Políticas Públicas de EE experiencias internacionais Dr. Dirk Assmann Sao Paulo, 14.4.2010 1
A GTZ Agência de Cooperação Técnica Alemã empresa pública de direito privado, sem fins lucrativos braço técnico do Governo alemão execução de políticas públicas Objetivo: desenvolvimento sustentável Papel: desenvolvimento de capacidades individuais e organizacionais Contexto: acordos bi- ou multilaterais 2
Empresa com atuação internacional Federação Russa Guatemala El Salvador Honduras Nicaragua Costa Rica Equador Colômbia Peru Chile Haiti Bolívia República Dominicana Paraguai Argentina Brasil Mauritânia Senegal Marrocos Guiné Mali Argélia Burkina Faso Níger Nigéria Gana Costa do Marfim Togo Benin > 130 países Bélgica Alemanha Camarões Chade Angola Namíbia > 14.000 funcionários Kaliningrado Congo Zâmbia África do Sul Moscou Ucrânia Bósnia e Herzegovina Romênia Croácia Sérvia e Montenegro Kosovo Bulgária Geórgia Macedônia Armênia Albânia Territórios Palestinos Egito Uganda Quênia Ruanda Burundi Tanzânia Malawi Jordânia Etiópia Arábia Saudita Azerbaijão Iêmen Moçambique Zimbábue Madagascar > 1,3 bilhao EUR (faturamento) Saratov Emirados Árabes Unidos Casaquistão Uzbequistão Afeganistão Paquistão Omsk Kirguistão Tajiquistão Novosibirsk Altai Índia Nepal Sri Lanka Bangladesh Situação em 2006 Mongólia Rep. Popular da China Vietnã Tailândia Cambodja Indonésia Filipinas Países com agências de cooperação para o desenvolvimento Países com agências da GTZ Países com agências da GTZ com funções específicas Central da GTZ, Eschborn e agências em Berlím, Bonn e Bruxelas
Programa Energia Brasil-Alemanha Fase 1: 3/09-2/12 gtz-brasil@gtz.de 4
Programa Energia Brasil-Alemanha Eficiência Energética Energias Renováveis Eletrificação Rural Métodos de Plan. Energ. CDM Macro Meso Micro Apoio técnico GT Aquecimento solar Estratégias estaduais (p.e. agência de energia) Gestão de programas nacionais (LpT, PROCEL etc.) Mercados ESCO Programas de Capacitação (técnicos etc.) Projetos demonstrativos Introdução de tecnologias inovadores Matchmaking entre industrias brasileiras e alemãs MME/MMA Gov. Est. Eletrobrás / EPE BNDES / CAIXA ANEEL / ONS Sistema S Setor Privado
Energy efficiency improvement is a crucial key for climate protection and securing energy supply IEA 450 ppm CO 2eq scenario to achieve 2 target Main strategy elements energy efficiency and renewables
Global potentials for CO 2 emission mitigation in buildings
Why increasing energy efficiency? Expected benefits Most important strategy to achieve greenhouse gas emission reductions Cost-effective opportunity
Cost-effective energy end-use efficiency potentials even in high indutrialized countries (case study Germany) Around 2%/year can be cost-effectively saved vs. trend
Energy efficiency service markets and policies Different situation in different EU Member States ChangeBest project analysis Well developed: Germany, Denmark, Flanders Moderately developed: France, Italy, Sweden, The Netherlands, Czech Republic, Austria Emerging: Portugal, Spain, Latvia, Slovakia, Slovenia Preliminary stage: Estonia, Poland, Bulgaria, Greece www.changebest.eu
Barriers and obstacles What hinders the realisation of cost-effective saving potentials? Lack of information and motivation Financial restrictions Split incentives Risk aversion No access to efficient technologies Juridical restrictions (e.g. lei 8666) Etc. There is a need for policy intervention to make energy efficiency as simple and attractive as possible for all actors
Effective policy packages should be build on five pillars The ideal policy package
Policy institutions and market actors in the EU Energy efficiency has received growing attention on all levels and needs efforts an all levels o European Parliament, European Commission, Council of the European Union o National parliaments and governments o Sub-national parliaments and governments (federal states, e.g., the German Laender, local authorities) Intermediaries like energy agencies or climate protection agencies on different levels (national, regional, local) NGOs like environmental organisations or associations of municipalities (e.g., ICLEI, Climate Alliance, Energie cités) Manufacturers, importers and traders of energy-efficient technology ESCOs and energy companies offering energy efficiency services Energy consultant offices, architects and planners Installers Banks and insurances Investors and users of energy-efficient solutions
Existing framework on European level to overcome still existing barriers and obstacles Central policy instruments fostering energy efficiency EU Energy and Climate Package (20% energy efficiency increase goal compared to BAU) EU green paper and action plan on energy efficiency Directive on Energy End-Use Efficiency and Energy Services (2006/32/EC) Ecodesign Directive (2009/125/EC) Energy Labelling Directive (97/75/EC) -> recast Buildings Directive (2002/91/EC) -> recast Research&Development and dissemination programmes Flexible mechanisms of the Kyoto protocol (ETS, JI, CDM) Various additional policies in place on level of Member States, and on regional and local level
Directive on Energy End-Use Efficiency and Energy Services General framework and objectives The so-called Energy Services Directive (ESD) seeks to make energy enduse more efficient and cost-effective Covers most types of energy sold to end-users (incl. transport fuels) Member States are to adopt and achieve indicative targets of 9% annual energy saving by 2016 (i.e., 1%/year between 2008-2016) To be realised by way of new energy services and energy efficiency improvement (EEI) measures Member States must report their planned/ implemented EEI measures in three National Energy Efficiency Action Plans (NEEAPs) ESD addresses actors, institutions and market structures rather than specific technologies Aims to establish supportive framework conditions and remove existing barriers to energy efficiency improvement measures and to the development of the energy service market
Directive on Energy End-Use Efficiency and Energy Services Selected provisions ESD sets framework for Member State activities in the areas of information provision, financing, metering, billing, and promotion of energy services Member States must appoint or newly establish a monitoring agency Special role of public sector: must provide good practice example, e.g., by adopting an energy-efficient public purchasing and investment policy Special role of energy industry: distributors and retailers of final energy are viewed as important contributors to reaching the energy saving targets Several options for participation of energy companies: White certificate schemes Voluntary agreements Contribution to financing mechanisms, such as energy saving trusts
Targets of Eco Design Directive Main Target Product Requirements: Determination of environmental and consumer related requirements for products addressing operation phase (CE-Label) Additional Focus on Energy Efficiency : Targeting Energy efficiency of products in operation phase: Mandatory minimal energy efficiency standards or maximal consumption standards Further Environment and Consumer Safety Rules: Further environmental standards (e.g. Mercury rules for bulbs; NO x related emission standards for heating systems), specific functionality rules, product information and labelling commitment Extension of product list Inclusion of not direct energy consuming products in operation phase (e.g. insulation materials, windows)
Eco Design Directive sets mandatory minimal energy efficiency standards or maximal consumption standards RL 2005/32/EG RL 2009/125/EG Test phase until 2012 Energy consuming products Products determining energy cosumption Non direct energy relevant products Heating systems PCs and Laptops Air conditioning Motors RL 2005/32/EG + Insulation Tires Windows Textiles Furniture Building materials
Process and relevant stakeholders Time axis Scientific study Impact assessment Agreement on proposal Adoption of proposal European Commission Working document Consultation forum Draft Directive Regulation bodies European Council and Parliament Interest bodies (Industry, Environment - und Consumer protection organisations) EU-Member states
Policy instruments on national level Further policies and measures in place in EU Member States Energy taxation (e.g. German EcoTax), removal of energy subsidies Voluntary agreements Energy performance standards for products, processes, building Promotion of energy labelling Financial incentives Support of energy advice, energy audits Information and communication Public procurement Participation, cooperation, networking Education, training, qualification, certificates Research and development Intermediary bodies (e.g. energy agencies)
Energy agencies as supporting bodies Important intermediaries Possible tasks: Support the introduction of good energy management practices Advocate the concept of sustainability and support the implementation of local/regional energy plans Provide information and guidance Develop / organise energy audits of public and private buildings Offer a number of other local services based on specific local energy needs Can establish the crucial link between advice on measures and actual measure implementation Can tender and coordinate financial support programs
The landscape of energy agencies in Europe current statistics count between 333 LREAs (International Energy Agency 2009) and 800 information centres and agencies dealing with energy efficiency (World Energy Council 2008) in the EU the big number of energy agencies is in a way an empirical justification for their usefulness LREAs in selected European countries: France Finland United Kingdom Spain Germany 7 regional, 7 regional, 13 regional, 19 regional, 34 regional, 21 local agencies 1 local agency 12 local agencies 21 local agencies 25 local agencies (51 energy efficiency information centres) Source: www.managenergy.net
Energy efficiency obligations and white certificate schemes Key benefits of a white certificate system Utilities are obligated to achieve certain volume of energy saving (have to show up with specific amount of certificates) Certification guarantees meeting the agreed target Introduction of tradability aims at least-cost achievement of targets The system could unlock energy saving potentials and actors that are currently not unlocked by other instruments Can reduce pressures on public budgets Can stimulate the market for ESCOs However focuses on rather less complex, standardised energy efficiency improvement activities; transaction costs of monitoring and verification
Effective policy packages Experience has shown that a mix of several or even all types of instruments is likely to be the most successful Therefore the instruments should be ideally bundled into comprehensive, well-balanced, effective and efficient policy packages Targeted and coordinated policy packages should be developed that influence all levels of the market chain The barriers to energy-efficient behaviour must be overcome for all relevant market actors, and incentives to encourage them to adopt energy-efficient behaviour reinforced
Monitoring and evaluation of policies and measures Key questions Have targets been met? Do instruments need improvement? How should they be adjusted? Two types of evaluation Impact evaluation: assesses the effectiveness, efficiency, distribution aspects and public acceptance, side effects as well as interactions of policies and measures Process evaluation: analyses the processes of target setting, instrument selection, implementation and adaptation to changing situations during implementation Further distinction between bottom up and top down evaluation
Target setting and policy planning Learning cycle
Conclusions Make energy efficiency easy, possible and rewarding SMART design of policies and measures: Specific: Be as concrete as possible: what should be achieved with the instrument? -> Target group-specific, differentiated policy packages overcoming existing barriers to realise saving potentials Measurable: Define quantified targets Ambitious: Does the target go beyond business as usual? Realistic and Acceptable: Is the target achievable in the given timeframe, with the budget available? Is the target accepted by the target group? Time framed: Are targets set for a specific year? Are intermediate targets set in order to be able to monitor target progress?
Emprego verde tendências globais Faturamento mundial de tecnologias verdes: 3.500 bilhoes de R$ Investimentos em empresas de tecnologia ambiental: 19% do total investido na China 3º maior mercado nos EUA Alemanha: faturamento 550 bilhoes de R$ Previsão 2020: 15 a 30% da produção industrial da planeta Fonte: ILO - Towards decent work in a sustainable, low-carbon world 28
Obrigado! Dr. Dirk Aßmann Diretor Programa Energia Brasil-Alemanha +55 21 2220 1288 dirk.assmann@gtz.de Rio de Janeiro 29