Review: Present Simple, Present Continuous

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1 Review: Present Simple, Present Continuous Leia o texto a seguir e observe o uso do Present Simple e do Present Continuous. Leading Languages Some languages have only a few hundred speakers, but 23 languages stand out with more than 50 million speakers each. Earth s population giant, China, has 845 million speakers of Mandarin, more than double the next largest group of language speakers. Colonial expansion, trade, and migration account for the spread of the other most widely spoken languages. With growing use of the nternet, English is becoming the language of the technology age. Chinese (Mandarin) 845 English Spanish German Japanese Russian Portuguese Bengali Hindi Arabic Population of rst language speakers (in millions) Languages From: NATONAL GEOGRAPHC KDS. World Atlas. Fourth Edition. Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society, 2013, p.38. No texto Leading Languages, as primeiras frases apresentam fatos sobre algumas línguas. Nelas, encontramos os verbos no Present Simple (have, stand out, has, account for). Já a última frase do texto expressa uma tendência atual para o uso da língua inglesa e, dessa forma, utilizou-se o Present Continuous (is becoming). Usamos o Present Simple para: falar de fatos e generalizações. Some languages have only a few hundred speakers 23 languages stand out with more than 50 million speakers each." Earth s population giant, China, has 845 million speakers of Mandarin Colonial expansion, trade, and migration account for the spread of the other most widely spoken languages. falar de rotinas, hábitos, ações do dia a dia. They always speak English at school. We have Portuguese classes every Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday. Language Reference in Context 161

2 Usamos o Present Continuous para: falar de ações que ocorrem no momento da fala/escrita. They are talking about leading languages. He is exploring a graph right now. expressar mudanças que ocorrem momentaneamente (tendências atuais). English is becoming the language of the technology age. Many people are using English on the nternet nowadays. Veja, no quadro a seguir, as regras ortográficas para verbos terminados em -ing. Regras ortográficas para verbos terminados em -ing A maioria dos verbos: verbo + ing Verbos terminados em e: verbo - e + ing Verbos terminados em consoante + vogal + consoante: verbo + última consoante + ing Verbos terminados em ie: verbo - ie + y + ing Exemplos do + ing ѧ doing talk + ing ѧ talking use - e + ing ѧusing become - e + ing ѧbecoming stop + p + ing ѧstopping swim + m + ing ѧswimming die - ie + ing ѧdying lie - ie + ing ѧlying Extra Practice The text below is about school enrolment. Complete it with the correct form of the verbs in parentheses. Use the Present Simple or the Present Continuous tense. Education (prepare) children to participate in society and to find a place in the world of work. School enrolment rates but many children still (rise), (grow up) without access to a basic education. There are many reasons why children (not get) even a primary education. (...) From: COLLNS World Watch: a dynamic visual guide packed with fascinating facts about the world. 2 nd edition. Glasgow: HarperCollins Publishers, 2012, p. 34. (fragment) Future with will Leia o texto a seguir e observe o uso de will. Pal Teravagimov/Shutterstock/Glow mages CLS Design/Shutterstock/ Glow mages What is the Future of the English Language? English, as any other language, is a living and dynamic system, and it transforms according to the way its speakers use it. For this reason, today s English will be very different in about a century. (...) From: < Accessed in: March (fragment) 162

3 No texto What is the Future of the English Language?, o trecho today s English will be very different in about a century refere-se ao futuro da língua inglesa daqui a aproximadamente cem anos. Usamos will para nos referirmos ao futuro. New varieties of English will spread. Forma afirmativa You He / She / t will be very different in the future. We / You / They Veja, nos quadros a seguir, as formas negativa e interrogativa de will. Em frases negativas, usamos not depois do will e antes do verbo principal. English will not be the same in about a hundred years. Forma negativa You He / She / t We / You / They will not be the same in the future. (will not = won t) Em frases interrogativas, usamos will antes do sujeito. According to the text, will English be different in the future? Yes, it will. Forma interrogativa Will be different in the future? we / / they Respostas curtas Afirmativa Negativa Yes, will. No, won t. we / / they we / / they Language Reference in Context 163

4 Extra Practice n each item below, put the words into the correct order to make sentences. a. be/online learning/a more efficient way to learning languages/will b. will/english/be/the most important language in the future c. won t/spanish/so popular worldwide as English/be Making Comparisons (The Comparative Form) Leia a tirinha a seguir e observe o uso do Comparative Form Peanuts Worldwide LLC. /Dist. by Universal Uclick Available at: < Accessed in: February, Na tirinha, a menina faz várias comparações entre Charlie Brown e o outro menino. Usamos o comparativo de superioridade (more than) para dizer que um elemento é superior a outro em algum aspecto. Are stronger than Charlie Brown? Are older than Charlie Brown? Are smarter than Charlie Brown? Regras ortográficas para formar adjetivos no grau comparativo Exemplos Adjetivos curtos Adjetivos longos Formas irregulares A maioria dos adjetivos: adjetivo + er Adjetivos terminados em e: adjetivo + r Adjetivos terminados em consoante + vogal + consoante: adjetivo + última consoante + er Adjetivos terminados em consoante + y: adjetivo - y + ier more + adjetivo good ѧ better bad ѧ worse far ѧ farther / further strong + er ѧstronger old + er ѧolder wise + r ѧwiser nice + r ѧnicer fat + t + er ѧfatter big + g + er ѧbigger angry - y + ier ѧangrier funny - y + ier ѧfunnier difficult ѧmore + difficult important ѧmore + important 164

5 Extra Practice Based on the characteristics of the following characters, complete the sentences below with the comparative form of the adjectives in parentheses. Lucy bossy, crabby (bad-tempered) Patty not so smart, good at sports Marcie smart, bad at sports lustrações: Peanuts Worldwide LLC./Dist. by Universal Uclick a. Lucy is than Marcie. (bossy) b. Lucy is than Patty. (crabby) c. Patty is at sports than Marcie. (good) d. Marcie is than Patty. (smart) Making Comparisons (The Superlative Form) Leia o texto a seguir e observe o uso da Superlative Form. Filipe Frazao/Shutterstock/Glow mages Speaking of São Paulo state without using superlatives is difficult. The southern hemisphere s largest city! ts finest museums! ts best restaurants! ts worst traffic! (Well, can t have everything.) São Paulo city Sampa to locals serves as Brazil s Boom Town, commercially, financially, industrially and culturally (...). From: LONELY Planet Brazil. 9 th Edition, November 2013, p No texto, vemos que São Paulo é a maior cidade do hemisfério sul, com os melhores museus e restaurantes, mas o pior trânsito. Usamos o superlativo (the most ) para dizer que um elemento, em um grupo, alcança o grau mais alto no aspecto em que é comparado. The southern hemisphere s largest city. São Paulo has the nest museums, the best restaurants, but the worst traf c. Language Reference in Context 165

6 Regras ortográficas para formar adjetivos no grau comparativo Adjetivos curtos Adjetivos longos Formas irregulares A maioria dos adjetivos: the + adjetivo + est Adjetivos terminados em e: the + adjetivo + st Adjetivos terminados em consoante + vogal + consoante: the + adjetivo + última consoante + est Adjetivos terminados em consoante + y: the + adjetivo - y + iest the most + adjetivo good ѧ the best bad ѧ the worst far ѧ the farthest/the furthest Exemplos the + strong + est ѧ the strongest the + old + est ѧ the oldest the + large + st ѧ the largest the + fine + st ѧ the finest the + fat + t + est ѧ the fattest the + big + g + est ѧ the biggest the + angry - y + iest ѧ the angriest the + funny - y + iest ѧ the funniest difficult ѧthe most + difficult important ѧthe most + important Extra Practice Complete the following sentences with the superlative form of the adjectives in parentheses. a. Brazil has some of beaches on earth. (fine) b. Spread between Argentina and Brazil, guaçu Falls are some of waterfalls on earth. (spectacular) c. Seen from the peak of Pão de Açúcar, Rio is undoubtedly city in the world. (beautiful) d. By far diving in the country is in the Fernando de Noronha archipelago. (good) From: LONELY Planet Brazil. 9 th Edition, November Past Simple (Verb To Be) Leia o texto a seguir e observe o uso do verb to be no Past Simple. FAQ Frequently Asked Questions 3. When was Nelson Mandela s birthday? 18 July 4. How old was Nelson Mandela? The late former President Mandela was 95 when he died. 5. What were the names of Nelson Mandela s parents? His father was Nkosi (Chief) Mphakanyiswa Mandela and his mother was Nosekeni Mandela. Available at: < Accessed in: March (fragment) 166

7 Was e were são a forma do verb to be no Past Simple. When was Nelson Mandela s birthday? How old was Nelson Mandela? What were the names of Nelson Mandela s parents? Forma afirmativa You He / She / t We / You / They was were was were from South Africa. Veja, nos quadros a seguir, as formas negativa e interrogativa do verb to be no Past Simple. Em frases negativas, usamos not depois do verb to be (was/were). M a n d e l a s p a r e n t s were not teachers. Em frases interrogativas, usamos o verb to be (was/were) antes do sujeito. Was Mandela an anti-apartheid leader? Yes, he was. Forma negativa Forma interrogativa was Was You He / She / t were was not from South Africa. Were Was from South Africa? We / You / They were Were we / / they (was not = wasn t; were not = weren t) Respostas curtas Afirmativa Negativa Yes, was. wasn t. were. weren t. No, was. wasn t. we / / they were. we / / they weren t. Extra Practice Based on the FAQ about Nelson Mandela, complete the following sentences with was or were. a. Nelson Mandela born on 18 July. b. He 95 when he died. c. His parents Nkosi Mandela and Nosekeni Mandela. Language Reference in Context 167

8 Past Simple (Regular Verbs) Leia a tirinha a seguir e observe o uso do Past Simple Paws, nc. All Rights Reserved/ Dist. Universal Uclick DAVS, Jim. Garfield. Available at: < Accessed in: March Na tirinha, o Past Simple é utilizado para dizer que Garfield ficou acordado por muito tempo na tarde passada. Note que, na tirinha, foi utilizado o verbo regular no Past Simple (stayed). Todos os verbos regulares no Past Simple terminam em ed. stayed up too late last afternoon. He watched TV in the morning. Regras ortográficas para verbos regulares no Past Simple A maioria dos verbos: verbo + ed Verbos terminados em e: verbo + d *Verbos terminados em consoante + vogal + consoante: verbo + última consoante + ed Verbos terminados em consoante + y: verbo - y + ied Exemplos stay ѧ stayed watch ѧ watched live ѧ lived use ѧ used shop ѧ shopped plan ѧ planned cry ѧ cried study ѧ studied * Exceto os verbos terminados em w, x, y. Também não dobramos a última consoante quando a primeira sílaba for tônica, como em offered, visited. Usamos, geralmente, o Past Simple para falar de ações e estados completos no passado. We studied English yesterday. They visited their grandparents last weekend. Forma afirmativa You He / She / t We / You / They lived in Brazil last year. 168

9 Em frases negativas, usamos didn t (= did not) antes do verbo principal. Note que o verbo principal está em sua forma básica. She didn t work last Saturday. They didn't attend the same school when they were kids. Forma negativa Em frases interrogativas, usamos Did antes do sujeito. Note que o verbo principal está em sua forma básica. Did study English yesterday? Yes, we did. Did she work last Saturday? No, she didn t. Forma interrogativa You He / She / t didn t live in Mexico last year. Did live in Brazil last year? We / You / They we / / they Respostas curtas Afirmativa Negativa Yes, did. No, didn t. we / / they we / / they Extra Practice The following text is about the organizations Nelson Mandela established. Complete it with the verbs in parentheses. Use the Past Simple tense as in the example. FAQ Frequently Asked Questions 15. Which organisations did Nelson Mandela establish? Mr. Mandela League in He also (help) to found the African National Congress Youth (help) in 1961 to establish Umkhonto we Sizwe, the armed wing of the African National Congress and was its first Commander-in-Chief. When he was President of South Africa he (start) the Nelson Mandela Children s Fund and (donate) one-third of his salary every month to the organisation. n 1999 after he stepped down (step down) as President he (start) the Nelson Mandela Foundation as a post-presidential office and charity to assist in various causes. n 2003 he (found) the Mandela Rhodes Foundation to assist postgraduate students from throughout Africa to further their studies. He also (establish) the Mandela nstitute for Education and Rural Development. Available at: < Accessed in: March (fragment) Language Reference in Context 169

10 Past Simple (rregular Verbs) Leia a tirinha a seguir e observe o uso do Past Simple Paws, nc. All Rights Reserved/ Dist. Universal Uclick DAVS, Jim. Garfield. Available at: < Accessed in: March Na tirinha, o Past Simple é utilizado para dizer que Garfield emprestou/deu seu livro a Odie. Note que, no texto, foram utilizados os verbos irregulares no Past Simple (lent e gave). Usamos, geralmente, o Past Simple para falar de ações e estados completos no passado. lent Odie a book. gave Odie a book. Forma afirmativa You He / She / t We / You / They became popular. Em frases negativas, usamos didn t (= did not) antes do verbo principal. Note que o verbo principal está em sua forma básica. Odie didn t read Gar eld s book. Gar eld didn t get back his book. Forma negativa You He / She / t didn t become popular. We / You / They Em frases interrogativas, usamos Did antes do sujeito. Note que o verbo principal está em sua forma básica. Did Gar eld lend his book to Odie? Yes, he did. Did Odie read Gar eld s book? No, he didn t. 170

11 Forma interrogativa Did become popular? we / / they Respostas curtas Afirmativa Negativa Yes, did. No, didn t. we / / they we / / they Verbos irregulares no passado agrupados por ordem alfabética Forma básica* Passado Tradução** be was, were ser, estar bear bore suportar; ser portador de beat beat bater become became tornar-se begin began começar behold beheld contemplar bend bent curvar bet bet apostar bid bid oferecer, fazer uma oferta bind bound unir, vincular, comprometer bite bit morder bleed bled sangrar, ter hemorragia blow blew assoprar; explodir break broke quebrar breed bred procriar, reproduzir bring brought trazer broadcast broadcast transmitir, irradiar build built construir burn burnt/burned queimar buy bought comprar can could poder catch caught pegar, capturar choose chose escolher come came vir cost cost custar cut cut cortar deal dealt negociar, tratar dig dug cavar, escavar do did fazer Language Reference in Context 171

12 draw drew desenhar dream dreamt/dreamed sonhar drink drank beber drive drove dirigir, ir de carro eat ate comer fall fell cair feed fed alimentar feel felt sentir(-se) fight fought lutar find found achar, encontrar flee fled fugir, escapar fly flew voar; pilotar forbid forbade proibir forget forgot esquecer forgive forgave perdoar freeze froze congelar; paralisar get got obter give gave dar go went ir grow grew crescer, cultivar hang hung*** pendurar have had ter; beber; comer hear heard ouvir hide hid esconder hit hit bater hold held segurar hurt hurt machucar keep kept guardar; manter know knew saber, conhecer lay laid colocar em posição horizontal, assentar lead led liderar, conduzir learn learnt/learned aprender leave left deixar, partir lend lent emprestar (dar emprestado) let let deixar; alugar lie lay deitar lose lost perder, extraviar make made fazer, fabricar mean meant significar, querer dizer meet met encontrar, conhecer overcome overcame superar overtake overtook alcançar; surpreender pay paid pagar put put colocar quit quit deixar, abandonar, desistir read read ler ride rode andar de (bicicleta, carro etc.), andar a (cavalo) ring rang tocar (campainha, sinos, telefone etc.) rise rose subir, erguer-se run ran correr, concorrer; dirigir saw sawed serrar 172

13 say said dizer see saw ver seek sought procurar obter, objetivar sell sold vender send sent mandar set set estabelecer; colocar; pôr em determinada condição; marcar; ajustar shake shook sacudir, tremer shine shone brilhar shoot shot atirar, alvejar show showed mostrar, exibir shrink shrank encolher, contrair shut shut fechar, cerrar sing sang cantar sink sank afundar, submergir sit sat sentar sleep slept dormir slide slid deslizar, escorregar smell smelled/smelt cheirar speak spoke falar spend spent gastar spin spun girar; fiar spit spit/spat cuspir spread spread espalhar stand stood parar; ficar de pé; aguentar steal stole roubar stick stuck furar, fincar, enfiar stink stank cheirar mal strike struck golpear, desferir, atacar strive strove esforçar-se, lutar swear swore jurar, prometer, assegurar sweep swept varrer swim swam nadar swing swung balançar, alternar take took tomar teach taught ensinar, dar aula tear tore rasgar, despedaçar tell told contar, dizer think thought pensar throw threw atirar, arremessar undergo underwent submeter-se a, suportar understand understood entender uphold upheld sustentar, apoiar; defender wear wore vestir, usar; gastar weep wept chorar win won vencer, ganhar write wrote escrever, redigir * Forma básica = infinitivo sem a partícula to. ** Apresentamos aqui os sentidos mais comuns dos verbos listados. Em vários casos, os verbos podem assumir outros sentidos. É necessário sempre observar o contexto para compreender o significado do verbo em uso. *** Quando hang é usado no sentido de enforcar, é um verbo regular (hang/hanged). Language Reference in Context 173

14 Verbos irregulares no passado agrupados por formas semelhantes Forma básica e Passado com a mesma forma Forma básica Passado Tradução bet bet apostar bid bid oferecer, fazer uma oferta broadcast broadcast transmitir, irradiar cast cast atirar, deitar cost cost custar cut cut cortar hit hit bater hurt hurt machucar let let deixar, alugar put put colocar quit quit deixar, abandonar, desistir read read ler set set estabelecer; colocar; pôr em determinada condição; marcar; ajustar shut shut fechar, cerrar spread spread espalhar Passado com o som /an/ /D / Forma básica Passado Tradução begin began começar drink drank beber run ran correr, concorrer; dirigir ring rang tocar (campainha, sinos, telefone etc.) shrink shrank encolher, contrair sing sang cantar sink sank afundar, submergir stink stank cheirar mal swim swam nadar Passado com o som / / Forma básica Passado Tradução break broke quebrar choose chose escolher drive drove dirigir, ir de carro freeze froze congelar, paralisar ride rode andar de (bicicleta, carro etc.), andar a (cavalo) rise rose subir, erguer-se speak spoke falar steal stole roubar write wrote escrever, redigir 174

15 Extra Practice Passado com o som / W/ Forma básica Passado Tradução bring brought trazer buy bought comprar fight fought lutar seek sought procurar obter, objetivar think thought pensar catch caught pegar, capturar teach taught ensinar, dar aula Passado com o som /X / Forma básica Passado Tradução blow blew assoprar, explodir draw drew desenhar fly flew voar, pilotar grow grew crescer, cultivar know knew saber, conhecer throw threw atirar, arremessar Passado com o som / QW/ Forma básica Passado Tradução bend bent curvar lend lent dar emprestado send sent mandar spend spent gastar Passado com o som /HSW/ Forma básica Passado Tradução keep kept guardar, manter sleep slept dormir sweep swept varrer weep wept chorar The following text is about Steve Jobs, a famous inventor. Complete it with the verbs from the box below. Use the Past Simple tense as in the example. Jaguar PS/Shutterstock/Glow mages be born give go teach not want Steven Paul Jobs was born on February 24, 1955, to a pair of graduate students who him up for adoption because their parents them to marry. Steve was adopted at birth by Clara and Paul Jobs. His mother him to read before he to school. Steve and his father would work on electronics in the family garage, taking apart and reassembling televisions, radios and stereos. Steve Jobs, inventor Available at: < Accessed in: March Language Reference in Context 175

16 Past Simple or Past Continuous? Leia a tirinha a seguir e observe o uso do Past Simple e do Past Continuous Paws, nc. All Rights Reserved/Dist. Universal Uclick DAVS, Jim. Garfield. Available at: < Accessed in: March Na tirinha, encontramos a maioria dos verbos no Past Simple porque a gata descreve ações completas que aconteceram no passado como, no primeiro quadrinho, em had a dream about us last night, Garfield. Já no segundo quadrinho, encontramos ações em andamento no passado ( We were having a picnic, eating sandwiches ) e, dessa forma, utilizou-se o Past Continuous. Usamos, geralmente, o Past Simple para falar de ações no passado. a huge bear jumped out and attacked us." Then sprang into action, fought him off with r bare paws, swept me into r arms and carried me to safety! Usamos, geralmente, o Past Continuous para falar de ações em andamento no passado. We were having a picnic, eating sandwiches. Extra Practice n each item below, put the words into the correct order to make sentences. a. saved/from a huge bear/garfield/his girlfriend b. sandwiches/were/they/a bear attacked them/eating/when c. about sandwiches/was/garfield/while/thinking/she was talking 176