SCARIFICATION WITH SULPHURIC ACID OF Schizolobium amazonicum Huber ex Ducke SEEDS - FABACEAE

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1 308 Cruz et l. Note SCARIFICATION WITH SULPHURIC ACID OF Schizoloium mzonicum Huer ex Ducke SEEDS FABACEAE Eniel Dvid Cruz 1 *; José Edmr Urno de Crvlho 1 ; Rfel Josemr Bros Queiroz 2 1 Emrp Amzôni Orientl, Trv. Dr. Enés Pinheiro s/n, C.P Belém, PA Brsil. 2 UNESP/FCAV Progrm de PósGrdução em Fisiologi Vegetl, Rod. Prof. Pulo Dontto Cstellne, s/n Joticl, SP Brsil. *Corresponding uthor <eniel@cptu.emrp.r> ABSTRACT: Seed cot impermeility to wter occurs in mny species, including Schizoloium mzonicum Huer ex Ducke. To promote germintion in seeds with cot impermeility the use of sulphuric cid ( ) is recommended. The ojective of this study ws to identify etter time the scrifiction with sulphuric cid S. mzonicum seeds. The effect of scrifiction with sulphuric cid 20, 0 nd 60 min on germintion nd speed germintion ws studied seeds tht were either sowed immeditely fter scrifiction or fter 2hour period of immersion in wter. Seeds were sown on mix of snd nd swdust (1:1). The experimentl design ws completely rndomized with four replictions of 50 seeds. The sttisticl nlysis of germintion ws crried out t six, nine, 12, 15, 18, 21 nd 2 dys fter sowing, in fctoril scheme. For speed germintion the mens were compred y the Tukey test. There ws n interction etween tretments to overcome dormncy nd immersion time fter scrifiction in most evlutions. Immersion in wter ccelerted the eginning of germintion. All tretments to overcome dormncy promoted seed germintion. However, scrifiction 60 min, showed etter germintion, 92% when immeditely sown nd 86.5% when sown fter 2 hours. Speed germintion index ws highest scrified seeds 60 min followed y immersion in wter. 60 min ws the most efficient tretment to promote germintion in S. mzonicum seeds. Key words: tropicl species, Amzonin region, hrd seed, seeds cot impermeility, physicl dormncy ESCARIFICAÇÃO COM ÁCIDO SULFÚRICO DE SEMENTES DE Schizoloium mzonicum Huer ex Ducke FABACEAE RESUMO: Impermeilidde do tegumento d semente à águ ocorre em muits espécies, inclusive em Schizoloium mzonicum Huer ex Ducke. Pr promover germinção de sementes com tegumento impermeável um dos métodos recomenddos é o uso de ácido sulfúrico ( ). O ojetivo desse estudo foi identificr o melhor tempo de escrificção com ácido sulfúrico n superção d dormênci em sementes de S. mzonicum, escrificds durnte 20, 0 e 60 minutos. Prte ds sementes foi semed imeditmente pós escrificção e prte pós 2 hors de imersão em águ, em um mistur de rei e serrgem (1:1), onde m quntificds porcentgem e velocidde de germinção. O delinemento foi inteirmente csulizdo com qutro repetições de 50 sementes. A nálise esttístic d germinção foi efetud os seis, nove, 12, 15, 18, 21 e 2 dis pós semedur em esquem ftoril. Pr velocidde de germinção s médis m comprds pelo teste de Tukey. Foi oservd interção entre trtmentos pr superção d dormênci e o tempo de imersão em águ pós escrificção n miori ds vlições. A imersão em águ celerou o início d germinção. Os trtmentos pr superção d dormênci promoverm germinção ds sementes, entretnto, s sementes escrificds durnte 60 minutos presentrm melhor germinção, 92 e 86,5% qundo semeds imeditmente e pós 2 hors, respectivmente. O índice de velocidde de germinção foi superior ns sementes escrificds durnte 60 minutos e imerss em águ. A escrificção durnte 60 minutos constitui um lterntiv pr redução d dormênci ds sementes. Plvrschve: espécie tropicl, região Amzônic, semente dur, impermeilidde do tegumento, dormênci físic Sci. Agric. (Pircic, Brz.), v.6, n.3, p , My/June 2007

2 of S. mzonicum seeds 309 INTRODUCTION Seed cot impermeility to wter, which cuses physicl dormncy, occurs in species of mny fmilies (Bskin & Bskin, 1998; Copelnd & McDonld, 1995), cusing slow nd nonunim germintion (Cruz et l., 2001). Physicl dormncy often is roken y cid scrifiction (Fowler & Binchetti, 2000), nd frequently concentrted sulphuric cid ( ) is used. However, the efficiency of this tretment vries with the concentrtion of the cid, plnt species nd tretment durtion (Bskin & Bskin, 1998; Scheti & AlRwhy, 1998). Seeds of Bowdichi virgiloides Kunth scrified five minutes in sulphuric cid germinted 90% s compred to 21% of the control (Smiderle & Souz, 2003). Cruz et l. (2001) oserved germintion higher thn 7% in Prki nitid Miq. seeds scrified 10, 20, 0 nd 80 minutes while the control tretment presented only germintion of 1.5%. Dilium guineense seeds showed 7% of germintion when scrified 10 minutes nd 1% in the control (McDonld & Omoruyi, 2003). Schizoloium mzonicum Huer ex Ducke, Fcee, is ntive to the Sttes of Prá nd Amzons (Ducke, 199), is one of 350 tropicl woody species presently exploited in the Brzilin Amzon (Mrtini et l., 1998). The species grows rpidly (Flesi & Sntos, 1996), nd hs een considered to e promising species reesttion in the Amzon region (Ros & Pinheiro, 2001). For studying the germintion of seeds of this species, Mruym & Ugmoto (1989) oserved 28% of germintion with no tretments to overcome dormncy. The uthor reported tht use of sulphuric cid during ten minutes did not promote germintion, ssuming tht this tretment ws not long enough to cuse grooves on the cot to llow wter sorption. For commercil production of seedlings of species with impermele seed cot, it is necessry to overcome dormncy to hve rpid nd unim germintion Binchetti & Rmos (1982). Thus, the ojective of this study ws to identify etter time scrifiction with sulphuric cid to rek dormncy in seeds of S. mzonicum. The hypothesis ws tht S. mzonicum seeds hve higher germintion when sujected to tretments with sulphuric cid to overcome dormncy. MATERIAL AND METHODS Schizoloium mzonicum seeds were collected in Belterr, PA, Brzil (02 o 38 S; 5 o 57 W). The experiment ws crried out in Belém, PA, Brzil (1 o 28 S; 8 o 27 W) under room conditions (minimum nd mximum tempertures of 22.9 o C nd 33.6 o C, minimum nd mximum reltive humidities of 79% nd 89%, nd nturl light). Seed moisture ws evluted in 25 individul seeds, t 105 ± 3 o C during 2 hours (Brsil, 1992). The following tretments were evluted: scrifiction in concentrted sulphuric cid ( ) 20 minutes nd immedite sowing (T 2 ); the sme s T 2 nd sowing fter 2 hours of immersion in wter (T 3 ); scrifiction in concentrted sulphuric cid 0 minutes nd immedite sowing (T ); the sme s T nd sowing fter 2 hours of immersion in wter (T 5 ); scrifiction in concentrted sulphuric cid 60 minutes nd immedite sowing (T 6 ); the sme s T 6 nd sowing fter 2 hours of immersion in wter (T 7 ). These tretments were compred with control tretment (T 1 not scrified seeds). The seeds sown 2 hours fter tretement remined in wter under mient room conditions. Three hundred ml of cid were used 210 seeds. After scrifiction the seeds were wshed in running wter, during 30 minutes. During immersion in wter 2 hours, 00 ml of wter were used 210 seeds. Seeds were sown t depth of 0.5 cm in plstic recipients using sustrte contining snd nd swdust (1:1) previously sterilized in hot wter (100 o C) two hours. The sustrte ws irrigted every two dys. Germintion ws checked every dy, 2 dys. The percentge of norml seedlings, hrd seeds nd ded seeds ws lso quntified (Brsil, 1992); the numer of dys germintion, i.e., the numer of elpsed dys from sowing until germintion of the first seed; nd the speed germintion index (Mguire, 1962). A seed ws considered to e germinted when the first pir of true leves ppered nd the seedling hd norml development nd ws helthy. The experimentl design ws completely rndomized with four replictions of 50 seeds ech. The dt were sujected to the homogeneity of vrince test (Brtlett test) ccording to Zr (1996), nd the dys to strt germintion nd men time of germintion vriles were trnsmed, using log (x + 1). The sttisticl nlysis of germintion percentge ws crried out t six, nine, 12, 15, 18, 21 nd 2 dys fter sowing in 3 2 fctoril scheme (except control tretment). After lst count, ANOVA ws crried out other vriles nd germintion. Tretment mens were compred y the Tukey s test (P 0.05). All nlyses were permed y the softwre Sttistic (Sttsoft, 1999). RESULTS AND DCUSSION For most evlutions n interction ws oserved (P 0.05) etween tretments to overcome dor Sci. Agric. (Pircic, Brz.), v.6, n.3, p , My/June 2007

3 310 Cruz et l. Tle 1 Cumultive germintion t ix, nine, 12, 15, 18, 21 nd 2 dys fter immedite sowing () nd sowing fter 2 hours of immersion in wter (S2), Schizoloium mzonicum seeds. Six dys Sci. Agric. (Pircic, Brz.), v.6, n.3, p , My/June 2007 S B B * * * * A B interctio n * * Immedite Sowing sowing fter 2 hour Nine dys 2.8 c * * * * A B interctio n Immedite Sowing sowing fter 2 hour 12 dys 9.2 c ns * * 6.870* * A B interctio n 2.273ns 15 dys S B * *.3513* A B interctio n 7.700* * 18 dys S B Continue...

4 of S. mzonicum seeds 311 Tle 2 Continution * * * A B interctio n * * 21dys S B * * * A B interctio n * * 2 dys S B * * Immersion time fter scrifiction (B) 2.925ns A B interctio n * * Mens followed y the sme upper cse letter in the rows, nd lower cse letter in the columns, re not different y Tukey test (P > 0.05). * nd ** indicte significnce t P 0.01 nd P 0.05, respectively. (ns) indictes not significnt. mncy nd the immersion time of the seeds in wter fter scrifiction (Tle 1). Immersion in wter ccelerted the eginning of germintion, which strted on the 6 th dy fter sowing ll tretments, nd seeds scrified 60 minutes presented higher germintion (15.5%) (Tle 1). From the 15 th dy on ll tretments, oth with immedite sowing nd fter 2 hours, hd similr germintion, except when seeds were scrified 0 minutes. In this tretment immersion in wter proportioned higher germintion s compred to immedite sowing. Anlysis of vrince detected differences (P 0.05) mong tretments ll vriles, except ded seeds percentge (Tle 2). All tretments to overcome dormncy promoted seed germintion, however, scrifiction 60 minutes hd the highest germintion (92%) when immeditely sown, nd 86.5% when sown fter 2 hours. Sulphuric cid hs een reported s n efficient method to increse, ccelerte nd unify seed germintion of species with seed impermele cot (Binchetti & Rmos, 1981; Sntrém & Áquil, 1995; Alves et l., 2000; Arújo et l., 2000; Bruno et l., 2001; Cruz et l., 2001; McDonld & Omoruyi, 2003). However, exposure time to cid is criticl nd needs to e quntified ech species, since seeds ex posed to long period cn e dmged (Schmidt, 2000). This fct ws confirmed y Hermnsen et l. (2000) Dimorphndr mollis Benth. nd McDonld et l. (2002) Tmrindus indic L. nd Prosopis fricn (Guill. & Perr.) Tu. seeds. The numer of dys elpsed from sowing to the eginning germintion rnged from six to 9.25 ut scrified seed during 0 nd 60 minutes, germintion strted ee other tretments. Regrding the germintion speed index, the highest permnce ws scrified seeds 60 minutes followed y immersion in wter. Kondo (1993) showed tht increses of the speed germintion index in Lotus curnicultus vr jponic Regel seeds scrified with sulphuric cid ws proportionl to the exposure time of seeds to cid. Similr results were reported y Delchive & Pinho (2003) with Senn occidentlis (L.) Link seeds. The efficiency of sulphuric cid to overcome dormncy in wter impermele seed cots is mesured y the reduction of hrd seeds percentge. In the control tretment hrd seed percentge ws 97.5%, while in scrified seeds during 60 minutes it rnged from 3 to 5%. Ded seeds nd norml seedlings percentge ws low ll tretments. However, in generl, Sci. Agric. (Pircic, Brz.), v.6, n.3, p , My/June 2007

5 312 Cruz et l. Tle 2 Germintion (G), numer of dys to strt germintion (DSG), speed germintion index (SGI), nd hrd seeds (HD), ded seeds (DS) nd norml seedlings (AS), Schizoloium mzonicum seeds. G DSG Control 20` nd 20` nd S2 0` nd 0` nd S2 60` nd 60` nd S2 SGI % % 1.0 e 8.00 cd 0.22 f 97.5 e d 9.25 d 0.99 e 66.5 d d 8.25 cd 0.9 e 72.0 d c 7.75 cd 2.13 d 6.0 c c c Mens followed y the sme letter in the columns re not different y Tukey test (P > 0.05). nd S2 indicte immedite sowing nd sowing fter 2 hours, respectively; seed moisture = 11.3% ± 2.2. HD DS AS the increse of immersion time in cid cused only smll decrese in hrd seeds nd increse in norml seedlings percentges, proly ecuse hrdness of cots vried mong seeds of the sme smple. Binchetti & Rmos (1982) lso oserved n increse in norml seedlings percentge Pelthoporium duium (Spreng.) Tu. with n exposure time of seeds to cid chnging from two to eight minutes. CONCLUSION in sulphuric cid 60 minutes is n efficient tretment to promote germintion in S. mzonicum seeds. AKNOWLEDGEMENTS To Mocyr B. Dis Filho suggestions on the mnuscript. REFERENCES ALVES, M. d C.S.; MEDEIROS FILHO, S.; ANDRADE NETO, M.; TEÓFILO, E.M. Superção d dormênci em sementes de Buhini monndr Britt. e Buhini ungult L. Ceslpinoidee. Revist Brsileir de Sementes, v.22, p.1391, ARAÚJO, E.F.; ARAÚJO, R.F.; SILVA, R.F. d; GOMES, J.M. Avlição de diferentes métodos de escrificção ds sementes e frutos de Stylosnthes viscos Sw. Revist Brsileir de Sementes, v.22, p.1822, BASKIN, C.C.; BASKIN, J.J. Seeds: ecology, iogeogrphy, nd evolution of dormncy nd germintion. Sn Diego: demic Press, cp.6, p : Germintion ecology of seeds with physicl dormncy. BIANCHETTI, A.; RAMOS, A. Quer de dormênci de sementes de cnfístul (Peltophorum duium (Spreng.) Tuert: resultdos preliminres. Boletim de Pesquis Florestl, n.3, p.8795, BIANCHETTI, A.; RAMOS, A. Comprção de trtmentos pr superr dormênci de sementes de cácinegr (ci mernsii De Wild.). Boletim de Pesquis Florestl, n., p , BIANCHETTI, A.; RAMOS, A. Comprção de trtmentos pr superr dormênci de sementes de cnfístul (Petophorum duium (Spreng) Tuert). Boletim de Pesquis Florestl, n., p.9199, BRASIL. Ministério d Agricultur e Rem Agrári. Regrs pr nálise de sementes. Brsíli: SNDA/DNDV/CLAV, p. BRUNO, R.L.A.; ALVES, E.U.; OLIVEIRA, A.P.; PAULA, R.C. Trtmentos prégermintivos pr superr dormênci de sementes de Mimos ceslpiniefoli Benth. Revist Brsileir de Sementes, v.23, p.13613, COPELAND, L.O.; MCDONALD, M.B. Principles of seed science nd technology. New York: Chpmn & Hll, cp.6, p : Seed dormncy. CRUZ, E.D.; MARTINS, F. de O.; CARVALHO, J.E.U. de. Biometri de frutos e sementes e germinção de jtoácuru (Hymene intermedi Ducke, Leguminose Ceslpinioidee). Revist Brsileir de Botânic, v.2, p , CRUZ, E.D.; CARVALHO, J.E.U. de; LEÃO, N.V.M. Métodos pr superção d dormênci e iometri de frutos e sementes de Prki nitid Miquel. (Leguminose Mimosoidee). t Amzônic, v.31, p , DELACHIAVE, M.E.A.; PINHO, S.Z. de., temperture nd light in germintion of Senn occidentlis seed (Ceslpincee). Seed Science nd Technology, v.31, , DUCKE, A. Nots sore flor neotrópic II: s leguminoss d Amzôni Brsileir. Belém: Instituto Agronômico do Norte, p. (Boletim Técnico, 18). FALESI, I.C.; SANTOS, J.C. dos. Produção de muds de pricá Schizoloium mzonicum Huer ex Ducke. Belém: FCAP, Serviço de Documentção e Inmção. 1996, 16p. (Inme Técnico, 20). FOWLER, J.A.P.; BIANCHETTI, A. Dormênci em sementes florestis. Colomo: Emrp Florests, p. (Documentos, 0). HERMANSEN, L.A.; DURYEA, M.L.; WEST, S.H.; WHITE, T.L.; MALAVASE, M.M. Pretretments to overcome seed cot dormncy in Dimorphndr mollis. Seed Science nd Technology, v.28, p , KONDO, T. Promotion of hrdseed germintion in Lotus cornicultus vr. jponic use in menity grsslnds. Seed Science nd Technology, v.21, p , MACDONALD, I.; OMORUYI, O. Effect of seed pretretment on germintion of two surfce types of Dilium guineense. Seed Technology, v.25, p.1, MACDONALD, I.; OMONHINMIN, A.C.; OGBOGHODO, I.A. Germintion ecology of two tree species, Tmrindus indic nd Prosopis fricn. Seed Technology, v.2, p , MAGUIRE, J.D. Speed of germintionid in reltion evlution seedling emergence vigor. Crop Science, v.2, p , MARTINI, A.; ROSA, N. de A.; UHL, C. Espécies de árvores potencilmente meçds pel tividde mdeireir n Amzôni. Belém: IMAZON, p. (Série Amzôni, 11). MARUYAMA, E.; UGAMOTO, M. promoting germintion of Prki oppositifoli Benth. nd Schizoloium mzonicum Huer. Journl of the Jpnese Forestry Society, v.71, p , Sci. Agric. (Pircic, Brz.), v.6, n.3, p , My/June 2007

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