O que é a biodiversidade?

Transcrição

1 O que é a biodiversidade? População Recursos e Ambiente A biodiversidade Biodiversidade é a variabilidade entre os organismos vivos de todas as fontes, inter alia, meio terrestre, meio marinho, e outros ecossistemas aquáticos e os complexos ecológicos de que esses organismos fazem parte; isto inclui a diversidade dentro de cada espécie, entre espécies e entre ecossistemas (Nações Unidas 1992: Artigo 2). 1

2 Serviços dos ecossistemas Ecossistemas e bem-estar humano 2

3 Os diferentes níveis da biodiversidade Ecossistemas Espécies Populações Genes Importância dos diferentes níveis da biodiversidade 3

4 A biodiversidade por grupos taxonómicos A biodiversidade inclui as espécies domésticas 4

5 Como medir a biodiversidade? 5

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7 A evolução da biodiversidade História da Biodiversidade na Terra 7

8 Evolução Selecção estabilizadora Selecção direccional Selecção disruptiva Black skimmer seizes small fish at water surface Scaup and other diving ducks feed on mollusks, crustaceans, and aquatic vegetation Brown pelican dives for fish, which it locates from the air Avocet sweeps bill through mud and surface water in search of small crustaceans, insects, and seeds Dowitcher probes deeply into mud in search of snails, marine worms, and small crustaceans Herring gull is a tireless scavenger Ruddy turnstone searches under shells and pebbles for small invertebrates Flamingo feeds on minute organisms in mud Louisiana heron wades into water to seize small fish Oystercatcher feeds on clams, mussels, and other shellfish into which it pries its narrow beak Knot (a sandpiper) picks up worms and small crustaceans left by receding tide Piping plover feeds on insects and tiny crustaceans on sandy beaches 8

9 Factores que afectam a distribuição da biodiversidade 9

10 Factores Temperatura Pluviosidade Latitude Altitude Área Biodiversidade regional Riqueza de outros taxa Lower limit of tolerance Upper limit of tolerance No organisms Few organisms Abundance of organisms Few organisms No organisms Population Size Zone of intolerance Zone of physiological stress Optimum range Zone of physiological stress Zone of intolerance Low Temperature High 10

11 Sugar Maple 11

12 Relação espécie-área 12

13 Cold, dry air falls Polar cap Cell 3 North Arctic tundra Evergreen coniferous forest 60 Temperate deciduous forest and grassland Desert Tropical deciduous forest Equator Moist air rises rain Tropical rain forest Tropical deciduous forest Desert Temperate deciduous forest and grassland Cell 2 North Cool, dry air falls Cool, dry air falls Cell 1 North Moist air rises, cools, and releases moisture as rain Cell 1 South Polar cap Cold, dry air falls Cell 3 South Cell 2 South Moist air rises rain 13

14 Tropic of Cancer Equator Tropic of Capricorn Arctic tundra (polar grasslands) Boreal forest (taiga), evergreen coniferous forest (e.g., montane coniferous forest) Temperate deciduous forest Temperate grassland Dry woodlands and shrublands (chaparral) Desert Tropical rain forest, tropical evergreen forest Tropical deciduous forest Tropical scrub forest Tropical savanna, thorn forest Semidesert, arid grassland Mountains (complex zonation) Ice Altitude Mountain Ice and snow Tundra (herbs, lichens, mosses) Coniferous Forest Deciduous Forest Latitude Tropical Forest Tropical Forest Deciduous Forest Coniferous Forest Tundra (herbs, lichens, mosses) Polar ice and snow 14

15 Movement of surface water Wind Diving birds Fish Upwelling Zooplankton Phytoplankton Nutrients Golden eagle Pronghorn antelope Producer to primary consumer Coyote Grasshopper sparrow Primary to secondary consumer Secondary to higher-level consumer Blue stem grass Prairie dog Grasshopper Bacteria All producers and consumers to decomposers Fungi Prairie coneflower Figure 6-24 Page

16 A distribuição da biodiversidade Riqueza específica por país corrigida pela área (plantas vasculares e vertebrados terrestres) 16

17 Riqueza de famílias de vertebrados Riqueza de famílias de plantas 17

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20 Diversidade de famílias de peixes de água doce 20

21 Anfíbios e répteis Pteridófitas Biodiversidade Fonte: Miguel Araújo, Univ. Évora Análise Canónica Insubstitubilidade Fonte: Miguel Araújo, Univ. Évora 21

22 Transgénicos Crop Desired trait (color) Crossbreeding Pear Apple Offspring Crossbreeding Best results New offspring Desired result 22

23 Identify and extract gene with desired trait Phase 1 Make Modified Gene cell gene Identify and remove portion of DNA with desired trait DNA plasmid Remove plasmid from DNA of E. coli DNA E. coli Insert extracted DNA (step 2) into plasmid (step3) plasmid Genetically modified plasmid Insert modified plasmid into E. coli Grow in tissue culture to make copies Phase 2 Make Transgenic Cell Transfer plasmid copies to a carrier agrobacterium A. tumefaciens (agrobacterium) Agrobacterium inserts foreign DNA into plant cell to yield transgenic cell Plant cell Nucleus Host DNA Transfer plasmid to surface microscopic metal particle Foreign DNA Use gene gun to inject DNA into plant cell 23

24 Phase 3 Grow Genetically Engineered Plant Transgenic cell from Phase 2 Cell division of transgenic cells Culture cells to form plantlets Transfer to soil Transgenic plants with new traits 24