Pesquisa em Bioenergia em São Paulo Carlos H de Brito Cruz Scientific Director The São Paulo Research Foundation, FAPESP http://www.fapesp.br http://bioenfapesp.org 1
Rationale Global Climate Change: Reducing GHG emissions Scarcity of resources Oil is finite (But note that the stone age ended, but this was not because of a lack of stones ) Energy security (as Food Security) Each nation would like to generate its own energy, or at least most of it, or at least as much as possible of it while not having to pay too much for the rest and having a secure source 2
Energy sources in Brazil, 2006 Energy from Renewable sources, Brazil 2006 46% of Brazil s energy comes from renewable sources 50% Other 60% 50% 40% cane Cane Wood Hydro 40% 30% 15% 30% 20% 20% 10% 0% 10% Non-Renewable Renewable Renewables in Brazil: 46%; World: 13%; OECD: 6% 0% Renewable 3
Ethanol and Gasoline cost (in 2004 US$ per GJ) Ethanol costs x Gasoline 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 Ethanol price paid to producers (2004 US$/GJ ) Rotterdam regular gasoline price (2004 US$/GJ) 0 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 Source: Goldemberg, 2005 4
Productivity (tc/ha or lts/tc) Productivity (liters/hectare) Increase in productivity through R&D Agricultural and Industrial product. 90 80 8.000 6.000 Total productivity + 4% per year 70 60 4.000 50 lts de álcool/tc tc/hectare 40 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2.000 0 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 5
Sugarcane energy content 1 Ton of Cane = 1,2 Barrels of Oil Sucrose Sucrose Ethanol Bagasse Cellulose Leaves and Stalks Cellulose Bagasse burnt for heat for the mill and electricity sold to the grid (1/2 Itaipu) Leaves and Stalks burnt on the field Burning phasing out in SP until 2014/2017 6
Brazil: 1% of arable land displaces 30%+ of the gasoline Source: UNICA 7
São Paulo: Land Use Change, 1970-2006 Pasture Agriculture Forest Sugarcane x Pasture: fixation of 0,5 Mg C/ha.yr Source: Boddey, R.M, GHG Emission Mitigation Though Ethanol from Sugarcane in Brazil, Circular Técnica Embrapa 27 (04/2009) 8
Sugarcane for ethanol uses 0,5% of total area Small bioenergy footprint Total country area (851 MHa, 100%) Rural properties area (355 MHa, 42%) Area used for agriculture (76,7 MHa, 9%) Area used for sugarcane for ethanol (3,4 MHa, 0,4%) Source: Horta Nogueira e Seabra (2008) 9
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615 GL of Ethanol will substitute for 30% of the world s gasoline 2004 2025 Gasoline consumption 1,200 GL 1,700 GL Ethanol consumption 30 GL Ethanol substituting 30% gasoline 615 GL Área disponível no Brasil: 60 Mha (Zoneamento para Cana, Set 2009, aptidão Alta e Média) @ 10 kl/ha (usando somente sacarose da cana) 600 GL por ano @ 20kL/Ha (usando sacarose e celulose) 1.200 GL/ano 11
Novos desafios Competição internacional Mais base científica Genomica Bio processos Química e bioquímica Disputa política e comercial que requer ciência Sustentabilidade Água, fertilizantes, balanço energético e de GEE LUC; iluc Debate internacional 12
Solar Energy, v. 31, 1982 13
GHG and Energy Balance: evolving knowledge Goldemberg J et al., Energy Balance for Ethyl Alcohol Production from Crops, Science 2001 p. 903-906 (1978) Macedo IC, Seabra JEA, Silva JEAR. Green house gases emissions in the production and use of ethanol from sugarcane in Brazil: The... Biomass and Bioenergy (2008), doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2007.12.006 14
FAPESP (The São Paulo Research Foundation): SUCEST Program, 1999 Started 1999 Molecular Biology tools for improving sugarcane Science and Technology of sugarcane Articles, thesis and patents Human resources 15
FAPESP: Sugarcane genomics 2000 16
SUCEST-FUN Project Sucrose Drought Biomass ABA Lignin Herbivory Fiber Phosphate CO 2 MeJA Sugars Endophytes 17
Maps and Markers 18
SUCEST: Gene Discovery and Functional Genomics Genes associated to traits of interest In association with planters R&D center Sugarcane Transcriptome Project (University of São Paulo, USP) Over 1,000 trait genes (sucrose, herbivory, drought, nutritional responses) identified through genomics tools applied to the study of the Brazilian germplasm (Pat pending USPTO11/716,262) Sugarcane Molecular Marker Development Project (University of Campinas, UNICAMP) A functional map and markers associated to sucrose content developed for breeding populations 19
Ethanol fuel, biomass, sugarcane Main sources of scientific articles USA Brazil São Paulo State Australia India Japan China Cuba France Mexico Canada Spain South Africa Scientific publications 2001-2005, ISI 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 20
Sugarcane research 21
Main Research Initiatives in Cane and Ethanol in Brazil CTC: private center to assist industry Ridesa: public/private network for cane breeding IAC: public center on agronomic research Universities INMETRO: Certification CTBE: Bioethanol Research Center EMBRAPA Agroenergy Center Fapesp Initiatives on Bioenergy 22
Produtividade Desafios para a Pesquisa em Bioenergia no Brasil Produção de biomassa Processos Uso da celulose (eletricidade x comb. liquido) Uso de menos área Sustentabilidade Emissões (LUC, ILUC, N) Uso de água Agricultura para Alimento E Energia Impactos ambientais Impactos sociais 23
Três frentes na FAPESP Rota científica e tecnológica Projeto do Programa Pesquisa em Políticas Públicas BIOEN Programa de Pesquisa; 5-10 anos Núcleo de pesquisa fundamental Conexões com pesquisa aplicada via empresas parceiras Centro Estadual de Pesquisa Sediado nas três universidades 24
www.apta.sp.gov.br/cana 25
www.apta.sp.gov.br/cana 26
Workshops Temas Abordados Topics I - Photosyntesis II Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology III Energy Cane IV Social and Economic Sustainability V Agricultural Modelin VI Pests and Deseases VII Residues Application (stillage, filter cake) VIII Environmental Aspects IX Cane Industrial Quality X Cogeneration XI Biomass-to-Liquid BTL XII Hydrolysis XIII Logistics (cane, stillage and ethanol) XIV Instrumentation and Automation 27
FAPESP s Research Program on Bioenergy (BIOEN): 5 areas 1. Improvements in the feedstock: building a better cane plant for energy - EnergyCane 2. Production of Ethanol and other products: hydrolysis, pyrolisis, gasification, fermentation, distillation 3. New processes in alcohol-chemistry 4. Ethanol based engine and fuel cell developments 5. The Economics of Ethanol, Ethanol production and the environment, Social impacts, the new agriculture of food and energy 28
BIOEN Program Comittee Gláucia Mendes de Souza Marcos Buckeridge Marie-Anne van Sluys Anete Pereira de Souza Rubens Maciel Heitor Cantarella André Nassar Plus consultants during the preparation phase: Luiz Cortez José Goldemberg 29
BIOEN FAPESP Division Qtd Value Plant 20 32.937.882,78 Processos 23 18.607.503,37 Biorefinery 3 1.139.996,57 Sustentabilidade 7 1.789.021,46 Motores 1 539.329,00 Total 54 55.013.733,17 30
A (µmol CO 2 m -2 s -1 ) Sugarcane in increased CO 2 Buckeridge M. Et al. Plant Cell and Environment, vol.31, p. 1116 (2008) Ambient Productivity Elevated 40 35 Ambient Ambiente Elevado Elevated *** *** (a ) 30 25 20 15 *** * 60% more Biomass 10 5 0 Microarray analyses 5000 genes 6 10 13 18 21 26 31 50 Weeks after CO 2 31
Syntenic regions: rice, sorghum, Rice two cane alleles Sorghum Blue, green and red are genes Grey correspond to repetitive regions Cane Ssp_148 Cane Ssp_095 M.Anne van Sluys et al., in preparation 32
Sucrose related genes 33
Demonstration Plant for Acid Hydrolisis: FAPESP - Dedini Project started in 2002 Dedini-Fapesp proprietary process Demonstration plant 5,000 liters per day Mixed with input for fermentation Planta DHR 34
BIOEN Workshops Bioenergy Aug, 2009 Genome Sequencing Aug, 2008 Cellulosic Ethanol Sep, 2009 Photosynthesis Feb, 2009 Sugarcane improvement Mar, 2009 Soil Carbon Jun, 2009 Processes Sep, 2009 35
State of São Paulo Bioenergy R&D BIOEN Academic Basic and Applied Research Advancement of knowledge US$ 24M (2008) + 2009,.. Plus US$ 140 M (10 years) for a Statewide Research Center Young Investigator Awards US$ 6 M (2008) + 2009.. Open to foreign scientists who want to come to Brazil Joint industry-university research (5 years) Company Subject Value by industry Oxiteno Lignocellulosic materials US$ 3,000,000 Braskem Alcohol-chemistry US$ 25,000,000 Dedini Processes US$ 50,000,000 36
Centro de Pesquisa em Bioenergia Proposta dsa FAPESP, USP, Unicamp e UNESP ao Governo Estadual Áreas de pesquisa do Programa BIOEN Investimentos R$ 100 milhões do governo estadual R$ 100 milhões das universidades R$ 100 milhões da FAPESP 37
Comitê de redação da proposta Antonio Roque Dechen Diretor, ESALQ/USP Luís Augusto Barbosa Cortez FEAGRI/UNICAMP Nelson Ramos Stradiotto IQ/UNESP/Araraquara Carlos Henrique de Brito Cruz Diretor Científico, FAPESP 38
Centro (USP, Unicamp, Unesp) de Pesquisa em Bioenergia Um Centro de Pesquisa em Bioenergia, de classe internacional, capaz de criar a base científica necessária para a competitividade paulista e brasileira em bioenergia. C&T para primeira, segunda e terceira gerações, bem como sobre os impactos econômicos, sociais e ambientais da produção e uso de bioenergia Soma-se a outras iniciativas existentes no país Diferencia-se por buscar avanços baseados na criação de ciência avançada e associá-los à formação de pessoal qualificado A base em ciência avançada visa preparar o país para a transição tecnológica mundialmente em curso na área de Bioenergia 39
Levantamento USP, Unicamp e Unesp Divisão Principal Division USP Unicamp UNESP Total Application on Automotive Motors 8 10 5 23 Bioenergy (Fuel, Heat, Electricity) Production 57 39 32 128 Biorefineries, Alcoholchemistry, Oil Chemistry 8 10 5 23 Production of Biomass for Bioenergy 55 14 22 91 Sustainability Aspects (Biofuels Economics, Social and Environmental Impact) 42 39 20 101 Total 170 112 84 366 40
Áreas com 10 ou mais pesquisadores Area USP Unicamp UNESP Total Second Generation Technologies 26 13 13 52 Environmental Aspects 23 16 10 49 Agriculture 26 2 15 43 Agribusiness of Ethanol 12 18 6 36 First Generation Ethanol Production 12 16 5 33 Genetic Improvement 17 5 4 26 Basic Sciences II (Processes) 7 5 9 21 Products 6 10 3 19 Agricultural Engineering 7 4 2 13 Basic Sciences IV (Appl. Automotive Motors) 6 7 0 13 Co-Products 6 1 5 12 Social Aspects 5 4 1 10 Total 153 101 73 327 41
Áreas com menos de 10 pesquisadores Area USP Unicamp UNESP Total Basic Sciences I (Biomass production) 5 3 1 9 Biomass Preparation 5 4 0 9 Basic Sciences V (Impacts) 2 1 3 6 Alcohol Engines 1 0 4 5 Basic Sciences III (Alcohol Chemistry) 2 0 2 4 Fuel Cells 0 3 0 3 Fuel Quality 1 0 1 2 Third Generation Technologies 1 0 0 1 New Engines/Uses 0 0 0 0 Use of Water 0 0 0 0 Total 17 11 11 39 42
Motores Áreas sem pesquisadores Alcohol Engines Alcohol Engines Alcohol Engines Basic Sciences Fuel Cells New Engines/Uses New Engines/Uses Sensors ethanol-gasoline Redesign of Internal Combustion Engines Use of Ethanol in Motorcycle Engines Energy Conversion Direct use of Ethanol Development of New Stationary Engines Using Solid Biofuels (e.g. Stirling Engine) Development of New Systems for Ethanol Use: as LPG substitute 43
Produção de Bioenergia Áreas sem pesquisadores Basic Sciences Basic Sciences Basic Sciences Biomass Preparation Co-Products Co-Products Co-Products First Generation Ethanol Production First Generation Ethanol Production First Generation Ethanol Production First Generation Ethanol Production First Generation Ethanol Production Second Generation Technologies Second Generation Technologies Second Generation Technologies Second Generation Technologies Second Generation Technologies Use of Water Use of Water Biocatalyzers Biofuels Quality Unified micro organisms for the extraction of sugar for fermentation Baling, Briquetting, Pelletizing Production of Lisine Production of Furfural Production of RNA Development of New Industrial Arrangements for Ethanol-Energy Plants Fermentation Temperature Control Development of in situ Technologies for Stillage Disposal Development of in situ Tecnologies for Stillage Disposal (e.g. incineration) New Fermentation Routes (e.g. using bacteria) Gasification for Synthetic Biofuels (e.g.: Fischer-Tropsch) Biomass processing by Atmospheric-Pressure plasma Biomass processing by FT-NIR (near-infra red spectroscopy irradiation) Combustion of Cane Trash Other Hydrolysis Methos (e.g.: Supercritical Hydrolysis) Reduction of Water Use Zero Water Utilization in Ethanol Production 44
Biorefineries, Alcohol Chemistry Áreas sem pesquisadores Basic Sciences Basic Sciences Systems biology and Synthetic Biology approaches Chemistry of CO2 Basic Sciences Photochemical catalysis for vegetable oils cracking 45
Biomass for Bioenergy Áreas sem pesquisadores Agricultural Engineering Agricultural Engineering Agricultural Engineering Agricultural Engineering Agricultural Engineering Agriculture Agriculture Agriculture Agriculture Genetic Improvement Genetic Improvement Genetic Improvement Genetic Improvement Genetic Improvement Cane Logistics (from field to the factory) Development of Semi-Mechanized Harvesting Methods Filter Cake and Ash Distribution in Cane Fields Stillage Distribution in Sugarcane Fields Trash Recovery New Fertilizers Biological Fixation of Nitrogen Development of Direct Planting Technology for Sugarcane Machinery Operations under Wet conditions Transgenic Sugarcane for Other Compounds Eco-physiological Characterization of germplasm Plant Synthetic Biology Polyploid Statistical Genetics Creation of a Public Germoplasm Collection 46
Sustainability Áreas sem pesquisadores Agribusiness of Ethanol Environmental Aspects Logistics Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS) Technologies 47
Global Sustainable Bioenergy: Feasibility Key Question: Is it physically possible for bioenergy to meet a substantial fraction of future world mobility and/or electricity demand while our global society also meets other important needs.? Staged structure Meetings, assemble international team, scope project, get support Address key question posed above unconstrained by current realities Work back to the present considering policy, economic, transition, and development issues 48
Representation Host Institutions, Location Meeting Chairs/Organizing Committee Members European Union Kluyver Center for Genomics of Andre Faaij, Utrecht University Industrial Fermentations, Delft, Patricia Osseweijer, Delft University of The Netherlands Technology Africa South America University of Sellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil Emile van Zyl, University of Stellenbosch August Temu, World Agroforestry Centre, Nairobi José Goldemberg, University of São Paulo Carlos Henrique de Brito Cruz, FAPESP, São Paulo North America University of Minnesota, Minneapolis/St. Paul, USA Asia, Oceania TBD Reinhold Mann, Battelle Science and Technology, Malaysia Steering Committee: GSB Project: Stage 1 Meetings & Organizing Committee Nathanael Greene, Natural Resources Defense Council Lee Lynd (Chair), Dartmouth, Mascoma Corp Tom Richard, Pensylvania State University Dates February, 24-26, 2010 March, 17-19, 2010 March, 22-24, 2010 John Foley, University of Minnesota May, 2010 June 2010? 49
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