STABLE INFILTRATION RATE IN A YELLOW RED ARGISSOL IN CORN CROP AND GUANDU COVERAGE

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1 STABLE INFILTRATION RATE IN A YELLOW RED ARGISSOL IN CORN CROP AND GUANDU COVERAGE I. L. N. Satos 1 ; R. R. Gomes Filho 2 ; A. Pedrotti 3 ; K. V. Satos 4 ; E. C. de Jesus 4 ; L. G. de Souza 4 ABSTRACT: This research was carried out i a area i the rural campus of the Federal Uiversity of Sergipe (UFS), which studies the impact of soil maagemet chages o productio ad physical soil attributes durig fiftee years. The area was divided ito three portios, treated with o-tillage, miimum tillage ad covetioal tillage. The aim of this work was to compare the stable ifiltratio rate i a yellow red Argisol i differet maagemets ad i a successio of sweet cor ad guadu as soil cover, aalyzig the impact of the agricultural use ad the suitability of the Horto models (1940), Kostiokov (1932), Kostiokov-Lewis (1945) ad Phillip (1957). The stable ifiltratio rate was determied i each plot usig the double cocetric rig methodology. The VIBK software was used to determie the estimated values of the stable ifiltratio rate by the mathematics models. I order to evaluate the performace of the ifiltratio values obtaied i the field i relatio to the values calculated by the models, comparative aalyzes of the results were performed statistically through the determiatio coefficiet (R 2 ). Statistical idices were also determied, such as residual mass coefficiet (RMC), coefficiet of adjustmet (CA) ad efficiecy (EF). Withi the limitatios of each model, all geerated statistically equivalet results, with the exceptio of the Kostiakov-Lewis model. It was cocluded that milder forms of maagemet provided higher rates of basic ifiltratio, mathematical models fit better o soils that suffered less athropogeic actio, ad the Philips model was better suited to local coditios. KEYWORDS: miimum tillage, o-tillage, covetioal tillage. VELOCIDADE DE INFILTRAÇÃO BÁSICA EM UM ARGISSOLO VERMELHO AMARELO NO CULTIVO DE MILHO E COBERTURA DE GUANDU 1 Egeheiro Agrícola, UFS, CEP , São Cristovão, SE. Foe: (079) , igorsatos1993@gmail.com 2 Prof. Dr. Departameto de Egeharia Agrícola, UFS, São Cristovão, SE. Foe: (079) , rrgomefilho@hotmail.com 3 Prof. Dr. Departameto de Egeharia Agroômica, UFS, São Cristovão, SE. Foe: (079) Graduado em Egeharia Agrícola, UFS, São Cristovão, SE.

2 I. L. N. Satos et al. RESUMO: Esta pesquisa foi realizada em uma área do campus rural da Uiversidade Federal de Sergipe (UFS), que estuda o impacto das mudaças de maejo do solo sobre a produção e atributos físicos do solo durate quize aos. A área foi dividida em três parcelas preparadas com platio direto, cultivo míimo e platio covecioal. Objetivou-se em comparar a velocidade de ifiltração básica em um Argissolo vermelho amarelo em diferetes maejos e em uma sucessão de milho doce e guadu, como cobertura do solo, aalisado o impacto do uso agrícola e a adequação dos modelos matemáticos de Horto (1940), Kostiokov (1932), Kostiokov-Lewis (1945) e Phillip (1957). A velocidade de ifiltração básica foi determiada em cada parcela utilizado a metodologia dos duplos aéis cocêtricos. Para determiação dos valores da velocidade de ifiltração básica pelos modelos matemáticos foi utilizado um software deomiado VIBK e para avaliar o desempeho etre os valores da ifiltração obtidos em campo em relação os valores calculados através dos modelos, foram realizadas aálises comparativas dos resultados estatisticamete através do coeficiete determiação (R 2 ). Para torar a aálise mais eficiete, também foram calculados os seguites ídices estatísticos: coeficiete de massa residual (CMR), coeficiete de ajuste (CA) e eficiêcia (EF). Detro das limitações de cada modelo, todos geraram resultados estatisticamete equivaletes, com exceção do modelo de Kostiakov-Lewis. Cocluiu-se que formas de maejos mais bradas proporcioaram maiores taxas de ifiltração básica, os modelos matemáticos se ajustaram melhores em solos que sofreram meos ação atrópica e o modelo de Philips se adequou melhor as codições do local. PALAVRAS CHAVE: cultivo míimo, platio direto, platio covecioal. INTRODUCTION The ifiltratio of water i the soil is the pheomeo cosists of the passage of water from the surface to the iterior of the soil, iitially fillig the macropores ad with its saturatio is started fillig the micropores, util all the soil saturates, this behavior causes Its iitial velocity is high ad decreases with time, becomig costat at the momet of total soil saturatio, the term basic ifiltratio velocity (VIB) is used for the statioary velocity reached at saturatio. (SOBRINHO et al., 2003) ad (ZAKWAN; MUZZAMMIL; ALAM, 2016). The decrease i soil aggregatio ad soil stability leads to higher rates of soil water ifiltratio (NERIS et al., 2012), but i covetioal soil tillage systems, ifiltratio teds to be larger soo after tillage o accout of the soil agitatio ad subsequetly decays ad with

3 IV INOVAGRI Iteratioal Meetig, 2017 the growth of the cover the water ifiltratio velocity i the soil teds to icrease agai, especially at the ed of the crop, whe the roots are well developed (CARVALHO et al., 2015). Drive by the wide diversity of soils i the world ad the ambitio to fid a model that best simulates the atural coditios of the eviromet, umerous comparisos were made with ifiltratio models i a attempt to evaluate their adequacy, sice the adequacy of the ifiltratio model for Determied locatio is subject to soil type ad field coditios (ZAKWAN; MUZZAMMIL; ALAM, 2016). The coclusios about the best model are diverse, CARVALHO et al. (2015), cocluded i their experimets that the methodology proposed by Horto is the most efficiet, sice CUNHA et al. (2015) cocluded that the Kostiakov methodology expressed better The process of ifiltratio. The aim of this work was to compare the stable ifiltratio rate i a yellow red Argisol i differet maagemets ad i a successio of sweet cor ad guadu as soil cover, aalyzig the impact of the agricultural use ad the suitability of the Horto models (1940), Kostiokov (1932), Kostiokov-Lewis (1945) ad Phillip (1957). MATERIAL AND METHODS It was used as basis for this work a experimet coducted i a experimetal area of the Experimetal Statio of the Federal Uiversity of Sergipe, located i the city of São Cristovão - SE, the regio has a average raifall of 1200 mm per year, with raifall cocetrated i the moths of April to September. The area of the experimet is 3000 m 2 ad its soil is classified as Red Yellow Argisol, the experimet exists sice the year 2001 ad cosists of the platig of sweet cor (Zeamays L.) variety Biomatrix BM 3061 i successio with the cultivatio of guadu (Cajaus Caja), Figure 1, used oly as soil cover, ad studies the effects o the soil of three agricultural maagemet systems of differet itesity. The area was divided i three bads, each oe referrig to a cultivatio system, i the first oe the covetioal cultivatio was used, where the disc levelig grid ad the disk plowig were used, i the secod rage the miimum cultivatio, which used oly the Gradig grid for soil revolutio at the ed of the harvest or i weed cases ad i the last o-till, which does ot use ay agricultural machiery ad each bad was divided i subplots that measure 60 m 2, usig the scheme of experimetal bads.

4 I. L. N. Satos et al. Figure 1. Cover of guadu i a plot of covetioal platig. I the ifiltratio tests, double rigs ifiltrometers were used, cosistig of two cocetric rigs, the largest oe with 40 cm i diameter ad the smallest oe with 20 cm, both with a height of 40 cm. The tests were carried out after a period of at least three days of drought, so that the high humidity did ot reduce the test time ad ifluece the formatio of the ifiltratio curve, sice more sharp curves allow a better evaluatio by the mathematical models. As the objective was to compare the variatio caused by soil maagemet, the ifiltratio tests were performed as homogeeously as possible, so both discs were istalled at 5 cetimeters depth ad the blade of the iteral disc, where the readigs were take, were kept i a rage of 10 to 15 cetimeters, the readigs also had predetermied itervals ad at the ed of each readig the sheet was retured to the height of 15 cetimeters, i order to avoid a great variatio i the hydraulic height, oce the readigs were repeated i a cotiuous iterval of 20 miutes the test was fiished. The tests lasted betwee 122 ad 182 miutes. The etire calculatio process was carried out by software VIBK (SANTOS et al., 2015). I this program the Horto, Kostiakov, Kostiakov-Lews ad Philips models were implemeted, equatios 1 to 4, described by Bradão (2006).

5 IV INOVAGRI Iteratioal Meetig, 2017 Modelo de Horto: Modelo de Kostiakov: Modelo de Kostiakov-Lewis: Modelo de Philip: I = if + ( ii -if ) e -βt (1) I = k t α (2) I = k t α + if (3) I = f1 t -1/2 + f2 (4) Where: I - estimated istataeous ifltratio rate, mm h-1; i i - observed iitial ifltratio rate, mm h-1; i f - fial ifltratio rate, mm h-1; t - ifltratio time, mi. k, α, β, f 1, f 2 - statistical parameters of the models estimated. The comparative aalyzes of the results were statistically performed by the coefficiet determiatio (R 2 ) to evaluate the performace of the ifiltratio values obtaied i field i relatio the values calculated from the models Kostiakov, Horto ad Kostiakov-Lewis ad Philip. The followig statistical idices were calculated to make more efficiet aalysis: residual mass ratio (RMR), adjustmet coefficiet (AC) ad efficiecy (EF) as described by CUNHA et al. (2015). RMR = i=1 O i i=1 P i ( i=1 O i ) (1) AC = i=1 (O i O ) 2 (2) i=1(p i O ) 2 EF = i=1 (O i O ) 2 i=1(p i O i ) 2 (3) i=1(o i O ) 2 where: Oi - It is the observed value,

6 I. L. N. Satos et al. Pi - it is the estimated value ad "" meas the umber of observatios, O - it is the arithmetic mea of the observatios, P - it is the arithmetic mea of the estimated values. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION I relatio to the BIV obtaied i the field, the soil that suffered less athropogeic actios, that is, the soil treated with o tillage, retured better results, obtaiig a ifiltratio rate 2.87 times greater tha i the treatmet with miimum tillage ad 8.67 times greater tha i the Covetioal tillage, as ca be see i Table 1, similar results were evideced i the works of Boo et al. (2012) ad Goçalves ad Moraes (2012), where it was evideced a expressively better result i platatios with the reduced use of agricultural machiery. I relatio to the mathematical adjustmets, it ca be observed that the model that best adjusted the BIV was the oe of Horto, that i all the maagemets obtaied the result equal to the oe obtaied i the field. Table 1. Basic ifiltratio velocity ad statistical idices for the three types of maagemet Model BIV (mm h -1 ) R² RMR AC EF No Tillage Observed values Horto Kostiakov Kostiakov-Lewis Philip Miimum tillage Observed values Horto Kostiakov Kostiakov-Lewis Philip Covetioal tillage Observed values Horto Kostiakov Kostiakov-Lewis Philip

7 IV INOVAGRI Iteratioal Meetig, 2017 Regardig the coefficiet of determiatio (R²), i all methods of all maagemets, the results were satisfactory, all obtaied over 96%, always beig evideced the best result i the Kostiakov model, Results that are similar to those obtaied by Cuha et al. (2015), where the methodologies of Kostiakov, Kostiakov-Lews ad Horto were also used. There was a very iterestig result i the residual mass ratio (RMR) for the Philips method, i all the maagemets it approached quite the ideal, that is, the curve was adjustig very well, so that there were practically o residues, too It ca be stated that for this method the volume of ifiltrated water is the same as that obtaied i the field. I relatio to the adjustmet coefficiet (AC) ad the efficiecy (EF), the results were satisfactorily similar i all methods, except that of Kostiakov-Lewis, which could ot be adapted to the soil. Figure 1. Rates observed ad estimated of water ifiltratio i soil with covetioal tillage o sweet cor usig as cover guadu.

8 I. L. N. Satos et al. Figure 2. Rates observed ad estimated of water ifiltratio i soil with miimu tillage o sweet cor usig as cover guadu. Figure 3. Rates observed ad estimated of water ifiltratio i soil with covetioal tillage o sweet cor usig as cover guadu. CONCLUSIONS 1. Soil maaged with o-tillage obtaied higher rates of soil water ifiltratio. 2. There was a good behavior of the curves i all the mathematical methods, especially the Philips, which was the most efficiet ad for Horto that obtaied correctess i the adjustmet of the VIB. 3. The treatmet of the soil iflueced the quality of the adjustmet of the mathematical models of the soil water ifiltratio.

9 IV INOVAGRI Iteratioal Meetig, 2017 LITERATURE CITED BONO, José Atoio Maior et al. Ifiltração de água o solo em um Latossolo Vermelho da região sudoeste dos cerrados com diferetes sistemas de uso e maejo. Revista Brasileira de Ciêcia do Solo, Viçosa, v. 36,. 6, BRANDÃO, Viviae dos Satos; CECILIO, Roberto Avelio; PRUSKI, Ferado Falco; SILVA, Demetrius David da. Ifiltracao da agua o solo. 3. ed., atual. e ampl. Viçosa, MG: UFV, p. CARVALHO, Daiel F. de et al. Water erosio ad soil water ifiltratio i differet stages of cor developmet ad tillage systems. Revista Brasileira de Egeharia Agrícola e Ambietal, v. 19,. 11, p , CUNHA, Jorge LXL et al. Water ifiltratio rate i Yellow Latosol uder differet soil maagemet systems. Revista Brasileira de Egeharia Agrícola e Ambietal, v. 19,. 11, p , GONÇALVES, F. C.; MORAES, M. H. Porosidade e ifiltração de água do solo sob diferetes sistemas de maejo. Irriga, v.17,.3, p. 337, NERIS, J. et al. Vegetatio ad lad-use effects o soil properties ad water ifiltratio of Adisols i Teerife (Caary Islads, Spai). Catea, v. 98, p , SANTOS, I. L. N.; GOMES FILHO, R. R.; SANTOS, K. V.; MASSARANDUBA, W. de M.; CARVALHO, C. M. de. Software VIBK for estimated ifiltratio rate ad water hydraulic coductivity i soil. I: Iovagri Iteratioal Meetig, 3, 2015, Fortaleza. Aais... Fortaleza, INOVAGRI, ZAKWAN, M.; MUZZAMMIL, M.; ALAM, J.. Applicatio of spreadsheet to estimate ifiltratio parameters. Perspectives i Sciece, Amsterdam, 2016.