Lecture 21: Scientific Networks. Prof. Eduardo A. Haddad

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1 Lecture 21: Scientific Networks Prof. Eduardo A. Haddad

2 Introduction Universities and regional development Importance of universities in a regional innovation system Knowledge spillovers Evidences of spatial localization Scientific landscape in Accelerated growth of production in emerging scientific nations (China, Brazil and India) Increase of scientific collaboration (over 70% of their production from domestic collaboration) Spatial scientometrics Analyzes spatial patterns of scientific activity The importance of geography in process of creation and diffusion of knowledge 2

3 Scientific collaboration in numbers How to measure scientific collaboration? Co-authorship in scientific research Curriculum Lattes (CNPq) Main system of curriculum information for the Brazilian scientific community Information is publicly available But the process of data extraction and mining are complex Scriptlattes (MENA-CHALCO et al, 2013) Summary of database Total of CVs Total of scientific publications

4 Identification of major knowledge areas (Scriptlattes) Major Knowledge Areas (CNPq) Engineering Humanities Applied Social Sciences Linguistics, Letters and Arts Agricultural Sciences Exact and Earth Sciences Health Sciences Biological Sciences Other areas 4

5 Identification of geographic location (Scriptlattes) cities 5

Identification of co-authorship (Scriptlattes) Bibliographical Production selected in CL Articles in scientific journals Expanded abstract published in proceedings of conferences Book

6 Identification of co-authorship (Scriptlattes) Bibliographical Production selected in CL Articles in scientific journals Expanded abstract published in proceedings of conferences Book published/organized Book chapter published Researcher A Researcher B Author A; Author B. Impacts of... Revista XX, São Paulo Author A; Author B. Impacts of... Revista XX, São Paulo Similar titles Coauthorship between researchers A and B 6

7 Full counting method Researcher A Researcher C Researcher D Researcher B Region X Region Y Region Z Region X Region Y Region Z Region X Region Y Region Z

8 Full counting method Region X Region Y Region Z Region X RegionY Region Z Contains the total number of interregional co-authorships (symmetric matrix) Main diagonal: contains the total number of intraregional coauthorships Co-authorships associated to Brazilian cities (dimension of matrix) 210 matrices of interregional co-authorships by year ( ) and major knowledge areas (9 + total) 8

9 Scientific production in Brazil: Scientific production measured by authorship in scientific publications 9

10 Scientific production in Brazil: Scientific production measured by authorship in scientific publications 10

11 Location of public universities 11

12 Growth rate Increase of scientific production by knowledge areas 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% I-II II-III III-IV IV-V V-VI Engenharias Ciências Humanas Outros Ciências Sociais Aplicadas Linguística, Letras e Artes Ciências Agrárias Ciências Exatas e da Terra Ciências da Saúde Ciências Biológicas Total I - ( ) II - ( ) III - ( ) IV - ( ) V - ( ) VI - ( ) evidence of slowing-down of scientific production in Brazil 12

13 Proportion of total production Spatial deconcentration 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% % 0% 1,0 26,0 51,0 76,0 101,0 126,0 151,0 176,0 Number of cities (ordered by individual production) 90% of scientific production concentrated in cities cities 13

14 Knowledge flows in Brazil:

15 Scientific collaboration in Brazil Total of Scientific Coauthorships Main links in Interregional links Intraregional links Campinas/SP São Paulo/SP São Paulo/SP Ribeirão Preto/SP São Paulo/SP Rio de Janeiro/RJ Niterói/RJ Rio de Janeiro/RJ Porto Alegre/RS Rio de Janeiro/RJ São Paulo/SP Belo Horizonte/MG Seropédica/RJ Rio de Janeiro/RJ Ribeirão Preto/SP Porto Alegre/RS São Paulo/SP Campinas/SP

16 Number of cities in the networks Expansion of domestic scientific collaboration ENG HUM SOC LIN AGR EXA SAU BIO TOTAL 16

17 Co-authorship network: Agricultural Sciences ( ) Capão do Leão/RS Pelotas/RS Piracicaba/SP Campinas/SP Lavras/MG Viçosa/MG Viçosa/MG São Paulo/SP Lavras/MG Individual degree in the network 17

18 Co-authorship network: Health Sciences ( ) Ribeirão Preto/SP São Paulo/SP Campinas/SP São Paulo/SP Rio de Janeiro/RJ São Paulo/SP São Paulo/SP Ribeirão Preto/SP Rio de Janeiro/RJ Individual degree in the network 18

19 Role of geographical proximity Average Distance (for 105 main cities) ,8 Km 387,6 Km 425,4 Km 490,5 Km 493,9 Km 465,2 Km Does space still matter for scientific interactions? Did this effect decrease over time? How to measure this effect? Dimensions of proximity Geographical, institutional, cognitive and social proximity Dimensions occur together 19

20 Spatial interaction modeling: Data scientific collaborations between regions i and j measured by co-authorships in scientific publications and : total of scientific publications in regions i and j measured by authorship in scientific publications : geographical proximity between regions i and j measured by physical distance (Kilometres) : institutional proximity between regions i and j dummy variable (1 if both regions have public universities) 20

21 Spatial interaction modeling for count data Nature of data Linear regression model Count Data Specification test Is there unobserved heterogeneity (overdispersion)? Negative binomial model Poisson model Specification test Specification test Zero-inflated Negative binomial model (ZINB) Negative binomial model Zero-inflated Poisson model (ZIP) Poisson model 21

22 Estimation results Poisson Origem Destino (α 1 = α 2 ) 0, *** 0, *** 0, *** 0, *** 0, *** 0, *** (0, ) (0, ) (0, ) (0, ) (0,054490) (0, ) Distância Geográfica (β 1 ) -0, *** -0, *** -0, *** -0, *** -0, *** -0, *** (0, ) (0, ) (0, ) (0, ) (0, ) (0, ) Distância Institucional (β 2 ) 0, *** 0, *** 0, *** 0, *** 0, *** 0, *** (0,176917) (0, ) (0, ) (0, ) (0, ) (0, ) Constante (α 0 ) -7,857116*** -7,251477*** -7,874573*** -7,340407*** -7,597752*** -7,356414*** (1,304543) (1,149595) (1,215009) (1,060104) (1,034923) (1,116736) Binomial Negativo Origem Destino (α 1 = α 2 ) 0, *** 0, *** 0, *** 0, *** 0, *** 0, *** (0, ) (0, ) (0, ) (0, ) (0, ) (0,279855) Distância Geográfica (β 1 ) -0, *** -0, *** -0, *** -0,000797*** -0, *** -0, *** (0, ) (0, ) (0, ) (0, ) (0,000392) (0,000359) Distância Institucional (β 2 ) 0, *** 0,134085*** 0, *** 0, *** 0, *** 0, *** (0, ) (0, ) (0, ) (0, ) (0, ) (0, ) Constante (α 0 ) -8,848608*** -8,256593*** -7,296663*** -6,709063*** -6,811066*** -5,024858*** (0, ) (0, ) (0,340571) (0, ) (0, ) (0, ) Heterogeneidade (α) 6,08251* 5,08992* 4,562474* 3,848097* 3,618955* 3,750808* (0, ) (0,116746) (0, ) (0, ) (0, ) (0, ) Notas: i) n 2 = observações; ii) os erros-padrão estão entre parênteses; iii) ***, ** e * referem-se às estimativas estatisticamente significantes aos níveis de significância de 0,001, 0,01 e 0,05, respectivamente. 22

23 Interpretation of the results Characteristics of origin and destination regions Positive and statistically significant Institutional proximity Positive and statistically significant Geographical proximity Negative and statistically significant The value means that for each additional 100 kilometers between two researchers, the probability for collaboration decreases by about 16,3%, holding all other variables constant Effect is not linear: 300 Km (600 Km) 41,3% (65,6%) probability for collaboration - Geographical distance still plays a crucial role 23

24 Results by knowledge areas The effects of geographical distance on scientific networks are different 24

25 Conclusion Overview of the evolution of scientific activity in Brazil ( ) Accelerated growth of scientific production and collaboration But there are evidences of slowdown Spatial heterogeneity of scientific production Knowledge flows are concentrated in the Southeast and South regions Evidence of spatial deconcentration of scientific production and collaboration Scientifically less traditional regions gained prominence Role of geographical distance on scientific collaboration networks Distance still plays a crucial role in determining the intensity of knowledge flows Effects varies between knowledge areas 25

26 Reference The notes for this lecture were based on the following paper: Scholarly Publication and Collaboration in Brazil: The Role of Geography Sidone, O., Haddad, E. A. and Mena-Chalco, J., forthcoming 26

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