How is South-South Cooperation helping to advance Brazilian national interests?

Transcrição

1 How is South-South Cooperation helping to advance Brazilian national interests?

2 Definitions Concept stretching: coalitions, FDI, regional organizations. The parochial definition: SSC as a modality of IDC (no resonance). My proposal: IDC as a modality of SSC; exchanges are central.

3 Theories of International Cooperation Robert O. Keohane After hegemony: cooperation and discord in the World Political Economy (1984) This book is about how cooperation has been, and can be, organized in the world political economy when common interests exist. (...) Because I begin with acknowledged common interests, my study focuses on relations among the advanced market-economy countries, where such interests are manifold. These countries hold views about the proper operation of their economies that are relatively similar at least in comparison with the differences that exist between them and most less developed countries, or the nonmarket planned economies. They are engaged in extensive relationships of interdependence with one another; in general, their governments policies reflect the belief that they benefit from these ties. Furthermore, they are on friendly political terms; thus politicalmilitary conflicts between them complicate the politics of economic transactions less than they do in East-West relations. Cooperation = policy coordination

4 What social theory teaches us about cooperation That it refers to a process of exchange (mutual reward); That cooperation initially takes place among individual or groups that are coming close to each other; That if both parties feel satisfied with these initial contacts, they tend to continue over time, create mutual expectations which, once realized, may eventually evolve to the establishment of institutions; That starting a cooperative relation may involve the exchange of gifts; That exchange is a complex process (similar/different services; material/non-material gains; direct/indirect exchanges).

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6 The official discourse The focus of Brazil's technical cooperation strategy has sought not to stimulate dependence, nor to condition aid to profits or commercial benefits. Nor is it meant to be imposed. On the contrary, it is spontaneous as it seeks to respond to the demands and needs of the recipient countries. In addition, it is centered upon the strengthening of institutions in partner countries.... HLC The main purpose of Brazilian cooperation is to contribute, as rapidly and effectively as possible, towards the social and economic development of partner countries, since its main aim is to help strengthen the recipient country s national institutions, and should not, therefore, be tied to, or be used in any form as a preinvestment, or be linked to any commercial objective since such cooperation is directed by the principle of partnership being used for development. MRE

7 Folha de S. Paulo São Paulo, sexta-feira, 15 de janeiro de 2010 HAITI EM RUÍNAS Brasil gasta R$ 700 mi com missão de paz Total usado em 6 anos é o dobro do que o governo pretende investir em 2010 no Sistema Único de Segurança Pública Despesas do país no Haiti seriam reembolsadas pelas Nações Unidas, mas apenas R$ 288,84 mi voltaram aos cofres públicos desde 2004 FÁBIO ZANINI DA SUCURSAL DE BRASÍLIA Em seis anos de participação na Minustah (a missão de estabilização da Nações Unidas no Haiti), o governo brasileiro já gastou um total de R$ 703,58 milhões com o envio e manutenção de tropas. No ano passado, o Brasil utilizou 62% do montante previsto com missões de paz, sendo que a principal missão é no Haiti. A cifra de mais de R$ 700 milhões é o dobro do proposto pelo governo em 2010 para o gasto com o Sistema Único de Segurança Pública.

8 The Economist Brazil's foreign-aid programme Speak softly and carry a blank cheque In search of soft power, Brazil is turning itself into one of the world's biggest aid donors. But is it going too far, too fast? Jul 15th 2010 BRASILIA Without attracting much attention, Brazil is fast becoming one of the world s biggest providers of help to poor countries. Official figures do not reflect this. The Brazilian Co-operation Agency (ABC), which runs technical assistance (advisory and scientific projects), has a budget of just 52m reais ($30m) this year. But studies by Britain s Overseas Development Institute and Canada s International Development Research Centre estimate that other Brazilian institutions spend 15 times more than ABC s budget on their own technicalassistance programmes. The country s contribution to the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) is $20m-25m a year, but the true value of the goods and services it provides, thinks the UNDP s head in Brazil, is $100m. Add the $300m Brazil gives in kind to the World Food Programme; a $350m commitment to Haiti; bits and bobs for Gaza; and the $3.3 billion in commercial loans that Brazilian firms have got in poor countries since 2008 from the state development bank (BNDES, akin to China s state-backed loans), and the value of all Brazilian development aid broadly defined could reach $4 billion a year (see table). That is less than China, but similar to generous donors such as Sweden and Canada and, unlike theirs, Brazil s contributions are soaring. ABC s spending has trebled since 2008.

9 Folha de S. Paulo São Paulo, segunda-feira, 08 de março de 2010 BNDES bate recorde de desembolsos à AL Financiamento à exportação de bens e serviços brasileiros na região cresceu 77% em média ao ano no segundo mandato de Lula Empresa mais beneficiada é a Odebrecht, mas pagamentos do banco correspondem a só 10% do que a construtora recebe por obras no exterior CLAUDIA ANTUNES PEDRO SOARES DA SUCURSAL DO RIO Em 2009, o BNDES (Banco Nacional de Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social) bateu o recorde em sua linha de financiamentos às exportações de serviços e bens brasileiros para a América Latina e o Caribe: desembolsou US$ 726 milhões a países da região, sobretudo para a contratação de obras de infraestrutura, realizadas por empreiteiras brasileiras. Na média anual do primeiro mandato de Lula (2003 a 2006), os desembolsos ficaram em US$ 352,1 milhões -cifra 26% superior à média do segundo governo FHC. Essa média subiu 77% no segundo mandato de Lula, para US$ 622 milhões, segundo dados compilados a pedido da Folha. Lançada em 1997, a linha especial de crédito já movimentou US$ 4,9 bilhões na América Latina.

10 Le Brésil, nouveau «géant» de l'aide humanitaire Par Lamia Oualalou 08/09/2010 Le Figaro L'immense drapeau brésilien accroché à l'entrée du terminal, ainsi que l'activité militaire qui s'y déploie régulièrement, rappelle aux employés de l'aéroport international de Rio de Janeiro qu'il n'est pas seulement le lieu de passage de centaines de milliers de touristes pressés de connaître la «ville merveilleuse». Depuis mars 2009, il est devenu le deuxième plus important entrepôt humanitaire d'amérique latine - le principal, installé à Panama dépend de l'organisation des Nations unies (ONU) - et le symbole de la volonté du Brésil de se transformer en un des principaux contributeurs du monde. Dans l'entrepôt, plus de 14 millions de tonnes d'aliments et de médicaments sont stockés en permanence, prêts à être envoyés à la moindre urgence - inondations en Bolivie, ouragans dans les Caraïbes, etc. - sans passer par les méandres de la bureaucratie. «Dans les années 1990, le Brésil envoyait des aides ponctuelles, mais ce n'est qu'à partir de 2006, après le pont humanitaire mis en place avec le Liban, suite au bombardement israélien, que nous avons commencé à penser l'assistance de façon organisée», explique Milton Rondó Filho, qui dirige la Coordination des actions internationales de combat contre la faim (CGFome). La structure a pour objectif d'administrer les missions de 14 autres ministères (Défense, Santé, Éducation, Développement agricole, notamment) destinées à l'étranger. L'autre bras de l'aide humanitaire est l'agence brésilienne de coopération (ABC), qui ordonne le transfert de technologie, ainsi que la formation de cadres.

11 The focus on results Why it might be misldeading to focus on intentions: (1) intangibility; (2) unintended consequences; (3) national interests; (4) no national policies. Morgenthau meets Wendt.

12 Hans Morgenthau (1962). A political theory of foreign aid. The American Political Science Review, v.56, n.2, jun., pp Of the seeming and real innovations which the modern age has introduced into the practice of foreign policy, none has proven more baffling to both understanding and action than foreign aid. The very assumption that foreign aid is an instrument of foreign policy is a subject of controversy. For, on the one hand, the opinion is widely held that foreign aid is an end in itself, carrying its own justification, both transcending, and independent of, foreign policy. In this view, foreign aid is the fulfillment of an obligation of the few rich nations toward the many poor ones. On the other hand, many see no justification for a policy of foreign aid at all. They look at it as a gigantic boondoggle, a wasteful and indefensible operation which serves neither the interests of the US nor those of the recipient nations. The first prerequisite for the development of a viable foreign aid policy is the recognition of the diversity of policies that go by that name. Six such can be distinguished which have only one thing in common: the transfer of money, goods and services from one nation to another. They are humanitarian foreign aid, subsistence foreign aid, military foreign aid, bribery, prestige foreign aid, and foreign aid for economic development. Of these distinct types, only humanitarian foreign aid is per se nonpolitical. The aid which governments have traditionally extended to nations which are victims of natural disasters, such as floods, famines and epidemics falls in that category. So do the services, especially in the fields of medicine and agriculture, which private organizations, such as churches and foundations, have traditionally provided in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. While humanitarian aid is per se nonpolitical, it can indeed perform a political function when it operates within a political context.

13 Alexander Wendt (1999). Social Theory of International Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. As long as cooperation is purely instrumental a state helps another state only because its own security is also threatened, for example then it is egoistic. On the other hand, if a state helps another because it identifies with it, such that even when its own security is not threatened it still perceives a threat to the Self, then it is acting from collective interest. Motivation is notoriously difficult to measure, a problem compounded when actors have mixed motives... How do we know that a self-interest explanation of cooperation is true if we do not know whether an actor was in fact self-interested?

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15 The Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation EMBRAPA

16 Embrapa in Brazil Created in 1973 World leader in investigations on tropical agriculture research. It contributed to turn Brazil into an agricultural superpower. The emergence of the cerrado : from useless region to grainbelt (World Food Prize 2006, one of the greatest achievements of agricultural science in the 20th century ) 40 tropical varieties of soybeans (cotton, wheat) Bio-energy: 30 types of plants

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18 Labex 1997 Virtual labs Labex Maryland, Washington (Agriculture Research Service - ARS); Agrópolis, Montpellier; University of Wageningen, Netherlands.

19 A new mode of operation Ghana, 2006 Venezuela, 2008 Humanitarian action and agribusiness. 65% of the projects over the ABC in the area of tropical agriculture. Partnerships with 49 countries in all continents. First initiatives of TCDC: 80 s

20 Fundação de Bill Gates e Embrapa articulam parceria para desenvolver agricultura na África (09/03/2009) Fundação Bill e Melinda Gates e a Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária Embrapa estão unindo competências para investir no desenvolvimento da agricultura africana. Pesquisadores da Embrapa Soja (Londrina PR) e Embrapa Cerrados (Planaltina DF) discutiram, na última sexta-feira (06), com o coordenador de desenvolvimento agrícola da Fundação Gates alternativas para contribuir com o aumento da produtividade agrícola em até 11 países da África subsaariana. As duas instituições pretendem investir na transferência de tecnologias sobre fixação biológica de nitrogênio, um processo que permite diminuir o uso ou até substituir os fertilizantes químicos por inoculantes contendo rizóbios, bactérias naturalmente presentes no solo e benéficas para a nutrição das plantas. A diminuição no uso de fertilizantes nitrogenados significa menor custo de produção e maior sustentabilidade ambiental. Até o final deste ano queremos estar com um projeto em parceira com a Embrapa em atividade na África, destaca o agrônomo Prem Warrior, coordenador de programas de desenvolvimento agrícola da Fundação Bill e Melinda Gates. Vamos atuar com transferência de tecnologias para a África em fixação biológica de nitrogênio, adianta a pesquisadora Mariangela Hungria, da Embrapa Soja. A pesquisadora comenta que a parceria entre a Fundação Gates e as Unidades Soja, Cerrados e Embrapa África (Acra - Gana) está aberta para colaboração de outras Unidades da Embrapa.

21 What Brazil gets Prestige. Research improvement new substances incorporated to Embrapa s genomic database. Expansion of Biofuel market commodity. More business to Brazilian companies.

22 quinta-feira, 10 de julho de 2008, 17:29 Online ESPECIAL-Atuação da Embrapa vira instrumento de política externa FERNANDO EXMAN - REUTERS Além da aproximação política, a presença da Embrapa no exterior gera oportunidades de negócios para empresas brasileiras. Quando a instituição de pesquisa ajuda os países a aumentarem a produtividade no campo, a demanda por equipamentos tende a aumentar. A Dedini Indústrias de Base, que produz máquinas e unidades completas para os setores de etanol e alimentos, é uma das beneficiadas. Segundo o diretor de Exportações da companhia, Antonio Carlos Pereira, a ida da Embrapa a Angola, Moçambique e Nigéria, despertou o interesse do empresariado local pelos produtos da Dedini.

23 The National Service of Industrial Learning SENAI

24 Senai in Brazil Created in 1942 Industrial labor training. 1950s: offices all over the country; international cooperation (Germany, Canada, Japan, France, Italy, US process, product and management technology) Reference to the establishment of similar institutions in Venezuela, Chile, Argentina e Peru Senai figures among the greatest national centers for knowledge creation and diffusion applied to industrial development. It is the greatest professional education pole in LA

25 Senai and SSC Projects on professional education systems restructuring and on Professional Education Centers in Angola, Cabo Verde, Colombia, Guiné-Bissau, Paraguay and East Timor (+ Haiti). Areas: automation, civil construction, electricity, textiles and clothing, information technology, carpentry, industrial sewing, hydraulics, bakery, refrigeration and air-conditioning, electro electronics. Post-conflict reconstruction; promote economic integration of Alto Paraná region to Brazil and to Mercosul

26 What Brazil gets Prestige Selling machines to professional education centers. Support to Brazilian MNCs