Primary, Final & Useful Energies

Transcrição

1 Primary, Final & Useful Energies Samuel Niza

2 Forms of Energy - Primary energy

3 Forms of Energy Primary energy embodied in resources as it is found in nature Final energy sold to final consumers such as households or firms (electricity, diesel, processed natural gas) Useful energy in the form that is used: light, heat, cooling and mechanical power (stationary or transport) Productive energy the fraction of useful energy that we actually use

4 A sua unidade física depende da forma de energia, kwh na eletricidade, litros na gasolina, m3 no gás natural, kg no fuelóleo e propano.

5 Forms of Energy Primary energy embodied in resources as it is found in nature (coal, oil, natural gas in the ground) Final energy sold to final consumers such as households or firms Useful energy in the form that is used: light, heat, cooling and mechanical power (stationary or transport) Productive energy the fraction of useful energy that we actually use

6 Forms of Energy - Final energy

7 Forms of Energy Primary energy embodied in resources as it is found in nature (coal, oil, natural gas in the ground) Final energy sold to final consumers such as households or firms (electricity, diesel, processed natural gas) Useful energy in the form that is used: light, heat, cooling and mechanical power (stationary or transport) Productive energy the fraction of useful energy that we actually use

8 Forms of Energy - Useful energy

9 Forms of Energy Primary energy embodied in resources as it is found in nature (coal, oil, natural gas in the ground) Final energy sold to final consumers such as households or firms (electricity, diesel, processed natural gas) Useful energy in the form that is used: light, heat, cooling and mechanical power (stationary or transport) Productive energy the fraction of useful energy that we actually use

10 From Primary Energy to Energy Services IAASA - Global Energy Assessment 2012 Energy Supply energy flows driven by resource availability and conversion technologies

11 From Primary Energy to Energy Services IAASA - Global Energy Assessment 2012 The energy supply sector dealing with primary energy is referred as upstream activities

12 From Primary Energy to Energy Services IAASA - Global Energy Assessment 2012 The energy supply sector dealing with secondary energy is referred as downstream activities

13 From Primary Energy to Energy Services IAASA - Global Energy Assessment 2012 Energy Demand Energy system is service driven

14 Energy Units and Scales How much energy we ingest daily? How much energy do you spend per hour using an electric heater?

15 Units Joule (J) - A force of 1 N moving an object for 1 m Calorie (cal) - Heat 1g of water at 14.5º by 1ºC (4,186J) Watt hour (Wh) - 1J/s x 3600 s =3600 J Ton of oil equivalent (toe) - The amount of energy released by burning one ton of crude oil, approximately 41,9 GJ /11,630 MWh / 7,4 barrels of oil Ton of coal equivalent (tce) - The amount of energy released by burning one ton of coal, approximately 29,3 GJ British Thermal unit (Btu) - Amount of energy needed to heat 1 pound (0.454 kg) of water at 60º by 1ºF ,055 J =1,055 kj

16 Energy Units and Scales IAASA Global Energy Assessment 2012

17 Energy Units and Scales IAASA Global Energy Assessment 2012

18 Energy Units and Scales Activities (kj) IAASA Global Energy Assessment 2012

19 Energy Units and Scales IAASA Global Energy Assessment 2012

20 Energy Units and Scales Activities (MJ-GJ or kwh=3.6mj) IAASA Global Energy Assessment 2012

21 Energy Units and Scales Activities (MJ-GJ or kwh=3.6mj) 1 Cal = 0, MJ IAASA Global Energy Assessment 2012

22 Energy Units and Scales IAASA Global Energy Assessment 2012

23 Energy Units and Scales Activities (GJ-TJ or toe=41.87gj) IAASA Global Energy Assessment 2012

24 Energy Units and Scales Activities (GJ-TJ or toe=41.87gj) In early agricultural societies GJ/capita/year 2/3 for food and feed 1/3 for cooking, heating and early industrial activities In UK in the mid-19 th century 100 GJ/capita/year In Portugal in GJ/capita/year

25 Energy Units and Scales IAASA Global Energy Assessment 2012

26 Energy Units and Scales IAASA Global Energy Assessment 2012

27 Energy Units and Scales IAASA Global Energy Assessment 2012

28 Energy Units and Scales IAASA Global Energy Assessment 2012

29 Sun energy enough? 29 Fonte: IEA - Solar energy perspectives, 2011

30 Energy in Portugal

31 Energy in Portugal Oil is the main energy used Some energy sources are mainly used to produce electricity (e.g. coal)

32 Energy transition Samuel Niza

33 Primary Energy Use Lines - Population Bars - Primary energy use* White - industrialized countries Gray - developing countries Grubler, A. Energy Transitions *Energy use data includes estimates of noncommercial energy use

34 Primary Energy Use Grubler, A. Energy Transitions Primary energy use increased more than 20-fold in 200 years Heterogeneity in per capita primary energy use: In industrialized countries population increased linearly while primary energy use increased exponentially until recently In developing countries energy use increased proportionally to population until recently Primary Energy Mix?

35 Primary Energy Mix IAASA Global Energy Assessment 2012

36 Primary Energy Mix

37 Primary Energy Mix Mostly biomass in 1850 Increasing diversification of energy vectors The first transition was from biomass to coal, followed by the transition from coal to oil, which currently remains the largest source of primary energy, although natural gas is steadily increasing its share.

38 Primary Energy Mix Energy Transition: The switch from an economic system dependent on one or a series of energy sources and technologies to another (Fouquet & Pearson, 2012)

39 World electricity production

40 World electricity production

41 World electricity production

42 World electricity production

43 World electricity production Gulf War

44 World electricity production

45 World Final Energy, Grid: Natural gas and electricity Liquids: Oil Solids: Coal and biomass Grubler, A. Energy Transitions

46 World Final Energy, Heterogeneity in final energy quality Developing OECD Grid: Natural gas and electricity Liquids: Oil Solids: Coal and biomass Grubler, A. Energy Transitions

47 Final Energy per capita in 2010 IAASA Global Energy Assessment 2012

48 IAASA Global Energy Assessment 2012 What is Final Energy used for? UK

49 Regular expansion of energy services in 19 th dominated by heat and transport High volatility What is Final Energy used for? due to political and economic events Moderated growth after 1950 UK Decline in industrial energy services compensated by strong growth in transport Saturated at a level of 6 EJ or 100 GJ/capita

50 From Primary Energy to Energy Services IAASA Global Energy Assessment 2012

51 From Primary Energy to Energy Services Increasing efficiencies in converting primary energy to energy services Ranges between a factor of 5 for transportation and 600 for lighting IAASA Global Energy Assessment 2012

52 Lower prices of energy services Price of Energy Services Ranges between a factor of 10 for heating and 70 for lighting IAASA Global Energy Assessment 2012

53 Primary Energy Mix IAASA Global Energy Assessment 2012

54 Sankey Diagrams Samuel Niza

55 From primary to useful

56 Procura Oferta Representação esquemática dos fluxos energéticos Diagrama de Sankey Transformação de energia: Energia primária Barragens, centrais termoeléctricas, torres eólicas,... Refinarias, Transp. combustíveis, redes eléctricas, Conversão de energia: Motores eléctricos,... Lâmpadas, Motores térmicos, Energia final Degradação de energia primária Degradação de energia final Utilização de energia: Produção,... Transporte, Conforto, Energia útil Desperdício de energia Energia produtiva

57 Diagrama de Sankey E E final primary E E E useful final productive E useful

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59 Oferta Procura Diagrama de Sankey Exemplo Iluminação para leitura de um livro Transformação de energia: Extracção Ciclo combinado Transporte de electricidade na rede eléctrica Conversão de energia: Lâmpadas Gás natural Electricidade 100% 55% 90% 45% Calor, Utilização de energia: Iluminação Luz 5,5% 50% Calor, radiação não visível Luz absorvida pelas paredes Degradação de energia associada à procura ~ 1 (2,75 / 55) = 95%!!! 2,75% Luz incidente sobre o livro

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61 Oferta Procura Diagrama de Sankey Exemplo Transporte de casa ao IST Transformação de energia: Extracção Refinação Transporte de combustível Conversão de energia: Motor térmico Petróleo Gasolina 100% 5% 95% 70% Calor, Utilização de energia: Transporte Movimento 66% 20% Calor, Tráfico rodoviário, Degradação de energia associada à procura ~ 1 (13 / 95) = 86%!!! 13% Transporte de casa ao IST

62 Sankey diagram for Porto Area, 2009

63 IAASA Global Energy Assessment 2012 World Sankey Diagram in 2005 Unit:EJ

64 IAASA Global Energy Assessment 2012 World Sankey Diagram in 2005 Unit:EJ

65 IAASA Global Energy Assessment 2012 World Sankey Diagram in 2005 Unit:EJ

66 IAASA Global Energy Assessment 2012 World Sankey Diagram in 2005 Unit:EJ

67 World Sankey Diagram in 2005 E final useful? E primary? E E final

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