Scientific Report. R&D Research Unit: Centro de Investigação de Direito. Ciências Jurídico-Políticas (ICJP) Lisbon Centre for Research in Public Law

Transcrição

1 Scientific Report 2013 R&D Research Unit: Centro de Investigação de Direito Público (CIDP) of the Instituto de Ciências Jurídico-Políticas (ICJP) Lisbon Centre for Research in Public Law Host Institution: University of Lisbon School of Law Contacts: Faculdade de Direito da Universidade de Lisboa Alameda da Universidade Lisboa Governing Bodies: The President of the Scientific Council Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa The Scientific Coordinator Carlos Blanco de Morais Secretary-General João Tiago Silveira Executive Consultant Tiago Fidalgo de Freitas 1

2 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 5 PART I The Research Unit 1. THE CENTRE AND THE HOST INSTITUTION 7 2. THE RESEARCH STRUCTURE OF THE CENTRE 9 3. RESEARCHERS RESEARCH GROUPS AND LINES OF RESEARCH 15 PART II Productivity 1. RESEARCH PROJECTS PER GROUP AND LINE OF RESEARCH PUBLICATIONS COLLECTIVE PUBLICATIONS 37 2

3 PART III Training 1. CIDP S INTERGENERATIONAL TRAINING POLICY THESES & DISSERTATIONS 45 PART IV Research Ethics 1. CIDP S CODE OF RESEARCH ETHICS THE ETHICS COMMITTEE 55 PART V Public Relevance 1. COMMUNICATION STRATEGY INTERNATIONALISATION 57 3

4 PART VI The Centre s Future Strategy 1. CIDP S 2020 HORIZON FUTURE INITIATIVES 72 ANNEX I 1. THE SCIENTIFIC PRODUCTIVITY OF CIDP RESEARCHERS 75 4

5 Introduction The Lisbon Centre of Research in Public Law of the Faculty of Law of the University of Lisbon (CIDP) is making strides to enhance its research in the field of public law and other related fields. Its major aim is to build an effective academic stronghold of scientific excellence capable of concentrating some the very best scholarly practice in juridical and political studies in Portugal. Emanating from one of the oldest and most prestigious faculties of law in the country, the Faculty of Law of the University of Lisbon (FDUL), and from one of the most distinguished institutes of its kind the Instituto de Ciencias Jurídico-Politicas (ICJP) the Centre has over the last year and since its creation, focused its research in three research groups and three major lines of research which tackle some of the most problematic challenges which globalisation poses to politics and society. Underlying our concern for the public relevance of our scientific production as well as for its originality and interdisciplinary scope, the CIDP s groups and research lines cut across the traditional boundaries followed heretofore by the classic approach to law and juridical studies in Portugal. Even though its groups still emanate from the basic fields of constitutional law and political science, administrative law and international and European law the fields in which both the Faculty and the Institute have distinguished themselves over the years the Lisbon Centre for Research in Public Law is driven by the priority to open and diversify its scientific production, combining continuity and innovation, tradition and interdisciplinarity. This is achieved by its research lines and innovative projects. The Centre seeks to reinforce its position as the ideal platform of dialogue between various generations of researchers and professors, promoting the contribution of young scholars to the scientific quality which constitutes since ever the traditional preserve of FDUL and confirms its referential status within Portuguese academia. Law thus constitutes the epistemological home of the Centre, but its scientific activity permanently seeks to draw on other fields and on different sets of combinations, bringing diverse approaches, methods and tools from every field to bear upon the intellectual and scientific concerns of the social-scientific community, empowering it in ways which enable it to respond to some of the real problems and difficulties which confront the European society of today as much as the society to come. Hence, the Centre has chosen to present the scientific wealth and interdisciplinary diversity of its past research by featuring it in terms of the groups and research lines which strike at the very core of the contemporary social issues and the permanent political challenges posed to modern societies, their institutions and their citizens. Therefore, we endeavour to move beyond the traditional disciplinary arrangements outlined above, and reformulate our scientific and intellectual expertise in terms of new research labels. 5

6 I The Research Unit 6

7 1. THE CENTRE AND THE HOST INSTITUTIONS CIDP stands at the very endpoint of a long and very successful path of scientific production and academic preparation of high-skilled researchers and Professors in public law of its Host Institution: the Faculty of Law of the University of Lisbon. The need to develop research and to differentiate Public Law from other subfields within legal studies led to the creation of the ICJP, which was the institution responsible for administering the teaching programmes as well as the research activity until now. This Institute is now ready to empower a more autonomous branch of its activity, that of scientific research, in one single and semi-independent structure, allowing the research to flow more easily and to get the visibility it deserves. This Institute is composed of 31 postdoctoral researchers and professors and 33 doctoral and master students who lecture at FDUL. Founded in 2003, the ICJP has distinguished itself in the national and international academic landscape for the quality of its research output as well as for its highly regarded educational profile at both graduate and postgraduate levels. The ICJP is one of the major national venues of academic conferences and scientific seminars in the field of Public Law, hosting some of the finest degree programmes and teaching initiatives and boosting the international profile and academic projection of its associates. Among other areas of teaching and research, the Institute is especially devoted to the basic fields of Constitutional Law and Political Science, Administrative Law, International and European Law. In its recent history, the Institute has also enhanced and deepened its expertise in law-related areas such as fundamental rights, the rights of persons with disabilities, Municipal Law, Legistics and Legislative Studies, mass media regulation, Telecommunications Law, Cultural Heritage, Environmental Law and Energy. The high public profile of the Institute s activities has made possible several partnerships with Government agencies and with other public and private institutions. The ICJP is also involved in several other protocols and agreements with foreign universities and institutes abroad. CIDP wants to take ICJP even further, making its research more focused, more independent and more forwardlooking. By bringing together ICJP s researchers, CIDP is now able to offer even better conditions for the development of quality research which will in turn result in much better, and much more focused, scientific projects. By articulating the past research of the Institute with a clearer and more transparent management of research teams and of their efforts, we will be able to conduct the sort of research which is liable to provide the return that a complex and modern society such as ours demands from the university as an institution that is capable of providing practical solutions and scientific-based answers to the concrete problems that challenge the day-to-day functioning of our institutions, as well as the overall principles and aims which structure the whole legal and political system. 7

8 Drawing from ICJP, CIDP thus aggregates a higher number of researchers in public law than any other research unit of its kind in the country. Their scientific activity throughout the years and within the Institute can now find a new way of projecting and promoting itself, since the Centre offers the tools and the necessary means and conditions which guarantee a better coordination between and among researchers, between and among lines of research as well as between them and the scientific community. Above all, the creation of the Centre opens an extremely rich archive of past scientific production to researchers, students and the public in general and will allow other institutions and researchers to benefit from the academic and intellectual wealth of the Faculty of Law in the field of legal studies and of public law specifically. The competences and functions of the Institute, of the CIDP and of the Scientific Group of Juridical and Political Sciences are being differentiated and set apart so that clarity and rigour can favour their scientific and institutional complementarity. This will allow these units to articulate and function more smoothly and efficiently, fostering important exchanges and feedbacks between the scientific activity of the Centre and the formative function of the Institute. Thus the Scientific Group of Juridical and Political Sciences, with its presidency and assembly, will remain the core institution of Public Law of the Faculty of Law with regard to the definition of its teaching strategy in that general area and, in articulation with the Scientific Council of the Faculty, being responsible for the design of the corresponding graduate and postgraduate programmes. The training element which the Faculty will provide in Public Law will hence remain a key preserve of the Group, although the Institute, in articulation with the Presidency of the Group, acts as an autonomous organisation that promotes publications, congresses, seminars, conferences, postgraduation courses of specialisation and creates a structure for support of research. The scientific strategy for fundamental and applied legal studies will pass on to the CIDP, as the unit responsible for promoting research and for seeking support for it, both administratively and logistically. The CIDP will also be responsible for setting the aims and general orientation of the scientific activity in Public Law of the Faculty. Furthermore, CIDP endeavours to triangulate its research with the organisation of Doctoral and Masters programmes, training courses and short postgraduate programmes organised by the FDUL and ICJP. In order to achieve this, CIDP will engage in important networks and academic protocols with international institutions, attracting a great number of our foreign and national students and researchers. The Centre hence seeks to fill in potential gaps that might result from the strict institutional differentiation between the scientific and pedagogical domains, bonding the two by providing a formative support to its junior researchers and contributing to their potential for publication and also to the internationalisation of the Centre and so of the national scientific community as a whole. As an ICJP s autonomous research unit, defined by the statutes of the Faculty of Law of the University of Lisbon as a Research Unit of the same Faculty, CIDP will hence be subjected to the general orientations of the Scientific Council of the Faculty with regards to its scientific agenda and will be represented in the highest instance of inter-centre coordination presided by the Faculty Director. The Centre is equipped with its own facilities and structures, where the coordinating bodies conduct their administrative and managing functions, but the Faculty also provides the Centre with other spaces and offices where its researchers can develop their activity in a quiet and supportive environment. ICJP funds the ordinary expenses of CIDP as well as provides an annual budget for research projects. It also supports the website. In addition, ICJP finances the salary of an executive 8

9 secretary and the fees of an external advisor. The Institute provides two meeting rooms for all the activities related to the scientific management of CIDP. In turn, ICJP is hosted by FDUL which also gives to the centre quite relevant support. In fact, FDUL provides 3 office rooms, in the same area, conveniently furnished to be used by ICJP exclusively. Besides all this, FDUL also provides each researcher who works at the Faculty with either an individual office room or a shared three-person office room, additional facilities for foreign researchers near FDUL s library. The library, one of the most equipped law libraries in Portugal, offers 7 photocopiers to its users, about bibliographic entries in several copies, subscriptions to 65 periodicals (online) and 196 periodicals (paper). It also provides access to the following databases: Beck online, Dre, HeinOnline Law Journal Library, HeinOnline English Reports, full HeinOnline reprint ( ), HeinOnline Foreign & International Law Resources Database, HeinOnline Kluwer Law International Journal Library, HeinOnline Legal Classics, HeinOnline World Constitutions Ilustrated, Legispalop, KluwerArbitration, vlex, Westlaw BDJUR, DatajurisJusnet Legix, B-On, Isi Web of Knowledge, SCOPUS, Jstor. FDUL also offers 44 classrooms, 1 courtroom, 1 auditorium with simultaneous translation booths, 11 office for students in the study room, 1 Documentation Centre, 1 study room with 120 seats and it is equipped with 184 computers desktop, 4 laptop computers, 45 overhead projectors. Finally, it also supports the fees that are paid to an external advisor common to all research centres hosted therein. FDUL has approved the project to build a new hall which will be entirely devoted to the scientific institutes and their research centres, including ICJP and CIDP, which will be able to enlarge their working space and hence improved the working conditions of all researchers. 2. THE RESEARCH STRUCTURE OF THE CENTRE The Centre has created three Research Groups, each devoted to a specific field of Public Law: i) Constitutional Law & Political Science (abbreviated henceforth as RG:CL&PS ); ii) Administrative Law ( RG:AL ); and iii) International and European Law ( RG:IEL ). Each Research Group is composed of teams of researchers who work on specific projects. Their research is carried out in close connection with other research units in Portugal and abroad. CIDP is also organised in three cross-cutting Thematic Lines, participated by all or most of the Research Groups, under loose coordination of the Group that is more connected with its main subject: i) Portuguese-speaking Public Law; ii) Global Administrative and Regulatory Governance; iii) Energy, Natural Resources & the Environment. The top connection between the scientific and administrative management of CIDP and the Research Projects is achieved by the Scientific Steering Commission (SSC) which integrates the Scientific Coordinator and the Heads of the three Research Groups who supervise the Research Projects integrated in a specific legal field and the Thematic Lines more directly related with that same field. 9

10 3 RESEARCH GROUPS Led by the Head of Research Group, it aggregates all CIDP s researchers according to the main Public Law field in which they focus their work (CL&PS AL IEL) 3 THEMATIC LINES 3 cutting edge interdisciplinary research trajectories led by a Scientific Supervisor (GG E&E PSPL) 18 RESEARCH PROJECTS Led by an RI and his or her Research Team The Research Groups Each Research Group is an aggregate of different categories researchers devoted to a specific field of Public Law and coordinated by a Head of the Research Group (HRG), who is its Principal Investigator. The HRG is a member of the Scientific Steering Commission (SSC) and acts as the coordinator of the Group s activity, ensures the attainment of its scientific objectives and supervises the intellectual, administrative and logistical exchange between the SSC and the Responsible Investigators (RIs) regarding the Projects developed by each Research Team. Apart from the day-to-day management of the Group, the HRG shall report to the Scientific Coordinator of CIDP, put forward proposals to the SSC, issue recommendations to the Research Teams and to the Thematic Lines, and direct meetings with the Consultative Board of the Group. The HRG also steers the cross-disciplinary Thematic Lines in which the Group has a pivotal role and whose majority of Research Projects are led by the Group members. That task is accomplished by means of a method of flexible coordination with the Scientific Supervisor (SSup) of each Thematic Line. The HRG does not lead the investigation of the Projects himself. He supervises its progresses with reference to the objectives previously proposed by the Research Team itself and approved by the SSC. The HRGs will also be responsible for receiving the FCT evaluators, guiding them through the facilities of the CIDP and introducing them to the RIs of each Project. 10

11 The Thematic Lines and their link with the Research Groups Each Line cuts across and incorporates contributions from the three CIDP s Research Groups. The Lines also welcome contributions from other relevant R&D units, both from the University of Lisbon and from other universities, in Portugal and abroad. The Lines intersectional character implies that all the involved Research Groups may participate in its management. So as to ensure its coherence, the Research Group that is closer to the core of the Line will assume a leading role in its coordination. This flexible governing structure promotes and enables participation and genuine collaboration, avoiding the creation of obstacles to the Research Teams who develop Projects within the Line and whose activity is essential to its success. If a Thematic Line fails to keep its cross-cutting morphology, its might lose the original scientific interest or social relevance that conduced to its implementation and therefore its raison d être might have faded away. If this situation occurs, this Line shall be extinguished by the SSC and its remaining Projects incorporated in one of the three Research Groups. There is a common, albeit light, structure for the three Thematic Lines. The Scientific Supervisor (SSup), nominated by the SSC, is a researcher who is entrusted with the task of dynamising the Thematic Line. To attain that objective, he is entitled to: promote the creation of new sub-themes and Projects; serve as contact person and instance of coordination with the Management Committee of the Line and with the Scientific Coordinator of CIDP; assist the RIs of different Projects in their scientific and logistic needs; inquire about the implementation of the objectives programmemed by the respective Research Teams. The SSup further liaises with the PI of the Research Group that is more connected with the Line, accounting for its activity. The SSup meets with the RI of the Research Teams twice a year and whenever necessary. He can also call, whenever deemed necessary, a joint meeting of all the researchers integrated in the Projects of the Thematic Line to discuss scientific subjects and common goals and needs. The Research Projects The Research Projects are the core investigation unit of the Centre. They can be integrated in RGs or in Thematic Lines. Each Research Project has a Responsible Investigator (RI), who leads the dedicated Research Team. He is the main responsible: for choosing the researchers and consultants who integrate the Research Team; for establishing its main goals, budget proposal, and organisation of workshops, seminars or conferences; for arranging research missions to foreign countries; for harmonising the Team members work; for ensuring the publication of its outputs; and for the accomplishment of the overall scientific quality of the Project. The RI enjoys a rather large autonomy in the management of his tasks. 11

12 He reports to the HRG if the Research Project is integrated within a RG and to the SSup if it is integrated within a Thematic Line. In both cases, he is also accountable before the SC. The Governing Structure of the Centre The hierarchy of the Centre with exclusive regard to its scientific activity 1 and its evaluation by FCT panels is hence the following: SCIENTIFIC COUNCIL SCIENTIFIC COORDINATOR (SC) Has a decisive role in coordinating the research strategy of the centre by liasing the Scientific Council with the Scientific Comission SCIENTIFIC STEERING COMMITTEE (SCC) Headed by the Scientific Coordinator, it is also composed by the three Heads of Research Group (HRG) SCIENTIFIC SUPERVISOR (SSup) OF THE THEMATIC LINES The researchers who supervise each Line of Research RESPONSIBLE INVESTIGATOR (RI) OF EACH RESEARCH PROJECT The researchers who head, coordinate, and are responsible for each Research Project Within the core lines of research set out above, and in line with the interdisciplinary spirit which guides each one of our research endeavours, the Centre will address such themes as: - The transformation of the political community and the challenges of international relations in a regionalised world; - Informal contitutional changes; 1 Note that this hierarchy does not affect in any way the regular performance of the organisational structure of CIDP as defined in its general regulations. 12

13 - The place of social justice in the context of the retreat of the Welfare State, social security and of fundamental rights in a time of deep demographic changes; - The new challenges to environmental, technological and energetic security, their approach and framing from a legal point of view; - The rise of China and the new emerging powers and the changes they bring to world order, to transnational organisations and regimes, and to international law; - The rights of immigrants within the EU and its Member States in times of institutional and economic crisis, leading to potential changes in the Schengen Agreements; - The problem of intergenerational justice resulting from the high level of unemployment in younger, and sometimes highly qualified, population and the new role of universities in securing the right to employment in increasingly competitive democratic societies; - The relationship between politics and science and the possible legal instruments capable of legislating on the ethical usage of new technologies and new means of communication, with an emphasis on internet and copyright legislation; - The changes brought to justice systems, to their efficiency, legality and legitimacy, by the media and the capacity of research in legal studies to inform legislation on the matter. These themes lie at the core of the research concerns of the new Lisbon Centre for Research in Public Law and provide an accurate depiction of its scientific orientation as well as of its practical concern in addressing concrete and relevant issues that affect people s lives and mould the destiny of the political community at both national and supranational levels. 3. RESEARCHERS The Centre comprises several types of researchers: Emeritus Research Fellows: Retired Professors of the University of Lisbon School of Law to whom such title is awarded by the Scientific Council of the Centre based on their exceptional merit in the service of the legal science and the School of Law; Senior Research Fellows: Professors or Retired Professors of the University of Lisbon School of Law who are still in duty; Senior Research Advisers: Full Professors who are designated as advisors to Research Groups and Research Projects by the SSC; Associated Research Fellows: master holders and Ph.D. candidates; Research Assistants: licenciatura and masters students with exceptional academic standing; 13

14 Visiting Research Fellows: scholars of recognised merit who are invited to be in residence at the Centre for 3 months or more to do research and/or to teach; Guest Research Fellows: scholars of recognised merit who are members of Research Projects and who are awarded such title. Among the abovementioned categories, only Emeritus Research Fellows, Senior Research Fellows, and Senior Research Advisers are integrated members. Indeed, those are the positions for which a doctoral degree is required. The number of integrated researchers has steadily grown in the period Starting with 17 in 2008, CIDP/ICJP have achieved the figure of 27 postdoctoral investigators in 2012 and 29 in The chart below depicts this evolution. Table 1: Evolution of the number of integrated researchers ( ) It is expected that this indicator will further increase in the medium term with the defences of the doctoral dissertations of the current Associated Research Fellows and Research Assistants and their admission as Senior Research Fellows. Currently, the figures regarding the former two categories 2 are the following: 2 It should be noted that there are currently no Emeritus Research Fellows. In addition, all Senior Research Advisers are simultaneously Senior Research Fellows and therefore it has not been counted as a separate category. 14

15 Table 2: Total number of researchers per category in December 2013 CATEGORY NUMBER OF RESEARCHERS Senior Research Fellows 29 Research Fellows 18 Research Assistants 8 4. RESEARCH GROUPS AND LINES OF RESEARCH 4.1. RESEARCH GROUPS RG:CL&PS RESEARCH GROUP IN CONSTITUTIONAL LAW & POLITICAL SCIENCE HRG: Miguel Nogueira de Brito Deputy HRG for Political Science: Luís Pereira Coutinho The setting-up of a Research Group in Constitutional Law and Political Science within CIDP aims to concentrate and foster the academic and scientific production of legal and juridical approaches to the study of Constitutions and related themes. Research in Constitutional Law has primary relevance. It aims to study how democratic societies and constitutional states are organised and how their performance moves beneath, or complies with, structural acts and fundamental laws. Our research hence carries a direct social and political relevance. It is supported by contracts with the top political institutions and bears the trademark of consistency and scientific accuracy that has characterised the Faculty of Law of the University of Lisbon. This Research Group seeks to promote and bring together the relevant research developed so far as it also seeks to explore frontline research trajectories by mobilizing new teams towards innovative ideas and projects. We thus privilege innovation and internationalisation as our core scientific objectives, along with a concern for intergenerational dialogue that the creation of our research teams already responds to by combining very experienced scholars with early-career researchers. We also emphasise an articulation between individual and collective research and seek to make it attractive to society in general rather than to academia alone, especially by connecting different disciplines as they become imperative for a complete perspective on the challenges of modern public law, constitutions, the Sovereign State and, more broadly, to democracy. We hence call upon political scientists, sociologists and other social sciences to join efforts in attaining the objectives laid out, without overlooking the autonomy and the intellectual wealth of Constitutional Law as the bedrock of juridical and legal sciences. The porous and permanent collaboration between this group and other 15

16 research groups of the CIDP, in common themes and between different researchers demonstrates its interdisciplinary vocation. Although we envisage Political Science in a complementary perspective to the general research in Constitutional Law, we also recognise that most legal and public concepts such as the State, Sovereignty, separation of powers, do not restrict themselves to the sort of normative configuration that we have become accustomed to within Public Law. Indeed, their conceptualisation is innately premised upon Political Science. The excavation of these presuppositions along with their theoretical framing in terms of a general intercommunication between Public Law and Political Science is hence among our goals. In addition, there is a growing number of phenomena (eg., judicial activism) whose adequate analysis can by no means be limited to the strict sphere of the Science of Public Law, even though the politological conclusions to be drawn from its approach appear to be very useful to their scientific take from a legal perspective. Objectives RG:CL&PS focused its research on two broad subjects: first, the demarcation of the province of the Constitution, the judiciary and the legislature, and second the challenges to fundamental rights. Projects Regarding the separation of what belongs in the Constitution and to the judicial and the legislative branches, there are four research projects. Informal changes to the constitution accounts for the implications of the transformations and changes that occur, without any amendments, to the constitutional law of states with paramount written constitutions. The protection of social rights and the challenges of the economic and financial crisis aims to determine what the institutional conditions and the limits for the materialisation of social justice needs and wants, and what is the role of the constitutional jurisdiction therein. Judicial activism in Europe and in the United States brings together the practice of constitutional jurisdictions in both sides of the Atlantic so as to determine common trends. Lastly, The political presuppositions of Public Law concepts seeks to verify their epistemologically autonomous configuration. The new technologies and fundamental rights research stratum will be bifurcated in two research projects. Constitutional law in the cyberspace will focus on the interface between privacy and regulation in a dematerialised universal space. Human dignity will inquire what the core of such concept is. Participation In CIDP s Lines of Research CL&PC will manage the Thematic Line Portuguese-speaking Public Law and will participate in the management of the Lines of Research Global Administrative and Regulatory Governance. 16

17 RG:AL RESEARCH GROUP IN ADMINISTRATIVE LAW HRG: Alexandra Leitão The Research Group in Administrative Law seeks to develop the academic exchange and the interdisciplinarity of our research, to enhance the specialisation and problem-solving capacity of research in Administrative Law and to promote the public impact of scientific knowledge. Firstlly, the interdisciplinarity of our research is guaranteed by attracting scholars and approaches from other fields within the social and juridical sciences and especially from other diverse fields such as architecture, engineering and economics. For example, the research projects in Governance require the analysis of economic data and the recourse to statistics, allowing for a bridge between these areas. In turn, those projects related to Energy, Urban Law, Administrative Law of the Sea, Water and Waste and Tourism entail the economic analysis of issues relating to urban planning, building and engineering. We will also carry out a research project devoted to public investment in sea areas, with a view to develop a deep analysis of the matter by calling upon other subfields of Public Law such as Constitutional Law, International Law and other areas such as economics and biology, so to reach the highest level of scientific excellence by means of an integrated network of experts. On a second level, the deepening of our researchers expertise in various subfields of Administrative Law will pursue the aim of equipping our team with the required analytical and methodological tools in order to tackle specific problems and seek concrete solutions, from both a legislative and executive viewpoint. In this regard, the projects relating to public procurement and public contracts seek to target the topics of Cooperative Centralised Purchasing and the comparative efficiency of the recourse to Outsourcing and Insourcing in Public Administration. Lastly, our concern for the public salience of our research and how it feeds back into the real world to influence it in important ways, is a defining feature of our future projects. This impact operates both in terms of our contribution to legislation and the making of sustained policies informed by science and in terms of the knowledge transfer from abstract knowledge to concrete teaching strategies and practices. This is one of our goals, namely with the study of administrative efficiency at the level of public hiring and with the projects oriented to the search for good governance in public services. With this purpose in mind, we will create the first Public Administration Observatory and we will also develop innovative and pioneering studies on the use Energy, Water and waste treatment. Objectives With this backdrop, RG:AL has chosen to focus its research on two areas of the modern Administrative Law: governance and public policies. Both will be treated from an interdisciplinary perspective, with the analysis of economic figures and the recourse to statistics, the cooperation of urban planning and engineering experts, as well as law and economics insights. Regarding the governance research strand, RG:AL will pursue news trends of governance of public services, both from the organisational and the functional points of view. Projects 17

18 A pioneer initiative will be established: a Research Project that will found a Permanent Observatory of the Public Administration. It will gather and treat statistical data so as to portray the Portuguese Public Administration, make it publicly available and open to discussion, monitor it, and put forward proposals of reformation to enhance accountability, transparency, and debureaucratisation. Researching the ways in which the demand for efficiency can be squared with the pursuit of the public interest. The desired output consists of proposals of good governance practices in public services. In what public policies are concerned, two main areas have been selected as Research Projects. On the one hand, cooperative centralised purchasing and its different institutional models will be surveyed. On the other hand, the slum rehabilitation and urban development policies will be evaluated at its formulation, execution and control levels. Participation In CIDP s Lines of Research. The RG:AL manages two autonomous and cross-sectional lines of research entitled Energy, natural resources & the environment and Global administrative and regulatory governance. RG:IEL RESEARCH GROUP IN INTERNATIONAL AND EUROPEAN LAW HRG: Maria Luísa Duarte International Law and European Law are permanently open to the power dynamics of international relations and the unpredictability and uncertainty which these generate and instill in the domestic realms of states. Hence, International and European Law can be said to be more exposed to the effects of globalisation and growing affirmation of transnational standards. This demands a careful scrutiny and an elaborated study of the instruments available to curb and redirect those challenges to good effect and especially, an additional effort in searching for those changes, their actual meaning and the legal reach of their implications upon the regulatory function of International Law and European Law. In what concerns European Law, our aim is to develop research on the juridical and legal nature of European integration and its institutions. It will consider it as a specific juridical order with its own entity and autonomy and it will relate it to other legal instruments created by other European institutions such as the Council of Europe or the conventional regime for the protection of human rights. In these areas of research, which revolve around the European and international dimension of the regulatory function of the Law, we will undertake interdisciplinary research and develop research projects which can include scholars and academics from various disciplinary backgrounds. In the case of International Law, we have chosen to focus on the pressing and very innovative and controversial theme of intergenerational justice. Its relevance is patent in the current situation of institutional and financial deadlock, which seems to be causing not only an incontrollable rise of unemployment and in the disrespect for fundamental rights, but also a major rift between generations, especially in Southern Europe. The idea of attributing rights to unborn generations and 18

19 especially the problem raised by the Sovereign debt and of how it weighs upon future generations, has recently become the object of various discussions and a huge source of very interesting scientific literature in the fields of international law, human rights, political theory, constitutional law, applied ethics and the broader social sciences. Our research lines are the following: Objectives The International and European Law Research Group (RG:IEL) s approach fits within CIDP s research strategy in its quest for transnational cutting edge themes that can bring fresh scientific outputs to academia and to society itself. RG:IEL s objectives will, thus, be centred in conceiving research projects dedicated to innovative ways of rethinking European and International Law. Projects Within Public International Law, RG:IEL has chosen to focus its research on an intergenerational justice Research Project. Its relevance is patent in the current institutional and financial deadlock, which seems to be causing an incontrollable disrespect for fundamental rights, but also a major rift between countries and generations in a space-time axis. The European focus of RG:IEL, in turn, will be centred on a projecto on the multilevel and pluralist system protection of fundamental rights in the European space (encompassing both the European Union and the greater Europe of the Council of Europe). Although Europe has been considered a leading example for regional human rights mechanisms, these guarantees are far from simple. The main reason for this lies in the complexity of the European legal system(s) and the variety of actors involved therein. The co-existence of four distinct yet intertwined layers of human rights protection stands out as a unique feature of this geographic space in the world: those that stem from (General) International Human Rights Law, from the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), from the (now binding) Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, and from national Constitutions. Participation In CIDP s Lines of Research RG: IEL shall participate in the management of CIDP s three transversal Lines of Research LINES OF RESEARCH GLOBAL ADMINISTRATIVE AND REGULATORY GOVERNANCE THEMATIC LINE SSup: David Duarte Most of the concerns that affect political communities in the 21st century cannot be (only) tackled at the state level. They refer to goods and matters that impact all states and peoples, and which cannot therefore be adequately addressed by individual states alone. As they deal with issues that reach across national borders, they require international collective action. However, the traditional approach of Public International Law as the law established between governments of states to regulate relations between states as legal entities has long ago been surpassed. 19

20 It is in this context that the importance of global governance has risen to an unprecedented level. In fact, there is virtually no domain of public or private activity in which there is not a set of supranational regulatory norms and/or a global administrative apparatus overseeing it. What is more: there is an increasing tendency of local governance being replaced by global governance. formality and informality, soft and hard law, the domestic and the international realms. In a word, GAL s greatest advantage is its broad reach to all forms of governance at the global level, constituing the most responsive theoretical framework to the intrinsically and irreducible pluralism of global governance. Objectives The main targets of this Line of Research embody the empirical study of the multilevel regulation of at least two economic sectors that simultaneously impact and drive globalisation from top to bottom: energy and civil aviation; this encompasses the structures, procedures and normative standards for regulatory decision-making, as well as the mechanisms of adjudication and implementation of these standards; in any case, several other areas will be covered as well. Other objectives will be to map the multilevel top-down and bottom-up (or even horizontal) influence of the global and the supranational spheres in the national legal regimes, to understand the role of national administrations as adjudicators of international regulatory systems, to conceive the role of international bodies (formal and informal ones) as adjudicators of international regulatory systems both to private citizens, corporations or States to study the role of the States as actors in this field, to scrutinise the procedures, standards and review mechanisms of hybrid publicprivate bodies (such as ICANN) and by purely private bodies without any state or international organisation delegation, to evaluate if at the global level there any tools, and to which extent, that work as a surrogate for democratic electoral and legislative oversight and control, thereby reinforcing democratic legitimacy and, lastly, to identify tendencies and patterns of regulation and adjudication in the global administrative space. Research Projects This Thematic Line encompasses one Research Project: Global administrative law: from reality to theoretic construction. Group Management The present thematic line will be primarily linked to RG:AL, with strong contributions from RG:IEL and, to a lesser extent, RG:CL&PS, especially from its Political Science and International Relations components. 20