Reabilitação de Edifícios Metodologias nzeb e Custo-óptimo

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1 Reabilitação de Edifícios Metodologias nzeb e Custo-óptimo Departamento de Engenharia Civil Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia Universidade Nova de Lisboa

2 Framework RCCTE DL REH DL Today

3 DIRECTIVE 2010/31/EU Recast of Directive on Energy Performance of Buildings A nearly zero energy building is a building that has a very high energy performance. The nearly zero or very low amount of energy required should be covered to a very significant extent by energy from renewable sources, including on-site or nearby. The performance of a very high energy performance building should be calculated on the basis of a methodology which include, in addition to thermal characteristics, other factors [ ] such as heating and airconditioning installations, application of energy from renewable sources, passive heating and cooling elements, shading, indoor air-quality, adequate natural light and design of the building. Should be characterized by a numerical indicator of primary energy use expressed in kw h/m2 y. [pren Energy performance of buildings]

4 DIRECTIVE 2010/31/EU Buildings account for 40 % of total energy consumption in the Union The Commission shall, where appropriate, assist upon request Member States in setting up national or regional financial support programmes with the aim of increasing energy efficiency in buildings, especially of existing buildings Member States to set minimum requirements for the energy performance of buildings and building elements [ ] with a view to achieving the cost-optimal balance between the investments involved and the energy costs saved throughout the lifecycle of the building Costs of energy efficiency are calculated for reference buildings that are characterized by and representative of their functionality and geographic location, including indoor and outdoor climate conditions The methodology calculating the energy performance of buildings shall be laid down taking into consideration the influence of thermal bridges Member States can set minimum requirements which are more energy efficient than cost-optimal energy efficiency levels Measures to improve further the energy performance of buildings should take into account climatic and local conditions as well as indoor climate environment and costeffectiveness development of energy from renewable sources by endorsing a mandatory target of a 20 % share of energy from renewable sources by 2020

5 generate electricity Aelenei, D Standard Unretrofitted Buildings and Net Zero-Energy Concept, Eurosun 2010 A high energy performance Building? 27,6 m 2 array of 14 modules PV monocrystalline silicon cells (3,92 kwp) res systems 140 kwh/m 2 ano passive approaches energy efficient systems Energy credits (kwh) Energy consumption (kwh) Energy balance (kwh) Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep reduce building energy demand

6 Aelenei, D Standard Unretrofitted Buildings and Net Zero-Energy Concept, Eurosun Energy credits (kwh) Energy consumption (kwh) Energy balance (kwh) Is this the building we re looking for? -100 Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep net zero-energy performance!

7 Member States set minimum requirements for the energy performance of buildings and building elements [ ] with a view to achieving the cost-optimal balance U- value target (W/m2 ºC) Building code (max. allowable or reference)? Cost optimal criterion? Quality criterion? Environmental criterion? Fonte:

8 Custos Balanço positivo Balanço negativo = recuperação do capital investido garantido Edif. existentes Edif. novos 1,80 1,40 1,00 0,50 0,30 0,20 0,15 U Mínimo! Balanço negativo Análise genérica custo/benefícios aplicada a reabilitação térmica (segundo ECOFYS & EURIMA) Valor óptimo = lucro máximo a partir do capital investido

9 Custos Análise aplicada ao Portugal com base no panorama energético apontado pela IEA U óptimo envolvente vertical Lisboa: U 0,35 W/m2 ºC Balanço positivo Edif. existentes Edif. novos óptimo económico! 1,80 1,40 1,00 0,50 0,30 0,20 0,15 U Balanço negativo

10 Current thermal insulation requirements across the EU for walls (red dots) versus what a cost optimum level should be based on the peak price scenario of $70 a barrel (blue dots) EURIMA Ecofys VII

11 Atanasiu WSED 12 March 2012, Wels, Austria

12 Custos Valores estado de arte = Níveis significativos de isol. térmico Balanço positivo Maior eficiência energética Maior potencial de redução das emissões de gases responsáveis pelo efeito de estufa Passive House Concept (necessidades energéticas muito reduzidas 10% do val. máx admissível ) Conceito Passive House na Suécia = envolvente c/ 34 cm isol. Edif. existentes Edif. novos Val. Minimos Val. Óptimos Val. estado de arte 1,80 1,40 1,00 0,50 0,30 0,20 0,15 U Balanço negativo

13 EPBD: The methodology calculating the energy performance of buildings shall be laid down taking into consideration the influence of thermal bridges Quality criterion Aelenei D., FCT-UNL Aelenei D., FCT-UNL Reduce the influence of thermal bridges! Aelenei D., FCT-UNL Aelenei D., FCT-UNL Without thermal insulation With thermal insulation

14 Temperature aelenei FCT-UNL aelenei FCT-UNL aelenei FCT-UNL Heat flux aelenei FCT-UNL aelenei FCT-UNL aelenei FCT-UNL q 80 W/m 2 q 100 W/m 2 q 30 W/m 2

15 Costs of energy efficiency are calculated for reference buildings that are characterized by and representative of their functionality and geographic location, including indoor and outdoor climate conditions actual building reference building Relationship between regulation and reference building of EPBD? Uref (W/m2.ºC) Zona Climática Portugal Continental Zona corrente da envolvente I1 I2 I3 Em contacto com o Elementos opacos 0,40 0,35 0,30 exterior ou l.n.a verticais com btr>0,7 Elementos opacos 0,35 0,30 0,25 horizontais Em contacto com Elementos opacos 0,80 0,70 0,60 outros edifícios ou verticais espaços não úteis Elementos opacos 0,70 0,60 0,50 btr 0,7 horizontais Vãos envidraçados (portas e janelas), Uw 2,80 2,40 2,20 Elementos em contacto com o solo 0,50

16 Manuela Almeida, Uminho Fevereiro 2014 Other possible examples of reference buildings /m2 kwh/m2/year cost-optimal energy efficiency levels for detached houses built before 1960

17 Manuela Almeida, Uminho Fevereiro 2014 Other examples of reference buildings cost-optimal energy efficiency levels for detached houses built before 1960

18 Custo Global ( /m 2 ) Practical work Project Course at FCT-UNL 105,00 104,50 104,00 103,50 TAROUCA - Cobertura 103,00 cobertura 102,50 102,00 76,00 77,00 78,00 79,00 80,00 81,00 82,00 83,00 84,00 85,00 Necessidade Energia Primária kwh/(m 2.ano) Student s assignments

19 EPBD: set minimum requirements for the energy performance of buildings 140 kwh/m 2 ano? kwh/m 2 ano Country Existing requirements 2015 Austria 66.5 kwh/m2/ year (final energy) Denmark kwh/year (primary energy) -50% Germany 70 kwh/m2/year (primary energy) Passive house - 30% Norway 150 kwh/m2/ Passive house Switzerland 60 kwh/m2/year (primary energy) Minnergie-P 30 kwh/m2/y A high energy performance Building?

20 Examples from ZEBs Solar XXI Portugal Circe Spain Kemptthal Switzerland AEE-Villach Austria - 87 kwh/m2.y + 84 kwh/m2.y - 87 kwh/m2.y + 31 kwh/m2.y - 97 kwh/m2.y + 80 kwh/m2.y kwh/m2.y kwh/m2.y Die Sprösslinge Germany Schule Niederheide Laion school Italy Volksschule Mähdle kwh/m2.y kwh/m2.y - 44 kwh/m2.y + 39 kwh/m2.y - 11 kwh/m2.y + 27 kwh/m2.y - 29 kwh/m2.y + 12 kwh/m2.y

21 Primary energy generation (kwh/m2) Laion Heating Dominated Climate (HD): climates where the building design challenges are largely concerned with HEATING Mixed Heating and Cooling: climates where the building design challenges are concerned with COOLING and HEATING Schule Niederheide Solar XXI Volksschule AEE Villach Die Sprosslinge Circe Kemptthal 0 0, Primary energy demand (kwh/m2) 0,10 0,09 0,08 0,07 0,06 0,05 0,04 0,03 0,02 0,01 peak power per building net floor area (kwp/m2) Building SolarXXI Portugal Circe Spain Kemtthal Switzerland AEE-Villach Austria Die Sprösslinge Germany Schule Niederheide Germany Laion school Italy Volksschule Mähdle Austria Laion school - Italy Climate challenge U wall W/m 2.K g - HCD HCD HD HD HD HD HCD HD

22 EPBD: Measures to improve further the energy performance of buildings should take into account climatic and local conditions as well as indoor climate environment and cost-effectiveness. Building local climate Body Building

23 Occupant behavior? Study of eleven very similar solar homes built in Sacramento, California under SMUD's solar homes program (SWA, 2005), which evaluated the utility bills of the more efficient homes with solar features against other nonsolar homes in the same community Parker, D., Hoak, D., Cummings, J., Pilot Evaluation of Energy Savings from Residential Energy Demand Feedback Devices, Florida Solar Energy Center, January The energy used in a building can vary greatly depending on the behavior of its occupants!

24 How far do we need to go? In the Flanders Region of Belgium, since 2015 there are minimum requirements for roof insulation in residential, when the building is to be rented out. If a residential building does not meet the minimum requirements (an insulation R-value of 0.75 m²k/w), it receives penalty points. If a building or apartment receives more than 15 penalty points, it will be illegal to rent it out! In the United Kingdom, from April 2018, private landlords of residential as well as non-residential properties will only be allowed to rent their properties either if they improve the building s rating to at least energy class E! (Almost 10% of the 4.2 million privately rented homes in England and Wales currently fall below the E rating) 4cm isol 8cm isol 14cm isol 22cm isol U = 0,55 W(m2.ºC) U = 0,35 W(m2.ºC) U = 0,2 W(m2.ºC) U = 0,15 W(m2.ºC)

25 BPIE 2011 EPBD: - Buildings account for 40 % of total energy consumption in the Union - reduce energy consumption in the Union to comply with the strategy on Climate Change (UNFCCC) CO2 emission per useful floor area In terms of CO2 emissions, buildings are responsible for around 36% in Europe. CO2 emission in Europe are related with the building performance and the particular energy mix used in a given country (the extent to which renewable energy is employed in the buildings, the use of district heating and co-generation, the sources of electricity production) Source: EUROSTAT

26 Gross inland consumption of energy (million tones of oil equivalent)

27 Electricity prices for household consumers, 2nd semester 2013 Source: EUROSTAT

28 Source: EUROSTAT Primary production of energy by resource tonnes of oil equivalent (Any kind of extraction of energy products from natural sources to a usable form is called primary production, ex. coal mines, crude oil fields, hydro power plants or fabrication of biofuels)

29 Source: EUROSTAT Primary production of energy by resource tonnes of oil equivalent (Any kind of extraction of energy products from natural sources to a usable form is called primary production, ex. coal mines, crude oil fields, hydro power plants or fabrication of biofuels)

30 Source: EUROSTAT The indicator is calculated as net imports divided by the sum of gross inland energy consumption

31 Final energy consumption in residential Source: EUROSTAT

32 Source: EUROSTAT Apesar do constante crescimento das necessidades energéticas, Portugal ainda é um dos paises da UE com menor consumo de electricidade!

33 pren Annex G First requirement: The building fabric (Energy needs) should take into account: - the quality of the building envelope (e.g. insulation, windows); - the bioclimatic design (e.g. solar gains, natural lighting), - the inertia and zoning; aelenei FCT-UNL aelenei FCT-UNL How we deal with large glazed surfaces in buildings? How we deal with educational and office buildings where energy demands are largely driven by the internal loads of the building (so called internal-load dominated)?

34 Interactive buildings Building design Envelope solutions Energy management User interaction Green Flexible Passive Buildings Energy efficient Zero energy Sustainable

35 R Amaral et al. A cooperative net zero energy community to improve load matching, Renewable Energy Energy flexibility challenge Future high penetration of variable renewable energy sources forces a transition from generation on demand to consumption on demand in order to match the instantaneous energy generation! IEA EBC Annex 67 Energy Flexible Buildings Load shifting 15 IEA countries Operating Agent: Søren Østergaard Jensen, Danish Technological Institute Duration:

36 IEA EBC Annex 67 Energy Flexible Buildings Subtask A: Definitions and Context - Common terminology and definition of Energy Flexibility in buildings - Methodology for characterization of Energy Flexibility in buildings - User needs, motivation and barriers for application of EF in building - Market analysis Subtask B: Analysis, Development and Testing - Simulation of Energy Flexibility in single buildings and clusters of buildings - Control strategies and algorithms - Laboratory tests of components, systems and control strategies Subtask C: Demonstration and User Perspectives - Measurements in existing buildings - Demonstration of Energy Flexibility in real buildings and clusters - User motivation and acceptance

37 Adapted from Loonen RCGM. Climate Adaptive Building Shells. Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, 2010 Building envelope design and materials determine Energy use (heating and cooling) Amount of lighting Air sealing Embodied energy Sound insulation Taking into account that the façade is the main parameter that influences the energy performance of buildings, façade elements needs to be designed to provide the buildings the necessary flexibility needed in terms of energy flow and thermal comfort

38 Adaptive façade challenge Adaptive Façade Network 26 COST countries + Liechtenstein, China, Australia ~ 80 participants ~ 50 research institutions and industry partners Chairman: Prof. Dr. Andreas Luible, CCFM, HSLU T&A Grant Holder: Lucerne University of Applied Science Duration: aelenei FCT-UNL

39 Adaptive Façade Network WG1 Adaptive technologies and products - AF state of the art - AF data base - AF caracterization criteria e methodologies WG2 Component performance and characterization methods - Identify for each aspect of façade performance - Establish and standardise numerical and experimental ways of characterizing their performance WG3 Whole building integration and whole-life evaluation methods of adaptive facades - Requirements for building integration and user interaction - Experimental post-occupancy evaluation methods - Evaluation methods for in-situ assessment WG4 Dissemination and future research

40 What are the benefits of investing in energy efficiency? O mapeamento da pobreza energética em Portugal O estudo integrou o projecto ClimAdaPT.local (CENSE UNL) concluiu que, em média, 29 por cento da população não tem capacidade de aquecer as casas no Inverno nem arrefecê-las no Verão.