Life Cycle Assessment

Transcrição

1 Life Cycle Assessment Tiago Domingos with Tatiana Valada Maria Margarida Gonçalves Environment and Energy Scientific Area, Department of Mechanical Engineering MARETEC Marine, Environment and Technology Centre IST - Environment, Platform for Environmental Science and Engineering

2 Life Cycle Assessment Definition Approach that assesses impact associated with all stages of a product s life from cradle to grave. Framework for life cycle assessment Goal definition Scope definition Inventory analysis Impact assessment Interpretation Direct applications: Product development and improvement Strategic planning Public policy making Marketing Other Source: EC/JRC/IES (2010)

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4 Policy forcing

5 First case study: (First generation) Bioethanol production using maize as a raw material

6 Production of bioethanol in Portugal Crops that may be used as raw-material (1000 ha) Maize Barley Potatoes Sugarbeet 9 2 Wheat Source: FAO Currently, maize and wheat have the greater area allocated From raw-material to bioethanol Conversion index (l/ton) Maize 388 Wheat 385 Bioethanol production (l/ha) Maize 1797 Wheat 256 Maize should be the most viable Valada, T., R. Teixeira, T. Domingos (2008). Environmental and energetic assessment of sown irrigated pastures vs. maize. Options méditerranéenes Sustainable Mediterranean Grasslands and Their Multi-Functions, A-79: Valada, T. (2007). Análise ambiental e económica da afectação de área agrícola à produção de milho para bioetanol. Tese de Mestrado em Engenharia do Ambiente, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisboa.

7 Bioethanol vs. Gasoline Bioethanol Life Cycle CO 2 Bioethanol DDG Gasoline Life Cycle CO 2 Gasoline Valada, T., R. Teixeira, T. Domingos (2008). Environmental and energetic assessment of sown irrigated pastures vs. maize. Options méditerranéenes Sustainable Mediterranean Grasslands and Their Multi-Functions, A-79: Valada, T. (2007). Análise ambiental e económica da afectação de área agrícola à produção de milho para bioetanol. Tese de Mestrado em Engenharia do Ambiente, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisboa.

8 Bioethanol vsgasoline System description Neglecting LUC (land use change) Phase Bioethanol Gasoline Land use (0.25 ha) Industrial production Bioethanol 1 ton Gasoline 0.72 ton Sub-product Does not exist Final use 14 thousand km Valada, T., R. Teixeira, T. Domingos (2008). Environmental and energetic assessment of sown irrigated pastures vs. maize. Options méditerranéenes Sustainable Mediterranean Grasslands and Their Multi-Functions, A-79: Valada, T. (2007). Análise ambiental e económica da afectação de área agrícola à produção de milho para bioetanol. Tese de Mestrado em Engenharia do Ambiente, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisboa.

9 Comparing the CO 2e emissions 4 Bioethanol scenario Gasoline scenario 3 ton CO 2eq /ton bioethanol 2 1 Intensive corn production Fuel emissions 0 DDG avoided impact -1 Scenario of bioethanol favorable Difference equal to 2 ton CO 2e /ton bioethanol Valada, T., R. Teixeira, T. Domingos (2008). Environmental and energetic assessment of sown irrigated pastures vs. maize. Options méditerranéenes Sustainable Mediterranean Grasslands and Their Multi-Functions, A-79: Valada, T. (2007). Análise ambiental e económica da afectação de área agrícola à produção de milho para bioetanol. Tese de Mestrado em Engenharia do Ambiente, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisboa.

10 Economic analysis Total tax difference between scenarios: 188 /ton bioethanol (Source: DL n.º 66/2006; Portaria n.º 3 A/2007) Emissions difference between scenarios: 2 ton CO 2e 100 /ton bioethanol represents the cost (to the government) of each ton of CO 2e avoided Valada, T., R. Teixeira, T. Domingos (2008). Environmental and energetic assessment of sown irrigated pastures vs. maize. Options méditerranéenes Sustainable Mediterranean Grasslands and Their Multi-Functions, A-79: Valada, T. (2007). Análise ambiental e económica da afectação de área agrícola à produção de milho para bioetanol. Tese de Mestrado em Engenharia do Ambiente, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisboa.

11 Bioethanol vsgasoline System description Considering LUC Phase Bioethanol Gasoline Land use (0.25 ha) Animal production (1.4 CN/ha) Industrial production Bioethanol 1 ton Gasoline 0.72 ton Sub-product Does not exist Final use 14 thousand km Valada, T., R. Teixeira, T. Domingos (2008). Environmental and energetic assessment of sown irrigated pastures vs. maize. Options méditerranéenes Sustainable Mediterranean Grasslands and Their Multi-Functions, A-79: Valada, T. (2007). Análise ambiental e económica da afectação de área agrícola à produção de milho para bioetanol. Tese de Mestrado em Engenharia do Ambiente, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisboa.

12 Comparing the CO 2e emissions Bioethanol scenario Gasoline scenario ton CO 2eq /ton bioethanol Animal emisions Fuel emissions DDG avoided impact Carbon sequestration Gasoline scenario favorable Difference equal to 5 ton CO 2e /ton bioethanol Valada, T., R. Teixeira, T. Domingos (2008). Environmental and energetic assessment of sown irrigated pastures vs. maize. Options méditerranéenes Sustainable Mediterranean Grasslands and Their Multi-Functions, A-79: Valada, T. (2007). Análise ambiental e económica da afectação de área agrícola à produção de milho para bioetanol. Tese de Mestrado em Engenharia do Ambiente, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisboa.

13 Energy analysis Bioethanol production Heat Primary energy Bioethanol 1 GJ 0.9 GJ Gasoline production Solar energy Heat Primary energy Gasoline 1 GJ 0.8 GJ Valada, T., R. Teixeira, T. Domingos (2008). Environmental and energetic assessment of sown irrigated pastures vs. maize. Options méditerranéenes Sustainable Mediterranean Grasslands and Their Multi-Functions, A-79: Valada, T. (2007). Análise ambiental e económica da afectação de área agrícola à produção de milho para bioetanol. Tese de Mestrado em Engenharia do Ambiente, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisboa.

14 Production of bioethanol from maize - Synthesis Topic Is bioethanol favorable? Sensitivity analysis Greenhouse gases Changes with the non accountancy of productive area Energy policy Always Ecotoxicity, carcinogenics, solid wastes, winter smog, summer smog, land use, minerals, resp. organics and inorganics, heavy metals Always Ozone layer Acidification? Always Depends on the DDG substitution rate Economy Always Valada, T., R. Teixeira, T. Domingos (2008). Environmental and energetic assessment of sown irrigated pastures vs. maize. Options méditerranéenes Sustainable Mediterranean Grasslands and Their Multi-Functions, A-79: Valada, T. (2007). Análise ambiental e económica da afectação de área agrícola à produção de milho para bioetanol. Tese de Mestrado em Engenharia do Ambiente, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisboa.

15 Second case study: Electricity generation using Eucalyptus as a raw material

16 Gonçalves, M., T. Valada, T. Domingos (2011). Generation of electricity using Eucalyptus globulus as raw material a life cycleassessment including indirect land use change, Proceedings of the 4th International Congress on Energy and Environment Engineering and Management, Merida (Spain), May. Gonçalves, M. (2010). Análise ambiental e energética da produção de Eucalyptus globulos para a conversão em energia eléctrica. Tese de Mestrado em Engenharia do Ambiente, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisboa.

17 Gonçalves, M., T. Valada, T. Domingos (2011). Generation of electricity using Eucalyptus globulus as raw material a life cycleassessment including indirect land use change, Proceedings of the 4th International Congress on Energy and Environment Engineering and Management,Merida (Spain), May. Gonçalves, M. (2010). Análise ambiental e energética da produção de Eucalyptus globulos para a conversão em energia eléctrica. Tese de Mestrado em Engenharia do Ambiente, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisboa.

18 Results: Neglecting LUC Impact co- firing 10% (heat input basis) GHG Ozone layer Acidification Eutrophication Summer smog Winter smog Resp. inorganics Fossil fuels kg CO2 kg CFC11 kg SO2 kg PO4 kg C2H4 kg SPM DALY MJ surplus -2.92% -5.18% -5.17% -5.33% -6.69% -7.05% -9.29% -9.36% The best scenario is the co-firing, also in the energy evaluation; GHG emissions have one of the most important and significant reductions; Eutrophication has the lowest reduction. Results Gonçalves, M., T. Valada, T. Domingos (2011). Generation of electricity using Eucalyptus globulus as raw material a life cycleassessment including indirect land use change, Proceedings of the 4th International Congress on Energy and Environment Engineering and Management,Merida (Spain), May. Gonçalves, M. (2010). Análise ambiental e energética da produção de Eucalyptus globulos para a conversão em energia eléctrica. Tese de Mestrado em Engenharia do Ambiente, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisboa.

19 Impact co- firing 10% (heat input basis) Results: Considering LUC Gonçalves, M., T. Valada, T. Domingos (2011). Generation of electricity using Eucalyptus globulus as raw material a life cycleassessment including indirect land use change, Proceedings of the 4th International Congress on Energy and Environment Engineering and Management,Merida (Spain), May. Gonçalves, M. (2010). Análise ambiental e energética da produção de Eucalyptus globulos para a conversão em energia eléctrica. Tese de Mestrado em Engenharia do Ambiente, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisboa.

20 Environmental factor Maize production Best solution Maize production & transportation Impacts with land use change Summer smog Argentina Argentina Heavy metals Argentina Argentina Carcinogenics Argentina Argentina... Acidification Ribatejo Ribatejo Eutrophication Ribatejo Ribatejo Winter smog Argentina Ribatejo... Fossil fuels Argentina Ribatejo... Results Neglecting and considering LUC Gonçalves, M., T. Valada, T. Domingos (2011). Generation of electricity using Eucalyptus globulus as raw material a life cycleassessment including indirect land use change, Proceedings of the 4th International Congress on Energy and Environment Engineering and Management,Merida (Spain), May. Gonçalves, M. (2010). Análise ambiental e energética da produção de Eucalyptus globulos para a conversão em energia eléctrica. Tese de Mestrado em Engenharia do Ambiente, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisboa.

21 Electricity generation using Eucalyptus- Synthesis Topic Neglecting LUC Considering LUC Greenhouse gases/ Climate Change Remains favourable Energy policy Remains favourable Ozone layer, heavy metals, carcinogens, summer smog, resp. inorganics, radiation, ecotoxicity Remains favourable Acidification, eutrophication, winter smog? Not favourable when considering LUC Gonçalves, M., T. Valada, T. Domingos (2011). Generation of electricity using Eucalyptus globulus as raw material a life cycleassessment including indirect land use change, Proceedings of the 4th International Congress on Energy and Environment Engineering and Management,Merida (Spain), May. Gonçalves, M. (2010). Análise ambiental e energética da produção de Eucalyptus globulos para a conversão em energia eléctrica. Tese de Mestrado em Engenharia do Ambiente, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisboa.