Scien&fic Research in Renewable Energy in Brazil

Transcrição

1 Scien&fic Research in Renewable Energy in Brazil Marcos Buckeridge Department of Botany, University of São Paulo Brazilian Bioethanol Science and Technology Laboratory, CTBE, Campinas

2 BIOENERGY: what is it? renewable energy made available from materials derived from biological sources

3 Brazil (%) World (%) Flavio Fernandes, Edmilson Moutinho dos Santos, Instituto Brasileiro de Petróleo e Gás - IBP

4 The use of bioethanol in Brazil started in the Northeast at the beginning of the 20th Century Photography showing one of the tanks for ethanol storage as Usina Serra Grande (Source: Museu Carlos Lyra) In April 1933, there were ethanol pumps serving cars in several ci9es in the Northeast of Brazil: 3 in Recife; 1 in Caruaru, 1 in Garanhuns, 2 in Maceió, 1 in Serra Grande, 1 in União dos Palmares.

5 Cars selling of light vehicles in Brazil ( ) Corrosion OpTmizaTon of combuston Proalcohol Flex engines

6 HOW IS SCIENCE FINANCED?

7 INDUSTRY SIBRATEC Pilot Plant CTBE US$ 50 mi US$ 5 mi US$ 500 mi BNDES- FINEP US$ 3mi CeProBIO US$ 3mi Centros Paulistas de Bioenergia Biologia Sintética e Biologia de Sistemas - SP Polo Terra, São Carlos ESALq Labioen, UNICAMP US$ 10mi US$ 47mi US$ 20 mi TOTAL: US$ 638 mi

8 WHAT KIND OF SCIENCE DO WE NEED TO ADVANCE?

9 STATEGIES TO IMPROVE SUGARCANE ETHANOL SUSTAINABILITY IMPROVING PRODUCTIVITY - Average today: 40 t/ha - Goal: 60 t/ha - There are records of >150 t/ha - We continue to develop more productive varieties - Photosynthesis can be improved - MINERAL NUTRITION - WATER RELATIONS - PHOTOSYNTHESIS IMPROVING 1st GEN ETOH - We can still improve sucrose in Brazilian varieties. - Engineering can improve process efficiency, especially the fermentation step - GENETICALLY MODIFIED PLANTS FOR HIGHER SUCROSE - YEAST SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY DEVELOPING 2nd GEN ETOH - 2/3 of the energy in sugaracne is in the cell walls - Part of it is used for bioelectricity - Biorefinery can be developed -CELL WALL ARCHITECTURE - PRETREATMENT - HYDROLYSIS - PENTOSE FERMENTATION IMPROVE EFFICIENCY OF COMBUSTION OF ETHANOL IN ENGINES Using the CO 2 produced during the process to empower algae to make biodiesel could be a great help to decrease CO 2 emissions

10 1st generation bioethanol: 1/3 of the energy in sugarcane plants is in the form of sucrose 10

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12 Trash: 1/3 of the energy in sugarcane plants The theore&cal poten&al is to TRIPLE bioethanol produc&on in Brazil, if we can fully develop the technology for 2nd genera&on bioethanol with sucarcane Bagasse: 1/3 of the energy in sugarcane plants 12

13 Pretreatment Hydrolysis Pentoses

14 Desvendando o "código glicômico": como a determinação da estrutura da parede celular da cana pode ajudar a a9ngir a segunda geração do bioetanol? Marcos Buckeridge INCT do Bioetanol- LAFIECO, Departamento de Botânica, USP

15 Por que um código?

16 The functions of cell wall components Proteins: Extensin...structure and defense Expansin...control of cell expansion Enzymes...hydrolysis (hydrolases), oxidation (peroxidases) Phenolic compounds: Ferulic acids...structure (cross links among polysaccharides) Lignins (structural) Carbohydrates: Cellulose...structure, like iron in the concrete Hemicelluloses...Cellulose orientation, storage Pectins...porosity, ion trap, storage

17 Tipo II Ácido ferúlico Microfibrilas contendo celulose Hemicelulose fortemente ligada à celulose TI=xiloglucano, TII=arabinoxilano, TIII=manano Hemicelulose fracamente ligada à celulose Pectinas+betaglucano Pectinas Tipo I É possível que o arranjo dos polissacarídeos nas paredes celulares dos tipos II e III tenham evoluído a partir do tipo I Tipo III

18 A parede celular é composta por polímero que são uma combinação de monossacarfídeos Pode-se comparar o número de combinações possíveis em relação a outras macromoléculas Considerando uma sequência.. A-B-C-D-E- Ácidos Nucléicos: Quatro pares de bases = 1024 Proteinas: Vinte aminoácidos = 3,200,000 Carboidratos: Dez monossacarídeos = 100,000 Quatro hidroxilas (hexoses) ou três (pentoses)... x = 525 Ligações alfa ou beta... X 2 5 = 32 NÚMERO TOTAL DE POSSIBILIDADES = 1,680,700,000

19 CODIGO GLICÔMICO NA PAREDE CELULAR DE CANA?

20 Pectins of sugarcane alpha-(1,4) HOMOGALACTURONNAN GalA GalA GLC GalA GalA GalA GalA MAN GalA GalA methyl A - Ca - - Ca Ca Ca - - Ca - Egg boxes divalent ion, maily calcium and magnesium induce the formatio of gels in regions that are not methylated of homogalacturonan B Buckeridge et al Parede Celular, Cap 9 in Kerbauy G.B. Fisiologia Vegetal. Guanabara Koogan

21 GAL beta (1,3) GAL GAL ARA GAL GAL alpha (1,6) GalA RHA beta (1,6) arabinogalactan I alpha (1,5) GalA RHA alpha (1,2) GalA RHA alpha (1,4) GalA RHA Pectins of sugarcane GalA RHA GalA Buckeridge et al Parede Celular, Cap 9 in Kerbauy G.B. Fisiologia Vegetal. Guanabara Koogan

22 140 Oxg Xylogluan-ArabinoXylan #42 Lichen. hemicel ECD_1 nc ,175 GL C beta- (1,3) beta-(1,4) GL C GL C GL C GL C GL C GL C GL C GL C , , , , , , , , , , ,700-14, , ,908 min -20 0,0 10,0 20,0 30,0 40,0 55,0

23 FINE STRUCTURE OF SUGARCANE GLUCURONOARABINOXILAN (GAX GlcA alpha-(1,6) XYL XYL XYL XYL XYL XYL XYL XYL beta-(1,4) ARA alpha-(1,3)

24 FINE STRUCTURE OF SUGARCANE XYLOGLUCAN beta (1,2) XYL XYL GAL XYL GLC GLC GLC GLC GLC GLC GLC GLC XYL alpha (1,6) XYL Action of XTH and cellulases

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26 O código glicômico Estrutura, estrutura fina e arquitetura da parede celular Genoma A própria planta, organismos invasores, nós Mecanismos de biossíntese Mecanismos de hidrólise

27 Cell Wall frac&ona&on pec9n cellulose hemicellulose

28 Cell Wall Fractionation pectins hemicellulose (weakly bound) hemicellulose (strongly bound) residue

29 How to modify the wall to obtain energy? Microorganisms Change synthesis Control of hydrolysis Hydrolytic enzymes Change polymer structure Increase wall and decrease sucrose Activation of endogenous hydrolysis Action on the bagasse wall Change wall architecture Increase accessibility ENERGY CANE MODIFIED WALL Increase accessibility Free fermentable sugars Fermentation Ethanol

30 From 1999 to 2001, the SUCEST genome program produced 238,000 ESTs from various tissues of the sugar cane plant. Since then we found: 1) 469 cell wall related genes in different cane tissues (Lima et al. 2001, GMB) 1) Determined the chemical composition and structure of the cell wall polymers of different sugarcane tissues

31 TransformaTon of sugarcane 1 2 GeneTcs of sugarcane and sorghum Physiology and Cell Biology 2 3 Productivity Interactions within the INCT-BIOETANOL Forecast for 2011/ Look for expression patterns related to higher productivity and alterations in the cell wall of sugarcane 2 Consolidate the databank of sugarcane cell walls (genes and structure). Look for expression patterns related to drought. Include metabolic profiles in the QTLs in order to find varieties suitable for 2G bioethanol Introduction of sustainability issues 6 ProspecTon of enzymes 4 5 Process Engineering Technological route for 2G 3 Set up the experiments necessary to produce an efficient enzyme cocktail for degradation of sugarcane bagasse using the knowledge produced with the enzymes from microorganisms and plants 4 Scale up pretreatments and hydrolysys and develop tools fo follow the process in real time 5 Construct a map with the pretreatment/hydrolysis features and the composition of the cell wall of sugarcane varieties. Introduce sorghum as another option for bioenergy crops in Brazil. 6 Begin to evaluate different varieties in a scaled up process considering the basic knowledge produced to date Blue: continue with same intensity Red: increase intensity, Green: new interactions

32 Dr Podoc USP CTBE Grant Reid Valéria Panegassi Linha de parede celular de cana! Ana Maria da Silva Sonia Dietrich Genoma Cana Débora Leite A. Grandis C.R. De Souza Wanderley dos Santos Andréa Amanda Brandão P. de Souza Giovan E.Tavares A.Crivella ri Paulo/Tiné/Henrique/Denis/C1/C2/Lourdes/Aline/Guga/Giovanna/ Thalita Nick Carpita/Michael Hahn Labs Paul Dupree Luis