Science, Technology, Globalization & Universities: Brazil in Global Perspective

Transcrição

1 Science, Technology, Globalization & Universities: Brazil in Global Perspective Creso Sá Centre for the Study of Canadian and International Higher Education University of Toronto Higher Education Policies in Developing Countries Brazilian Academy of Sciences Rio de Janeiro, September 21-22, 2015.

2 This presentation How ready are Brazilian universities to contribute to industrial innovation, considering the growing globalisation of R&D? Brazil vis-à-vis the BRICS

3 System Overview Late Starter- higher education & research develop more rapidly since 1960s São Paulo s institutional arrangements: outlier Federal research agencies and state research foundations (CNPq, CAPES, FINEP, FAPESP)

4 Recent expansion 2000s: doubling the numbers of Ph.D. researchers per 100,000 residents Similar increase in the share of ISI-indexed world scientific papers Brazil leads LA in research and graduate education

5 BRICS: GERD in PPP$ ($2005)

6 2 GERD as % of GDP 1,8 1,6 1,4 1,2 1 0,8 0,6 0,4 0, Brazil China India Russian Federation South Africa

7 Academic Science: Structural Issues Financial crisis at USP Bureaucracy Research funding problems

8 University-industry interactions: constraints Historical legacies (e.g. import-substitution industrialisation, Zawislak 1996) Firms import or license foreign technology (Lotufo 2009) Overemphasis on humanities and social sciences research (Rodríguez et al. 2008) Lack of administrative and financial autonomy of universities (Castro and Levy 2000) Difficulties in policy implementation (Schwartzman et al. 2008)

9 Sectoral Funds (1999) Policy Instruments National Innovation, Technology and Trade Policy (2003) Technological Innovation Law, Law n. 10,937 (2004) Law of Fiscal Incentives and Regulatory Framework for Technological Innovation, Lei do Bem, n. 11,196 (2005) Action Plan in Science, Technology and Innovation for National Development, PACTI (2007), PACTI 2 (2011)

10 University-Industry Linkages Policy interventions: - University-industry networks: National Institutes of Science and Technology, INCTs (2008) - University offices for technology innovation (Núcleos de Inovação Tecnologica) mandated by Innovation Law - MCTI and FINEP programs funding technology parks and start-up activity Bottom up: - The rise of professional associations: technology management, business incubation, etc Incubators (2011): 71 % are managed by (and 80 % have connections with) universities or research institutes - University initiatives

11 Technology Incubation Recife - Porto Digital - Federal University of Pernambuco Florianópolis - Parque Tec Alfa - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina Campinas Ciatec Technology Park, Unicamp Pólo de Pesquisa e Inovação São José dos Campos - Technology Park - ITA, INPE The rise of the biotech industry (São Paulo, Minas Gerais)

12 University Patents Filed in Brazil Source: INPI

13 Leading Patent Holders Depositor Patents Petroleo Brasileiro S.A 668 Universidade Estadual de Campinas 589 Universidade de Sao Paulo 587 Whirlpool S.A. 467 Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais 408 Fundaçao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo 324 Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro 251 Semeato 218 Electrolux do Brasil 186 Grupo Seb do Brasil Produtos Domésticos Ltda. 170 Fundaçao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais 163 Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande do Sul 161 Universidade Federal do Parana 152 Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear 140 Electrolux do Brasil S.A. 137 Companhia Vale do Rio Doce 135 Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuaria 125 Universidade Estadual Paulista"Julio de Mesquita Filho" 104 Maquinas Agricolas Jacto S.A. 103 Usinas Siderurgicas de Minas Gerais 102 Source: INPI

14 Internationalization (?) World Class University fever NOT desirable: but cosmopolitan outlook and orientation IS Rigid bureaucratic norms and rules in key academic functions: hiring, student recruitment, resource allocation University remains remains inward-looking ISI: co-authorship with US 11 %; France, Germany, England, Spain, and Italy other major sources of col.

15 International collaboration networks in science, 2011 Whole counts of internationally co-authored documents (OECD, 2014)

16 Recent Policy Initiatives Parochial Regionalization? - University of Latin American Integration (UNILA) - University of the Southern Border (UFFS) - The University of International Integration of Afro-Brazilian Lusophony (UNILAB) - The University of Amazonian Integration (UNIAM) - PROAFRICA and PROSUL Science Without Borders (CSF) opportunity lost? - Large investment R$ 3.2 bi - 100,000 scholarships for study abroad - Undergraduate focus, management and demand issues

17 Conclusions Innovation policies of the mid-2000s helped address barriers to university-industry linkages Increased academic patenting: more concerted effort to manage IP New laws and programs: lack of policy learning Emulation of structural arrangements associated with strong hubs of S&T and innovation

18 Conclusions (cont) University successes in innovative projects remain exceptions (Schwartzman et al 2008) USP, Unicamp: regional institutions without global footprint Industry continues to play a minor role in promoting innovation S&T policy: veneer of innovation rhetoric

19 Thank you! Web: CENTRE FOR THE STUDY OF CANADIAN & INTERNATIONAL HIGHER EDUCATION