012 and 2013) at Elvas concerning the quantity (mm) and the distribution (number of days with precipitation). The significant difference that is noted for the number of days with temperatures above 25ºC and 30ºC, during this period, confirms that wheat crop is submitted to a much more severe stress in Portugal, which was the main reason why ARVALIS decided to join Portuguese cereal group to conduct trials in this environment, facing future scenarios that are expected as a consequence of climate change that may occur in Mediterranean south region of France.

30 To study and evaluate the performance and response of French and Portuguese bread and durum wheat varieties and advance lines obtained by INIAV, in both countries. To define best fit traits of a new plant (wheat) ideotype enabling agricultural systems adaptation to major environmental constraints climate change. Exploring Portuguese germplasm genetic variability Adaptation strategy to fight against climate change impacts on crops yields - Breeding new wheat varieties To adjust inputs management (nitrogen, water, pesticides) fitting on-going crop season potential - climatic potential, increasing inputs use efficiency

31 Portuguese Network of Experimental Field Stations INIAV Regional Services of Min. of Agriculture Polytechnic Schools of Agriculture

32 INIAV National Plant Breeding Station Focus on Climate change National Research Platform for Climate Change Studies