Impact of an agricultural chronosequence in recharge areas of aquifers in the Brazilian savannah

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1 Vol. 9(44), pp , 30 October, 2014 DOI: /AJAR Article Number: FF ISSN X Copyright 2014 Author(s) retai the copyright of this article Africa Joural of Agricultural Research Full Legth Research Paper Impact of a agricultural chroosequece i recharge areas of aquifers i the Brazilia savaah Raimudo Rodrigues Gomes Filho 1, José Herique da Silva 2, Helder Barbosa Paulio 3, Marco Aurélio Carboe Careiro 4, Carlos Alexadre Gomes Costa 5 ad Marcoi Batista Teixeira 6 * 1 Federal Uiversity of Sergipe - UFS, - Av. Marechal Rodo, s/ Jardim Rosa Elze - CEP São Cristóvão/SE, Brazil. 2 Miistry of Agraria Developmet MDA Esplaada dos Miistérios Bloco A, Ala Norte, CEP Brasilia, DF, Brazil. 3 Federal Uiversity of Goiás UFG, Campus Jataí, Rodovia BR 364, Km 192,. 3800, Parque Idustrial, Jataí-GO, Brazil. 4 Federal Uiversity of Lavras UFLA, Lavras, MG, Brazil. 5 Federal Uiversity of Ceará UFC Campus do Pici, Bloco 804, Fortaleza-CE, Brazil. 6 Federal Istitute Goiao IFGoiao, Campus Rio Verde. Rodovia Sul Goiaa, Km 01 Zoa Rural. Caixa postal 66, Rio Verde, GO, Brazil. Received 7 February, 2014; Accepted 10 October, 2014 Curret study was coducted, i 2010, o the Boa Vista Farm at the Rio Claro watershed of the southwester regio of Goiás, state, Brazil. The regio features micro-reliefs with marshy fields ad predomiatly Haplic Plithosols. Most areas were icorporated ito the agricultural productio systems without evaluatig the impact o their hydro-physical characteristics. Curret aalysis evaluates the trasformatio impact of marshy lads ito agricultural areas through a ivestigatio of empirical methods of water ifiltratio ito the soil. Three chroosequeced areas for agricultural use ad a preservatio area were selected. Water ifiltratio i the soil was aalyzed by field data ad by calculatios followig Kostiakov, Horto ad Lewis-Kostiakov. Models overestimated ifiltratio rates at the begiig of the process ad compared to those from field data. The model proposed by Horto was highly similar to rate of basic ifiltratio speed harvested from field data. Structural quality was reduced through ifiltratio velocity i the area with huma iterferece with grow uder o-tillage system. Key words: Haplic plithosol, mouds, hillocks, cylider ifiltrometers, o-tillage system. INTRODUCTION Micro-reliefs i marshy fields (murudus, covais, cocorutos ad mochões, i Portuguese) of the savaah plateau of Goiás state, Brazil, form extesive areas predomiatly featured as Haplic Plithosols soil. The soil is highly relevat due to its role as a water recharge ad supply for udergroud water ad the maiteace of water levels i streams ad rivers of oe of the most importat Brazilia hydraulic sources, or rather, the river Paraaíba basi. Durig the last decades the above metioed areas i

2 3268 Afr. J. Agric. Res. the Goiás state, Brazil, were icorporated to cash crop productio systems. Ladscape trasformatio i a agriculture-occupied process wet beyod the loss of biodiversity ad climate chages, with the modificatio of soil structure. The cosequeces, comprisig soil compactio ad erosio, accumulatio of silt i waterways ad liability i water resources, are perceptible, eve though their evolutio ad ecoomical ad evirometal cosequeces are still largely ukow. Impact caused by structural chages i the soil s physical ad hydraulic features has bee reported by Alves et al. (2007) ad Boii ad Alves (2012). Accordig to Mota ad Valladares (2011), huma activities have produced evirometal degradatio, erosio, soil cotamiatio ad silt i the water courses. I fact, the impact model curretly threates the sustaiability of the productive systems. The icorporatio of marshy areas, essetial for the recharge of the regio s aquifers ad characterized by soil saturatio durig most of the year, brought about the buildig of a great etwork of soil draiage. I other words, the udergroud water of the earth moud fields was lowered by a etwork of draiage caals i several muicipalities of the regio. The muicipality of Jataí i the southwester regio of the Goiás state may be highlighted. Results quite ofte caused a excessive dryess of the soil ad cosequetly the hardeig of the plithic groud surface by barrig ifiltratio, hiderig the atural drai of water, discharge decrease of streams with lower water flow towards the rivers of the watershed i which they lie. Due to the regio s characteristics (high rates of orgaic materials ad clay, lad relief ad possibility of mechaizatio), high productivity rates abouded throughout the last decades. Cosequetly, year by year producers have icorporated other areas to the productio system without evaluatig the effect of such icorporatio o soil quality ad eviromet. This is especially grave due to the importace of the regio for the Brazilia hydrological system (Gomes Filho et al., 2011). Accordig to Silva et al. (2012), the soil s physical ad hydraulic properties affect the hydrological processes which comprise ifiltratio, erosio, wetess redistributio ad the trasport of solved materials. Models of water ifiltratio i the soil such as Kostiakov s, Kostiakov-Lewis s, Horto s, amog others, lik the model s parameters to soil characteristics without ecessarily havig ay physical sigificace. I fact, they iclude some factors i the determiatio of their costats, such as soil heterogeeity, which are difficult to be assessed i theoretical models. Ifiltratio velocity is affected by surface coditios, profile ad soil s iitial water cotets (Paachuki et al., 2006). Water erosio processes are greatly affected by surface materials, topography, rai seasoality ad vegetatio (Silva ad Kato, 1998) which may be compouded by chages i texture, structure, porosity ad orgaic matter caused by lad usage ad its respective maagemet (Pereira ad Teixeira Filho, 2009). The objective of this work was curret aalysis evaluates the agricultural chroosequece impact o Haplic Plithosol soil o the phytophysioomy of earth mouds i the savaah regio close to the tow of Jataí GO Brazil, by empiric models of water ifiltratio i the soil. MATERIALS AND METHODS Curret assay was coducted o the Boa Vista Farm, i the microbasi of the river Claro i the muicipality of Jataí, GO, Brazil, i The regio has bee characterized by micro-reliefs of earth mouds (murudus, covais, cocorutos ad mochões, i Portuguese) with a predomiace of Haplic Plithosol soils (Figure 1). The regio s climate is Aw, or rather, a savaah tropical mesothermal climate with well-defied dry ad raiy seasos, accordig to Köppe s classificatio. Mea aual temperature varies betwee 18 ad 32 C. The raiy period rages betwee November ad May, with more tha 80% of yearly raifall. Mea aual raifall varies betwee 1600 ad 1700 mm (with gradual spatial variatio without ay differetiated raiy ucleus i the regio uder aalysis). Curret aalysis compared the areas durig the period with agricultural usage (5, 10 ad 15 years) ad two areas without ay agricultural usage, of which oe was o the upper sectio of the moud ad the other o the lower sectio (Figure 2). Sice all areas were close to oe aother, with the same Haplic Plithosol soil type, the evirometal coditios were homogeeous. Five areas, which represet the differet classes of soil use, were chose (Figure 3). Through the layout of chroosequece of huma usage, the impact o soil ifiltratio speed was evaluated, accordig to the treatmets below: 1. Treatmet 1 (MURUNDUINF): Natural coditios exist i the lower sectio of the earth moud, with o huma itervetio i the area. The area lies o the lower sectio of the mouds, flooded most of the year, with o termite activity ad covered by crawlig gramioid vegetatio. 2. Treatmet 2 (MURUNDUSUP): Natural coditios o the higher sectio of the earth moud, approximately 2 m high, without huma itervetio, which remais dry most of the year, formed by termites. It has typically savaah vegetatio, with a great diversity of shrubs ad gramioids (Figure 2); 3. Treatmet 3 (SPD5): Area occupied for 5 years by o-tillage system. Cash crops cosisted of soybea i the harvest; maize (or millet or sorghum) i the witer harvest; fallow state i the iterim harvest. 4. Treatmet 4 (SPD10): Area occupied for 10 years by o-tillage system. Successive cash crops cosisted of soybea i the harvest period; maize i the witer harvest; fallow lad. 5. Treatmet 5 (SPD15): Area occupied for 15 years by o-tillage system. Successive cash crops cosisted of soybea i the harvest *Correspodig author. marcoibt@gmail.com, Tel: Fax: Author(s) agree that this article remai permaetly ope access uder the terms of the Creative Commos Attributio Licese 4.0 Iteratioal Licese

3 Filho et al Figure 1. Satellite photo showig the atural compositio of the micro-relief of earth mouds o the Boa Vista Farm uder aalysis. Figure 2. Compositio of preserved micro-relief of earth mouds, ormally a flooded area. Black ad white arrows show respectively the upper ad lower sectio of the earth mouds. period ad maize i the witer harvest. The process of the area s icorporatio to the agricultural productio system required a systematizatio of areas which disturbed the approximately 2 m-high earth mouds. Systematizatio cosisted of cuts ad distributio of earth to the lower parts which were leveled. Sice the area was plowed ad harrowed, chages i the area occurred. It was formerly a rollig ladscape ad was trasformed ito a totally flat area with o traces of its atural form (Figure 4). Whe the areas were icorporated to the productio system, they

4 3270 Afr. J. Agric. Res. Figure 3. Site of the experimet followig the chrosequece of huma usage. Figure 4. Agricultural area where formerly earth mouds abouded. were first treated with limestoe durig the systemizatio process without ay further treatmet. This fact differetiates the treatmets with regard to the maagemet of each area uder aalysis. Table 1 characterizes the clayey texture of the areas; the upper part of the earth moud, 5-, 10- ad 15-year periods of icorporatio to the o-tillage system (NTS) ad the clayey-sady texture of the lower part of the earth moud. Ifiltratio tests were performed o each site uder aalysis by a double-rig cylider ifiltrometer, measurig 60 cm high ad 10 ad 20 cm diameter, respectively, for the ier ad outer rigs (Figure 5). The two cyliders were placed at a depth of 30 cm ad a costat water volume of approximately 19 cm to the soil surface was maitaied durig tests. Water flow was maually cotrolled by a register duly adjusted to a pipe liked to the ier cylider, whilst the outer oe was maually supplied. Readig was doe at 0, 1, 2, 5, ad 30 mi, startig from 0 mi, with replicatios at every 30 mi, up to total time limit of 210 mi for each test. Tests were performed till the ifiltratio rate, registered o the ier rig, became approximately costat with time. The criterio for costat ifiltratio rate was the repetitio of the readig of the water flow i the ier rig for at least three times. Water ifiltrated ito the soil was determied i situ by the rig ifiltrometer method ad empirically by methods proposed by Horto (1940), Kostiakov (1932) ad Kostiakov-Lewis (1945), accordig to Equatios (1), (2) ad (3), respectively. Horto s model: V V 0 V 0 Vfexp kf. t Kostiakov s model: Kostiakov-Lewis s model: (1) V V0. t b (2) b 0.t f. VV V t (3) Where: V (cm h -1 ) is the velocity of water ifiltratio ito the soil at a certai time (t) (h) after the formatio of a water pool o the soil surface; V 0 ad V f are respectively the velocities of iitial ad fial ifiltratio (cm.h 1 ); b ad K f are proportioal costats which deped o the type of soil ad rai itesity. K f, V 0 ad V f may be obtaied experimetally: V f is the asymptote of graph V versus ifiltratio time; K f is the slope of the straight lie of the graph (V 0 - V f ) versus t; ad V 0 - V f is the itercept of the ordiate s itercept whe t = 0 (Datas et al., 2011; Gomes Filho et al., 2011; Paixão et al., 2009; Alves et al., 2007; Alves Sobriho et al., 2003; Castro ad Souza, 1999; Silva ad Kato, 1998). Performace betwee ifiltratio field rates ad the rates calculated by Kostiakov s, Horto s ad Kostiakov-Lewis s empirical methods for ifiltratio was evaluated by statistically comparative aalysis of results by coefficiet of determiatio R 2. After data collectio, they were used i the laboratory to trace the curves accordig to the model used. The models adjustmet

5 Filho et al Table 1. Soil s texture characteristics of the areas uder aalysis. Usage Natural features of the earth moud Treatmet Clay Silt Sad (g kg -1 ) MURUNDUINF MURUNDUSUP Chroosequece agricultural usage of SPD (5 years) SPD (10 years) SPD (15 years) Figure 5. Istallatio of the double-rig ifiltrometer. quality was evaluated by o-liear regressios betwee the estimated rates ad mea rates registered i each treatmet, coupled to the respective coefficiets of determiatio. The followig statistic idexes were i the evaluatio: coefficiet of residual mass (CRM), adjustmet coefficiet (AC) ad efficiecy (EF) (Alves Sobriho et al., 2003), give by Equatios (4), (5) ad (6) respectively. CRM Oi i1 i1 O i i 1 Oi Oi AC i1 Pi Oi i1 EF O i O i 1 O i P i 1 O i O i Pi 2 2 Where: O i represets reported rates; P i is the estimated rates; is the umber of observatios; O is the arithmetical average of observatios; ad P is the arithmetical average of the estimated rates. (4) (5) (6) RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Table 2 shows rates for Basic Ifiltratio Velocity (BIV) for each treatmet i the area uder aalysis ad the respective classificatio suggested by Berardo et al. (2006). Further, BIV rates i soils without huma iterferece were higher tha those i soil with o-tillage system. Ifiltratio velocity was very high. BIV s low rates i cultivated areas may be due to chages i the soil structure caused by the destructio of the earth mouds for the preparatio of the area for platig ad by harvestig machies throughout the years. Sales et al. (1999) evaluated the associatio betwee BIV ad the physical traits of surface ad subsurface layers of Dark Red Latosol ad Red-Yellow Podzolic soils ad reported that rates were extremely cotrastig. Results may be associated to the distict morphological characteristics related to the soils surface structure. The same authors registered 12.1 mm h -1 for BIV i the Red-Yellow Podzolic soil, with 422 g kg -1 clay ad a 7.8% macropore volume; i the case of Dark Red Latisol they reported 653 g kg -1 ad 16.8% macropores, with BIV at 56.6 mm h -1. Alves Sobriho et al. (2003) studied water ifiltratio i soil cultivated uder differet maagemet systems, crop rotatio ad acceptable aalyses of equatios by Horto ad Kostiakov-Lewis to calculate water ifiltratio rate i the soil by aspersio ifiltrometer. They reported the

6 3272 Afr. J. Agric. Res. Table 2. Rates of Basic Ifiltratio Velocity (BIV) of the areas uder aalysis, equatios of ifiltratio velocity; coefficiets of determiatio (R 2 ) of empirical models ad statistic idexes for areas with or without huma iterferece. Treatmet BIV (mm.h -1 ) Classificatio Models Equatio R² CRM AC EF MURUNDUINF Very high Kostiakov VI = 298.5t Kostiakov-Lewis VI = t Horto VI = t MURUNDUSUP Very high SPD5 2.0 Low SPD Low SPD Low Kostiakov VI = t Kostiakov-Lewis VI = t Horto VI = t Kostiakov VI = 37.1t Kostiakov-Lewis VI = t Horto VI = t Kostiakov VI = t Kostiakov-Lewis VI = t Horto VI = t Kostiakov VI = t Kostiakov-Lewis VI = t Horto VI = t CRM, Coefficiet of Residual Mass; AC, adjustmet coefficiet; EF, efficiecy. iterferece of some soil traits or BIV factors, maily macro-porosity, maagemet type ad soil surface sealig. Further, the latter was the mai factor for water ifiltratio overrate reported by Zota et al. (2012) ad Ali et al. (2010). Whe the coefficiet of residual mass (CRM) was ivestigated (Table 2), Horto s equatio used i the five treatmets uderestimated ifiltratio rate, whereas equatios by Kostiakov ad Kostiakov-Lewis overrated it. Behavior has bee registered by positive rates of CRM idex of Horto s equatios ad by the egative oes of Kostiakov ad Kostiakov-Lewis s equatio. Results corroborate rates by Alves Sobriho et al. (2003) ad Paachuki et al. (2006) i their studies o water filtratio i the soil cultivated uder differet maagemet systems ad culture rotatios by Horto s ad Kostiakov-Lewis s models. Statistical idex also cofirmed the best adjustmet for Horto s equatio with deviatios close to zero. Adjustmet coefficiet ad efficiecy were also better for the five treatmets by Horto s equatio. Idexes rates, close to oe, cofirmed the equatio as the most adequate to estimate the ifiltratio rate i the type of soil uder aalysis. Similar to results by Alves Sobriho et al. (2003) ad Paachuki et al. (2006), the Adjustmet Coefficiet (AC) was, as a rule, better i Horto s equatio sice the mathematical model provided rates close to oe for the five treatmets aalyzed. Sice efficiecy idex (EF) was the same i the three equatios with differeces i treatmets, it showed that ifiltratio models positively idicated the process of water ifiltratio i the soil ad those treatmets uder atural coditios provided resposes which were similar to agricultural chroosequece treatmets. Figure 6 shows the velocity curves of water ifiltratio ad their respective adjustmet equatios i each soil of the areas uder aalysis. Equatios showed coefficiet of determiatio rates R 2 = ad R 2 = 0.872, respectively, i the area without huma iterferece i the lower ad upper sectios of the earth mouds. Rates R 2 = 0.935, R 2 = ad R 2 = were lower tha those i areas, respectively, with 5, 10 ad 15 years of huma iterferece. Figure 6 shows ifiltratio velocity rates related to time. Ifiltratio velocity rates i areas without huma iterferece were higher tha those i areas with otillage agricultural system. Accordig to Silva et al. (2012), ifiltratio volume was greater whe water ifiltratio rate i the soil at the basi s bottom was smaller. Figure 7 demostrates comparative rates of ifiltratio velocities by cylider ifiltrometer ad rates calculated by Kostiakov s, Kostiakov-Lewis s ad Horto s equatios for areas without huma iterferece i the upper ad lower sectios of the earth moud ad for areas with 5, 10 ad 15 years huma iterferece by agricultural systems. Figure 7 demostrates that empirical models i all areas behaved similarly, or rather, Kostiakov-Lewis s model had the highest velocity rates of water ifiltratio i the soil ad Horto s model provided velocity rates of water ifiltratio i the soil close to those from the

7 Filho et al Figure 6. Velocity of water ifiltratio i soil of the areas uder atural coditios ad those with huma iterferece, as a fuctio of time. cylider ifiltrometer field model. Rates by Kostiakov s empirical model overrated rates by Horto s model ad those retrieved from the field model. The behavior of empirical models i curret aalysis provided results similar to those reported by Paixão et al. (2009) who estimated water ifiltratio i soil through adjustmets of o-liear fuctios ad of empirical models proposed by Horto, Kostiokov ad Kostiokov- Lewis ad compared results with data retrieved from field rig ifiltrometer i sady texture soils i Lagoa Seca PB Brazil. Table 2 shows the rates of empirical equatios of models proposed by Kostiakov, Kostiakov-Lewis ad Horto for all areas with ad without huma iterferece. Horto s model preseted basic ifiltratio velocity similar to rate from double-rig cylider ifiltrometer (Figure 7) (Moteegro ad Moteegro, 2006). Horto s process was predomiat i some regios with a semi-arid climate. It was the mai source for the productio of discharge peaks i watersheds especially i areas with compacted soils or soils lackig ay vegetal coverig (Dalri et al., 2010; Tomasii et al., 2010; Thomaz, 2009). The model demostrated better ifiltratio i soils with high ifiltratio capacity. Whe compared with field data, the evaluatio of empirical models revealed the model that better applied to local coditios which ivolved physical ad water attributes ad differet phytophysioomies. Accordig to Cavalcate et al. (2011), usage ad maagemet methods led, withi a risig order, o-tillage system, covetioal preparatio ad pasturelad towards the deterioratio of the soil s physical attributes withi the savaah cotext. Water flow behavior i areas without ay huma iterferece evideced the atural ruoff coditios of rai through the soil. Due to the high velocity of basic ifiltratio, these areas aturally had a great capacity i draiig rai water. Cotrastigly, areas which uderwet huma iterferece but which formerly had the same ifiltratio velocity lost such a capacity ad after the first five years revealed the low velocity of basic ifiltratio. The above characteristic is a great cocer i evets of

8 3274 Afr. J. Agric. Res. Figure 7. Field test of ifiltratio velocity of water i soil by the cylider ifiltrometer method ad data by Kostiakov s, Kostiakov-Lewis s ad Horto s equatios for the lower sectio of the earth moud. prologed or cocetrated rais which will certaily cause surface ruoff ad erosio. Coclusios Basic Ifiltratio Velocity (BIV) rates i soils without ay huma iterferece were higher to those foud i soils with o-tillage system. BIV was classified as very high. Areas with 5, 10 ad 15 years uder o-tillage productio process had very low BIV rates. O average, empirical models overrated ifiltratio rates at the begiig of the process whe compared to field data. Rates by Horto s model were very close to those obtaied from basic ifiltratio velocity i field data. Coflict of Iterest The author(s) have ot declared ay coflict of iterest. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors would like to thak the Miistry of Sciece ad Techology (MCT), The Brazilia Coucil for Scietific ad Techical Developmet (CNPq), the Coordiatio for the Upgradig of Higher Educatio Persoel (CAPES), the Foudatio for Research of the State of Goiás (FAPEG) ad the Studies ad Projects Fudig Foudatio (FINEP), for fudig the research project ad for the scholarship grat to the postgraduate studet. Abbreviatios: AC, adjustmet coefficiet; BIV, Basic Ifiltratio Velocity (mm.h -1 ); CRM, coefficiet of residual mass; EF, efficiecy; MURUNDUINF, atural coditios exist i the lower sectio of the earth moud; MURUNDUSUP, atural coditios o the higher sectio of the; earth moud; SPD10, Area occupied for 10 years by o-tillage system; SPD15, Area occupied for 15 years

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