A Rede de Ciudades C40

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A Rede de Ciudades C40 Addis Ababa Amsterdam Athens Austin Bangkok Barcelona Basel Beijing Berlin Bogota Buenos Aires Cairo Caracas Changwon Chicago Copenhagen Curitiba Delhi Dhaka Hanoi Heidelberg Ho Chi Minh City Hong Kong Houston Istanbul Jakarta Johannesburg Karachi Lagos Lima London Los Angeles Madrid

C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group

A importancia de la C40 8% da população Equivalente USA Brasil 5% da emissão global GEE CO 2 e CO 2 e CO 2 e CO 2 e CO 2 e CO 2 e CO 2 e CO 2 e CO 2 e CO 2 e CO 2 e CO 2 e CO 2 e CO 2 e CO 2 e CO 2 e CO 2 e CO 2 e Japón 21% $$$$$ do PIB global China

Estudios Pioneros y Monitoreo De las acciones de las ciudades Climate Action in Megacities (2011) Benchmarking das acciones de las ciudades da C40. Inventario dos poderes e capacidades disponibles en las ciudades. Evaluación de las oportunidades en las ciudades Algunas informaciones. 75% dos Alcades de la C40 tem controle directo sobre o viario urbano, que representa cerca de 35% das emisores. Mas de 80% das ações das cidades foram feitas depois da criação da C40 CDP Cities (2011) 42 ciudades da C40 divulgaran resultados sobre riscos climáticos, emisores de GEE en plataforma consistente e comparable. Algunas informaciones: 57% das ciudades ten metas mensuraréis de reducción de GEE; e 62% ya aprobaran planos de acciones para de las cuestiones climáticas. Mas de 90% das ciudades da C40 identificaran-se en riscos con relación a calentamiento global.

As ciudades controlan y deciden sobre City streets & parking Outdoor lighting Transit Residential waste Landfills Building Regulation Water supply 87% 80% 63% 66% 60% 57% 60% City planning 50%

As ciudades lideran acciones 2011 2013 City streets & parking Outdoor lighting 194 121 873 114 Transit 417 661 8068 climate actions Residential waste Landfills Building regulation Water supply 188 1343 192 388 1039 1668 590 1038 City planning 1024 TOTAL 4,734 8,068

Ciudades ya están haciendo su parte, pero podemos mucho mas 4,734 acciones estaban siendo hechas en las ciudades da C40 (2011) Otras 1,465 iniciadas en 2012 75% das acciones están siendo propuestas después de la creación de la C40 Numero de cidades já executando projetos Transporte e uso do solo (densidade) Resíduos Energia (geração e consumo) Agua Estratégias para cidade compacta Transit oriented development Corredores exclusivos de ônibus (BRT) Ciclovias Programas de bicicletas públicas Drenagem Urbana sustentavel Manejo integrado de resíduos Captura de metano Eficiencia Energetica Códigos de obras Geração de energia do lixo Reuso e reciclagem de água Esgoto gerando energia Escala 3 4 7 7 7 7 6 11 9 9 3 12 3 15 3 15 4 3 5 5 4 Piloto 4 3 11 5 8 9 7 6 10 8 10 5 Sob consideracao 12 12 5 18 8 13 Globalmente, mais de 75% das emissões vem das edificações, geração de energia, transporte, resíduos e industrias. Fonte: WRI, UNEP GEO.

Number of Cities Reporting C40 CDP Report 2013 150 100 50 0 110 73 48 42 45 53 2011 2012 2013 Responding Cities C40 Cities

2013 Climate Action in Megacities CAM 2.0. 150% increase in Actions SOUTH NORTH0. Following the lead of cities like Curitiba and Bogota, 35 cities (66%) now have BRT systems and 57% of these are now in the more developed northern hemisphere In 2011: 6 cities reported cycle share schemes. In 2013: 36 cities have now followed the example of Paris and others. In 2013, 80% C40 cities have now introduced cycle lanes In 2011 20 cities (50%) were introducing LED streetlighting. In 2013, more than 90% of responding cities report taking action to reduce emissions from outdoor lighting

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Movilidad Urbana: Las ciudades están haciendo Buses son 2/3 de las acciones reportadas por las ciudades BRT y BRS (carriles exclusivos) Bogotá São Paulo Fonte: C40 e SPTRANS

Rio de Janeiro Copenhague Bogotá Oslo Fonte: C40

PROGRAMA DE TESTES COM ONIBUS ELÉTRICOS E HIBRÍDOS NA AMÉRICA LATINA Bogotá, Rio de Janeiro, Santiago e São Paulo

PROGRAMA DE TESTES: Emisión de poluentes locales (HC, CO, NOx, PM); Teste piloto con diesel de cana. Eficiencia Energética das diferentes tecnologías (motores combustión y eléctricos batería e trolebús). Medición de ruidos e polución interna ómnibus. Viabilidades económica de las tecnologías e ciclo de vida total en cada ciudades.

Tecnologías testadas? Total de 16 buses (diesel, híbridos, trolebús e eléctrico con baterías)

Como são feitos os testes? Exemplo de medição das emissões segundo a segundo em ônibus rodando por linha comercial com carga máxima. 18

Buses testados Trolebuses y híbridos serie (Eletra) Híbrido paralelo Volvo Diesel (Mercedez)

Average FE [km/lt] Eficiência energética em São Paulo 1 e 2 Campanha com híbridos serie e trólebus. 4.0 3,47 3.5 2,81 3.0 2.5 2.0 1,57 1,37 1,98 2,3 5 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 DB1 DB2 HB1 HB2 TB1-1 TB1-2 Diesel (DB1 e DB2) Hibrido Paralelo (HB1) e Hibrido serie (HB2) Trólebus (TB1-1-Energia; TB2-Custos),

Measured FE [km/l] Normalized FE*pax São Paulo: Eficiencia energética mensurada por la capacidad de pasajeros máxima. 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 Articulado 1165 1445 2215 1352 2794 1,893 4.00 3.50 3.00 2.50 2.00 1.50 1.0 0.5 0.0 DB1 DB2 HB1 HB2 TB1-1 TB1-2 FE [km/l] 1.57 1.37 2.81 1.98 3.47 2.35 FE*pax 1.165 1.445 2.215 1.352 2.794 1.893 1.00 0.50 0.00 Diesel 13,2m: 76 passageiros - Diesel 18m: 109 passageiros Hibrido1: 84 passageiros - Hibrido2:69 passageiros - Trolebus: 81 passageiros

Normalized Emissions Sao Paulo com emissões padronizadas. Comparação Híbridos x Diesel 1.20 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.86 0.88 0.80 0.69 0.60 0.55 0.53 0.40 0.20 0.12 0.21 0.20 0.00 CO NOx NO2 CO2 DB1 HB1 HB2

Fuel Consump on Reference DB1=0% Consumo de combustível padronizado dos Híbridos e Trólebus em relação ao ônibus diesel base 0% -10% HB1 HB2 TB1-1 TB1-2 -20% -30% -40% -50% -60% -70% FC FC/pax Energia Custo:

Bogotá: Tecnologías testadas? Diesel Transmilenio Volvo Bus Eléctrico BYD YoungMan

Normalized Emissions Bogotá: emisiones normalizadas 1,20 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00 0,95 0,89 0,80 0,65 0,60 0,40 0,47 0,53 0,38 0,32 0,20 0,00 0,16 0,050,07 THC CO NOx CO2 PM2.5 DB1 HB2 HB1

Emission Reduc on parallel-hybrid versus diesel Reducción de las emisiones de los contaminantes Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo, Bogotá e Santiago. 100% 90% 80% Rio de Janeiro Sao Paulo Average 72% 73% 80% 70% 60% Bogota San ago 62% 50% 40% 30% 26% 20% 10% 0% CO2 NOx PM1.5 THC CO 26

Fuel Consump on Reference DB1 = 0% Bogotá: Consumo Eletrico (Iron-Phosphate Battery) Custo Energia 0% -10% HB1 EB1-1 EB1-2 -20% -30% -40% -34% -31% -50% -60% -57% -70% -80% -90% FC FC/pax -72% -81% -71%

Bogotá: Eficiência & Consumo Ônibus Eficiência (km/gl) Eficiência % Consumo. (gl/ 100km) Consumo. % Diesel 7,80 0% 13,3 0% Híbrido 11,58 49% /die. 8,9-34% vs eléc. 254% / die. -72% vs Diesel Elétrico 27,63 139% / hb 1 3,8-57% vs hb 1

Bogotá: Economizado Ônibus US$ pax / 100 km US$ consum. / 100 km Economizado em 100 km, % Diesel $ 0,8 59 0 Híbrido 1 $ 0,5 39-34% Elétrico a bateria Gallon: $8000 $ 0,3 17-72% / Die. -57% / hb.1

Conclusão geral sobre consumo energético Trólebus Redução de 56% Elétrico Bateria Ferro Redução de 81% Elétrico Bateria Lítio Redução 73%

Nov/Dez 2012: Visita técnica Ciudad do México; Gotemburgo; Estocolmo; Londres Xangai; Shenzhen, Changsa; Hong Kong

HYBRID ELECTRIC BUS TEST PROGRAM IN LATIN AMERICA: Economic Analysis of the Program Prepared by:

Lower energy and maintenance costs reduce lifecycle costs for hybrid and electric buses compared to diesel buses Lifecycle Costs ( 000 USD, 10-Year Net Present Value) Bogota 43 213 30 256 30 192 62 171 10-year total 406 313 313 98 Taxes Maintenance 170 40 200 81 200 71 321 93 Fuel/Energy Financing Capital investment and salvage value Diesel Hybrid High Case Hybrid Low Case Electric Financing Maintenance costs Salvage Value 872 880 806 744 10% interest 10 year term (baseline) Zero 6% interest 10 year term +20% higher than diesel 10% of battery value 6% interest 10 year term -10% lower than diesel 30% of battery value 6% interest 10 year term -20% lower than diesel 30% of battery value Hybrid and electric buses have lower lifecycle costs as scale and learning effects drive down maintenance costs Preferential financing can speed adoption, scale, and learning Notes: Bus costs/initial taxes are as follows: Diesel ($180K/$29K), Hybrid ($290K/$5K), Electric ($450K/$23K). Battery total value for hybrids are $100K. Battery total value for electrics is $203K. Salvage value represents % of total value discounted to yea zero. Capital investment includes deduction for salvage value; Taxes include initial taxes and annual taxes related to bus ownership

Assumes electric buses are partially produced/assembled locally, bypassing most import taxes. 10-year diesel costs includes purchase/resale of new bus after 5 years of operation. Capital investment includes deduction for salvage value; Taxes include annual taxes related to bus ownership. Bus costs/initial taxes are as follows: Diesel (BRL 329K/ BRL 140K), Hybrid (BRL 493K/BRL 151K), Electric (BRL 735K/BRL 175K). Battery total value for hybrids are BRL 163K; For electrics value is BRL 340K. Salvage value represents % of total value discounted to year zero. Electrics achieve savings of ~20% compared to diesel assuming partially local production and Rio de Janeiro Lifecycle Costs ( 000 BRL, 10-Year Net Present Value) 113 217 441 29 260 340 29 195 340 54 108 127 10-year total Taxes Maintenance 313 161 507 57 507 44 717 48 Fuel/Energy Financing Capital investment and salvage value Financing Maintenance costs Salvage Value Diesel 10% interest 5 year term (baseline) 30% of bus value (BRL 123,280) Hybrid High Case 5% interest 10 year term +20% higher than diesel 10% of battery value Hybrid Low Case 5% interest 10 year term -10% lower than diesel 30% of battery value Electric 1,246 1,194 1,115 1,054 5% interest 10 year term -50% lower than diesel 30% of battery value Electric buses achieve significant savings in lifecycle costs compared to diesel Hybrids are less costly than diesel even accounting for higher maintenance costs

Lifecycle costs of hybrid and electric buses are lower than costs for diesel buses due to preferential financing options Lifecycle Costs ( 000 BRL, 10-Year Net Present Value) São Paulo 100 217 613 29 260 472 29 195 472 61 108 85 10-year total Taxes Maintenance 280 158 503 57 503 43 717 48 Fuel/Energy Financing Capital investment and salvage value Financing Maintenance costs Salvage Value Diese Hybrid High Case Hybrid Low Case Electric l 1,367 1,321 1,242 1,018 10% interest 5 year term (baseline) 20% of bus value (BRL 98,600) 5% interest 10 year term +20% higher than diesel 10% of battery value 5% interest 10 year term -10% lower than diesel 30% of battery value 5% interest 10 year term -50% lower than diesel 30% of battery value Electric buses achieve ~30% lower lifecycle costs than diesel Even with 20% higher maintenance costs, hybrids are more attractive than diesel Assumes electric buses are partially produced/assembled locally. 10-year diesel costs includes purchase/resale of new bus after 5 years of operation. Capital investment includes deduction for salvage value; Taxes include annual taxes related to bus ownership. Bus costs/initial taxes are as follows: Diesel (BRL 296K/ BRL 123K), Hybrid (BRL 493K/BRL 146K), Electric (BRL 735K/BRL 175K). Battery total value for hybrids are BRL 163K; For electrics value is BRL 340K. Salvage value represents % of total value discounted to year zero.

MUITO OBRIGADO! @C40cities C40 Cities Adalberto Maluf City Director Sao Paulo amaluf@c40.org Regional Director Manuel Olivera molivera@c40.org