NEXT ENERGY REVOLUTION BioFUELS???; Electric Vehicles???? Carla Silva camsilva@ciencias.ulisboa.pt 2
Who am I Carla Silva camsilva@ciencias.ulisboa.pt Engenharia Geográfica, Geofísica e Energia Integrated master Energy and Environment Engineering Bioenergy, alternative road vehicles, System energy and emissions analysis Sustainable mobility Combustion 3
Msc Energy and Environment Engineering 4
Msc Energy and Environment Engineering 5
Msc Energy and Environment Engineering 6
Sustainability Renwable energy Zero fossil Reduce carbon dioxide Less CO 2 Less energy consumption More efficiency Resource depletion Affordability Easy access 7
Travelling throughout the years. 8
Measuring energy efficincy MJ/pkm 9
Soft/active modes and Public transport Hong Kong 6 500 MJ/hab.ano Paris 15 500 MJ/hab.ano 10
Transport sector 2013 World Portugal.. (<0.01%) Road transport accounts for 50-60% 11
Liquid fuels in transportation sector 12
Liquid fuels in transportation sector Rapeseed Sugar cane Soy Corn Palm Ethanol 95 000 Million Liters Biodiesel 30 000 Million Liters (2014) 13
Liquid fuels in transportation sector Liquid fossil fuel Gasoline/diesel 40 MJ/kg 125 kg CO 2 /MJ Solid biomass energy from combustion 14-21 MJ/kg Biogenic CO 2 Ethanol 25 MJ/kg Biodiesel 37 MJ/kg C 2 H 6 O C 18 H 32 O 2 50 kg/mj 105 kg/mj 14
Emissõesde CO 2 Queima de Carbono fóssil(formado em milhões de anos) MOBILE COMBUSTION 15
Fuel origin Life cycle thinking FOSSIL or RENEWABLE???? 16
CO 2 emissions g/pkm Walking and cycling WALK WALK WALK CYCLE CYCLE CYCLE Local organically produced food only UK grown low-processed food Average diet including imported food Local organically produced food only UK grown low-processed food Average diet including imported food agricultural activities 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 g/pkm 17
CO 2 emissions Portugal 2015 2% 23% 55% TÉRMICA HIDRÁULICA EÓLICA FOTOVOLTAICA 20% Pure eletric doesn t burn!!!! Thermal power plants burn fuel Zero tailpipeco 2 CO 2 300-400 g/kwh CO 2 60 g/pkm 18
CO 2 emissions g/pkmwtw WtW Well-to-Wheels Average city-car petrol Average city-car diesel Average city-car LP gas Average city-car petrol hybrid Average city-car natural gas Tailpipe Life cycle Average city-car electric (standard) Average SUV / 4x4 electric (green) 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 g/pkm 19
Energy and emission analysis C 6 H 12 O 6 + yeast 2C 2 H 5 OH + 2CO 2 + heat Biogenic CO 2 Direct 0.75 kg/lethanol 20
Energy and emission analysis EROI= energy delivered by a particular fuel to society energy invested in the capture and delivery Yield < 1% in Wt EROI <1 Microalgae to biohydrogen ethanol biodiesel 21
Biorefinery concept Sustainable mobility Biofuel Bioplastic Et al.. 22
Energy and emission analysis RED-Renewable Energy Directive 23
Electrification an biofuels Autonomous.Need less bioenergy..no driver Diesel/biodiesel plug-in hybrid Flex-fuel plug-in hybrid 24
Other aspects.sustainability Lithium based bateries Resource depletion @https://www.statista.com/statistics/268790/countries-with-the-largestlithium-reserves-worldwide/ 1200000000 cars x 5 kgli= 60 000 000 ton 25
Other aspects.sustainability Biofuel Resource depletion bio-oil could be used as vehicle oil raw material for the pharmaceutical and cosmetics industries Waste materials use, e.g. waste cooking oil, pulp industry waste, wastewater use to grow microalgae even bioplastic 26
Other aspects.sustainability Rebound effect 27
Exercise The fact that is A assures sustainability? VS 27 g/km 28
Exercise Behaviour.Rebound effects 104 g/km (só gasolina) 5 l/100 km; 1.3 /l /km????? Fazia5 km/diasemana + 30 km fimsemana CO 2 semana =? 27 g/km (parte da gasolina1 L/100km), resto eletricidade(6 kwh/100 km) + baratoporkm /km??? Passaa fazer5 km/diasemana + 120 km fimsemana CO 2 semana =??? 29
Exercise Behaviour.Rebound effects 104 g/km (só gasolina) 5 l/100 km; 1.3 /l 0.065 /km Fazia5 km/diasemana + 30 km fimsemana CO 2 semana = 104*(5*5+50) = 7.800 kg 27 g/km (parte da gasolina1 L/100km), resto eletricidade(6 kwh/100 km * 125 CO 2 g/km 8 g/km) + baratoporkm (0.0013 /km gasolina+ 0.0006 /km eletricidade= 0.0019 /km) Passaa fazer5 km/diasemana + 120 km fimsemana CO 2 semana = 35g/km*(5*5+4*50) = 7.865 kg 30
Outros aspetos.sustentabilidade ** Custo total de aquisição EUR/km (aquisição + carregamento + seguro+ impostos de circulação+ manutenção - valor residual) Affordability Eletrico puro 0.42* 0.53** Hibrido não plug-in 0.468* 0.4 Convencional 0.443-0.470* 0.43 Petrol Diesel Electricity @ http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/s2210539516000043 * 1.504/l 1.491/l 0.085/kWh ** 1.59/L 1.43/L 0.29 /kwh @ http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/s0301421515000671 31
NEXT ENERGY REVOLUTION BioFUELS???; Electric Vehicles???? Carla Silva camsilva@ciencias.ulisboa.pt 32