Morphology and biomass yield of forage cactus under mineral fertilization in organic soil

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1 Vol. 11(37), pp , 15 Septemer, DOI:.597/AJAR.114 Article Numer: 5935AE47 ISSN X Copyright Author(s) retin the copyright of this rticle Africn Journl of Agriculturl Reserch Full Length Reserch Pper Morphology nd iomss yield of forge cctus under minerl fertiliztion in orgnic soil Ptríci Ferreir d Silv*, Rigoerto Moreir de Mtos, Vitóri Edicléci Borges, José Dnts Neto nd Mri Sllydelândi Sorl de Fris Irrigtion nd Dringe Lortory, Acdemic Unit of Agriculturl Engineering, Federl University of Cmpin Grnde, CEP , Cmpin Grnde, PB, Brzil. Received July, ; Accepted 22 August, The ojective of this study ws to evlute the morphologicl chrcteristics nd yield of the iomss of forge cctus in minerl fertilizers in orgnic soil. The experiment ws conducted in vses, in the open in the experimentl re of the Federl University of Cmpin Grnde - UFCG. The experimentl design ws completely rndomized in fctoril scheme 3 2 with four replictions in which fctors consisted of three plm vrieties (Orelh de Elefnte, Bin nd Miúd) nd two mngements fertiliztion (M1 - without ppliction of fertilizer in the foundtion nd M2 - with NPK ppliction on the foundtion). The cultivrs nd the type of isolted fertiliztion significntly influenced the morphology nd yield of the iomss of forge cctus under minerl fertilizers in orgnic soil. Tretment with NPK ppliction hd positive influence on the morphology nd yield of cultivrs iomss. The length, width, thickness nd green mss cldodes weight of Orelh de Elefnte nd Bin showed mximum yield. The interction etween the fctors ws significnt only in the yield in kg -1 vse of forge cctus, with the NPK fertiliztion tht led to mximum yield for cultivr Miúd. Key words: Morphometry, Opunti, Nople, green mss production, fertiliztion types. INTRODUCTION The spineless cctus is one of the min sources of livestock feed in the Northest of Brzil; it serves s n importnt source of wter, energy nd minerls to the livestock (Almeid et l., ). This plnt is notle for its juicy nd roughge nture food which mkes it highly digestile, nd which is indeed of prmount importnce for the formultion of feed for livestock (Moris nd Vsconcelos, 7). According to Donto et l. (14) severl supplementry feeding lterntives hve een used in the semi-rid region to mnge the effect of wter, energy nd minerls limittions. Due to these limittions, plnts which re tolernt to the effect of wter stress, high temperture nd rdition re plnted more in the region. The spineless cctus Opunti ficus-indic (L.) Mill., stnds out for its cctceous, fetures which include numerous ntomicl chrcteristics nd morphologicl nd physiologicl dpttion to the dry ecologicl condition which is prevlent in the semi-rid Northest *Corresponding uthor. E-mil: ptrycyfs@yhoo.com.r. Author(s) gree tht this rticle remin permnently open ccess under the terms of the Cretive Commons Attriution License 4. Interntionl License

2 Precipittion (mm dy -1 ) Evportion Piche (mm) 349 Afr. J. Agric. Res. Precipittion Evportion Piche Dys fter sowing Figure 1. Rinfll nd evportion Piche during the experiment period. (Oliveir et l., ). According to Silv et l. () the reson for the forge plm s highly efficient wter use is due to their morphologicl nd physiologicl chrcteristics, which llows high-cpcity dily CO 2 cpture nd reduced wter loss. Phenomenlly t night, its gs exchnge is termed s the crssulcen cid metolism (CAM). Mngement techniques such s fertiliztion, plnt spcing, nd crop mngement hve een indicted s the most influentil fctors on the productivity of forge cctus (Alves et l., 7). Consoli et l. (13) in their study of Miúd growth otined yield of.9 Mg h -1 yerr -1. Cunh et l. () lso in their study of Miúd cultivr reported n verge production of 1 t h -1 in green mtter forge cctus t months, with density of, plnts per h -1. Other fctors such s greter vilility of nutrients in the soil, minerl fertilizers re essentil for otining high yields re lso exmined. The im with this study ws to evlute the morphologicl chrcteristics nd yield of the iomss of forge cctus under minerl fertilizers in orgnic soil. MATERIALS AND METHODS The experiment ws conducted in pots which were plced in n open re t the cdemic unit of griculturl engineering, linked to the Center for Technology nd Nturl Resources (CTRN) of the Federl University of Cmpin Grnde (UFCG - PB), locted in the geogrphicl coordintes: 7 15' 1'' South ltitude, 35 52' '' West longitude nd verge ltitude of 5 m. According to the Köppen climte clssifiction, dpted to Brzil (Coelho nd Soncin, 192), the climte is the Cs type, which is climte mesotherml, su-humid, with periods of hot nd dry seson of out 4-5 months nd riny seson from utumn to winter. The dily dt of rinfll nd evportion Piche of Cmpin Grnde PB s in Figure 1, from Septemer 14 to Septemer 15, which corresponds to the period of the reserch were otined from the Ntionl Institute of Meteorology (INMET). According to Mcedo et l. (11) studying the intensity of the rinfll in the city of Cmpin Grnde - PB using time series of climte dt n verge rinfll of 4.9 mm ws otined; less rinfll ws oserved from Octoer to Decemer. Figure 2 presents the mximum ir temperture; verge, minimum, nd reltive humidity in the experimentl period from the Ntionl Institute of Meteorology (INMET). The verge mximum temperture recorded is.6 C, the minimum 1.6 C nd n nnul verge of 25. C (Crl Junior et l., 13). The verge reltive humidity of ir is 3.% (Alves et l., 9; Guedes Filho et l., ). The soil used in the study ws clssified s Typic Dystrophic (Emrp, 13), nd the chemicl chrcteristics in depth of - cm, re presented in Tle 1. The tretments consisted of the comintion of two fctors: Three cctus per cultivrs (Orelh de Elefnte, Bin nd Miúd) nd two fertiliztion mngement (M1 - without ppliction of fertilizer in the foundtion nd M2 - with NPK ppliction in the foundtion). The experimentl design used ws completely rndomized, with four replictions, so tht the fctors studied were rrnged in fctoril design of 3 2. The six proposed tretments were rrnged in 24 vses of 22.5 L ech, with spce of.5 m etween plnts nd 1. m etween rows. Ech experimentl unit consisted of one vse with holes in the ottom, contining 1 cm lyer of crushed stone, covered with geotextile to fcilitte dringe; then lyered with out kg of soil. The forge cctus cultivrs used in the experiment were Orelh de Elefnte - Plmep - PB3 - Opunti Tun L. Mill; IPA - Sertâni (Bin) or Plmep - PB1 nd Miúd or sweet or Plmep - PB4 - Npole cochenillifer Slm - Dyck. These were chosen ecuse they re resistnt cochinel crmine (Dctylopius opuntie Cockerell). Rcquets outputs free from infesttions of pests nd diseses were selected for plnting, these included cochinel-de-scles. These rckets pssed through the shdow heling period where

3 Ttemperture (ºC) Reltive humidity in (%) d Silv et l Mx temp Averge temp Min temp Reltive hum verge 9 Dys fter sowing Figure 2. Mximum ir temperture; verge, minimum, nd reltive humidity during the experiment period. Tle 1. Physicl nd chemicl chrcteristics of the soil used in the experiment. ph M.O P K N C Mg Al CTC V g kg -1 Mg dm -3 cmol c dm -3 % the cldodes lost some moisture cused y the cutting opertion in the field. The rckets were rrnged in front of the pits to the sun nd uried % with n inclintion of 45º. Irrigtion ws crried out efore plnting to rise the soil cpcity. This ws done following the grvimetric method (stndrd) of Greenhouse, nd humidity cpcity of U = 26.32% ws otined. The irrigtion ws performed weekly, lwys t the end of the fternoon. The irrigtion mngement ws fixed nd wter slide ws otined y crop evpotrnspirtion (ETc) from the drin reding in the lysimeters (vses), which indicted the verge lnce of wter inlet nd outlet to keep moisture in vlues close to field cpcity throughout the crop cycle, s Eqution 1. Where: ETc = crop evpotrnspirtion in mm dy -1 ; I = lde pplied y irrigtion in mm dy -1 ; D = dringe lde in lysimeter in mm dy -1. Fertilizer ws pplied in the foundtion ccording to the result of soil nlysis. In M2, ure ws used s source of nitrogen, single superphosphte s source of phosphorus nd potssium chloride s source of potssium in doses of kg h -1 N, 1 kg h -1 P 2O 5 nd kg h -1 K 2O ccording Novis et l. (1991).. At 3 dys fter plnting, vriles were exmined. Width nd height of plnts were mesured, length nd width of cldodes perimeter ws mesured using tpe mesure; cldodes were counted; thickness of cldodes ws mesured using digitl cliper nd finlly, weight of green mtter of cldodes nd yield were tken. (1) The estimted production of green iomss of the cultivrs ws determined ccording to the methodology proposed y Menezes et l. (5) nd the verge mss of cldodes estimted sed on the Eqution 2. BMVC = C * L * E *.535 (2) Where: BMVC = iomss of green cldodes mtter, in g; C = verge length of cldodes in cm; L = verge width of the cldodes, in cm; E = verge thickness of the cldodes, in cm. The results of the study vriles were sujected to nlysis of vrince y F test nlyses where the interction ws significnt, the men comprison ws clculted sed on the 5% Tukey test, with the id of Sttisticl Softwre SISVAR (Ferreir, ). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The summry of the nlysis of vrince for plnt height (AP), plnt width (LP), numer of cldodes (NC), length of cldodes (CC) nd width of cldodes (LC) of forge cctus under minerl fertiliztion t 3 dys fter plnting re shown in Tle 2. It should e noted tht the vriles were significnt t 1% proility to cultivrs, except for width of plnts. For the fertilizer fctor, there ws significnt effect for the vriles plnt height, width nd numer of plnt

4 Plnt height (cm) Plnt height (cm) 3 Afr. J. Agric. Res. Tle 2. Anlysis of vrince of plnt height (AP), plnt width (LP), numer of cldodes (NC), length of cldodes (CC) nd width of cldodes (LC) of forge cctus in minerl fertiliztion t 3 dys fter plnting. Vrition sources G.L AP (cm) LP (cm) NC CC (cm) LC (cm) Cultivr (C) ** ns ** 2.67** 139.** Fertiliztion ** 47.4* 19.37**.63 ns 6. ns Interction (C x A) ns ns 27. ns.59 ns.37 ns Residue Generl verge Coefficient of vrition (%) Ns Not significnt t the.5 level of proility y F test; *,** Significnt t.5 level of proility nd.1, respectively, y F test. Orelh de Elefnte Bin Miúd Withou NPK With NPK Cultivrs Fertiliztion Figure 3. Height of spineless cctus plnts depending on cultivrs nd with nd without NPK in the foundtion t 3 dys fter plnting. cldodes t 5 nd 1%, respectively, with no significnt effect for the length nd width of cldodes. However, no significnt interction etween cultivr (C) nd fertiliztion of the forge plm ws found t 3 dys fter plnting (Tle 2). Silv et l. (15) in their study of the growth nd production of forge cctus in minerl fertiliztion oserved tht there ws no difference in the evlutions of morphologicl chrcteristics t dys fter plnting. This result differs from those otined in the present study; this fct is ssocited with the slow growth of the species with cid metolism of CAM crssulcen in the initil phse (Silv et l., ). Plnt height in function of cultivr presented etter performnce in cultivrs Bin nd Miúd when compred to elephnt er, t 3 dys fter plnting (Figure 3A). This is proly relted to genetic nd morphologicl chrcteristics of the cctus per, tht is, species Opunti tun (L.) Mill (Elephnt Er) hs horizontl growth nd Nople cochenillifer (Bhi nd Miúd) hs verticl growth (Emrp, 2). Silv et l. (15) reported tht the cultivr IPA- Sertâni (Bin) nd Miúd re those with higher plnt height compred to other cultivrs, result consistent with tht otined in the present study. On the fctor, fertiliztion, it is noted tht plnt height ws higher in the tretment with NPK; this fct is possily ssocited with n incresed supply of nutrients culture s compred to the tretment without NPK (Figure 3B). According to Silv et l. () nitrogen is the nutrient with the most influence on the plnt height, prticulrly under dequte phosphorus supply. Rmos et l. (11) when studying the vegettive growth of Opunti ficusindic t different plnting spcing found tht plnt height differed sttisticlly t 5% proility, the highest verge eing 74.6 cm t 455 dys fter plnting for cultivr Itlin. These results re similr to those otined in the present study where the verge height oserved ws cm t 3 dys fter sowing. There were significnt differences oserved in the

5 Numer of cldodes Width plnts (cm) Numer of cldodes d Silv et l Withou NPK With NPK 6 Orelh de Elefnte Bin Miúd Fertiliztion Cultivrs (C) Withou NPK With NPK Fertiliztion Figure 4. Plnt width spineless cctus with nd without NPK ppliction in foundtion, cldodes numer depending on the cultivr nd with nd without NPK foundtion fertiliztion (C) t 3 dys fter plnting. Tukey test t 5% proility for plnt width of cctus forge depending on fertilizer (Figure 4A), nd tretment with NPK ppliction ws resulting in mximum increments LP. This fct ssocited with the vilility of nutrients nd consequently the sorption y the plnt iding in their growth. Nscimento et l. (11) studied the morphometric chrcteristics of forge cctus sumitted to orgnic fertilizer, minerl nd cutting. The study report shows tht there ws no significnt difference etween the fertiliztion used on the cctus forge in the experiment to the vrile-width of plnts. The numers of cldodes (depending on the cultivrs) differed sttisticlly in the Tukey test t 5% proility, nd cultivr Miúd showed higher cldodes emission per plnt (Figure 4B). This fct is closely relted to the growth hit of the species gender Nople spp., since they hve open growth hit fvoring the formtion of reols, or xillry uds, llowing the emergence of new cldodes, not only in cldodes pex mother s well s t their side edges (Amorim et l., 15). Despite tht the cultivr Miúd presents more cldodes, the result is lower in green iomss production. However ccording to Silv et l. (15), cultivr Miúd showed superiority of over % in the numer of cldodes per plnt compred to the cultivrs IPA - Sertâni (Bin) nd Orelh Elefnte. Cunh et l. () reports tht lower cldodes re oserved in cultivr Miúd. This function is needed to distriute the nutrients to lrger numer of cldodes, ut their superiority s the numer is effectively ssocited with the morphologicl chrcteristics of the genre. To study the influence of the fertiliztion on numer cldodes, it ws oserved tht the tretment with the NPK ppliction which showed mximum emission of cldodes in cultivrs (Figure 4C). Proly this fct is relted to the existing synergistic interction tht mkes nutrients ville in the soil, mking it redily ville to plnts (Arújo nd Mchdo, 6). According to Silv et l. (14) when soils re fertilized with phosphorus, there is n increse in the vilility of

6 Length cldodes (cm) Width cldodes (cm) 32 Afr. J. Agric. Res Orelh de Elefnte Bin Cultivrs Miúd Orelh de Elefnte Bin Cultivrs Miúd Figure 5. Cldodes length nd cldodes width of forge plm t 3 dys fter plnting. Tle 3. Anlysis of vrince for perimeter cldodes (PC), thickness of cldodes (EC), weight green cldodes mtter (PMVC) nd yield (R) of forge cctus in minerl fertiliztion t 3 dys fter plnting. Vrition sources G.L PC (cm) EC (mm) PMVC (g) R (kg vso -1 ) Cultivr (C) ** ** ** * Fertiliztion ns 3.9 ns 3.9 ns 1.29** Interction (C x A) ns 7.71 ns ns 25.31* Residue Generl verge Coefficient of vrition (%) ns Non- significnce t the.5 level of proility y F test; *,** Significnt t.5 level of proility nd.1, respectively, y F test. denosine triphosphte (ATP) which encourges the sorption of nitrogen s mino cids nd promotes protein synthesis. The length of the cldodes depending on the cultivrs differed sttisticlly t 5% ccording to Tukey test (Figure 5A). It should e noted tht cultivr Bin ws sttisticlly similr to Orelh nd Elefnte ut different from cultivr Miúd. However, the highest length of cldodes ws oserved in cultivr Bin. According to Silv et l. (15) in the study of the productivity of forge cctus cultivrs oserved t different times, the cultivr showed etter length of cldodes (21 cm) in the Orelh Elefnte, t 1 dys fter plnting, corroorting the findings of the present study where the cultivr of Orelh Elefnte did not differ from tht of Bin nd the oserved men ws 24 cm. Regrding the width of cldodes, it ws oserved tht the growth rte of Orelh Elefnte hd higher vlue t 3 dys fter plnting (Figure 5B). Note tht the Bin nd Miúd cultivrs did not differ y Tukey test, leving only cultivr Orelh Elefnte. The low vlue of cldodes width of Bin nd Miúd cultivrs is ssocited with fetures of the cultivrs tht elong to Nople genre. According to Dueux Junior et l. () the differences oserved in the studied cultivrs cn e ssocited to their peculir morphologicl structure which is seen in the width nd thickness of ech cldode. The summry of the nlysis of vrince for the vriles perimeter of cldodes (PC), thickness of cldodes (EC), weight of green cldodes mtter (PMVC) nd yield (Y) of forge cctus in minerl fertiliztion t 3 dys fter plnting re shown in Tle 3. It is oserved tht the vriles were significnt t 1 nd 5% proility fctor to cultivr. For the fertiliztion fctor, there ws significnt effect for the yield vrile t the level of 1%. Significnt effect t 1% proility for interction etween cultivr (C) x fertiliztion of the forge cctus ws oserved t 3 dys fter plnting only for yield vrile (Tle 3). There ws significnt difference t 5% proility oserved y Tukey test for perimeter of cldodes depending on the cultivrs t 3 dys fter plnting

7 PMV cldodes (g) Perimeter cldodes (cm) Thickness cldodes (mm) d Silv et l. 33 Orelh de Elefnte Bin Miúd Orelh de Elefnte Bin Miúd Cultivrs Cultivrs (C) Orelh de Elefnte Bin Miúd Cultivrs Figure 6. Perimeter of cldodes, thickness of cldodes nd green mss weight cldodes (C) depending on the cultivrs t 3 dys fter plnting. (Figure 6A). It should e noted tht the cultivrs Orelh Elefnte nd Bin did not differ; difference ws only noticed in cultivr Miúd. It is lso oserved tht the mximum perimeter ws found in cultivr Orelh Elefnte corresponding to pproximtely 66 cm. The lrgest perimeter oserved in cultivr Orelh Elefnte is ssocited with its ntomy which shows wider perimeter compred to other cultivrs. This result is consistent with those otined y Lel et l. () nd Oliveir Júnior et l. (9), using the sme cultivrs, they found verges for the perimeter of.42 nd. cm to 2 dys fter plnting, respectively. The thickness of cldodes differ sttisticlly y Tukey test t 5% proility, nd the Bin nd Miúd cultivrs presented the gretest thickness of cldodes corresponding to 21.5 nd 19. mm, respectively (Figure 6B). This fct proly is relted to the genre cldodes formt Nople e of olong type tht influences greter thickness for the cldodes, s well s incresing the sme volume resulting in incresed iomss production y plnts fct of gret importnce since cultivrs of this kind generlly hve lower fresh mss production, when compred to the genre Opunti (Dueux Junior et l., ). Regrding the green mss weight of cldodes, depending on the cultivrs t 3 dys fter plnting, it is noted tht this differed sttisticlly t 5% y Tukey test. It ppers tht the highest verge vlue of green mss weight ws otined in cultivr Bin, corresponding to 3 g (Figure 6C). The greter the thickness of the cldodes, the higher their weight will e. As feture of simple visuliztion nd mesurement, green mss production in the semirid region ids the clcultion of the size nd numer of niml flow on the

8 Yield (Kg vse -1 ) Yield (Kg vse -1 ) 34 Afr. J. Agric. Res. With NPK Without NPK Orelh de Elefnte Bin Miúd Orelh de Elefnte Bin Miúd Cultivrs Cultivrs Figure 7. Yield per kg vse -1 depending on cultivr x fertiliztion with NPK nd cultivrs x fertiliztion without NPK of forge plm 3 dys fter plnting. frm. Silv et l. (15) otined similr results to those reported in this study, t 1 dys fter plnting; cldodes green mss production reched pproximtely g in cultivr Bin. The interction etween Cultivr x Fertiliztion ws significnt t 5% y Tukey test for yield of forge plm t 3 dys fter plnting (Figure 7). Note tht the yield of tretments with NPK ppliction in kg vse -1 ws higher in 'Miúd, with mximum yield of 47. kg vse -1 (Figure 7A). Lopes et l. (7) stte tht for spineless cctus to hve good yields, it needs to e grown in well-structured soil with good ertion nd excellent fertility, given tht the plnt requires lrge mount of nutrient due to its high numer of cldodes. Considering ll the ove, it is preferle to cultivr Miúd, since it produces more cldodes thn cultivrs Orelh Elefnte ecuse of its morphologicl structure. Almeid et l. () reported tht fertiliztion, either minerl or orgnic is indispensle when one wnts to hve high yields, since it provides the supply of mcro nd micronutrients necessry for the full development of the cctus forge. Cultivr Miúd compred to Orelh Elefnte is more nutritious nd pprecited y cttle (pltle), ut hs lower resistnce to drought (Silv nd Smpio, 15). Regrding cultivrs within the tretment without NPK ppliction there ws significnt difference t 5% proility y Tukey test (Figure 7B); it is oserved tht the Bin, Orelh Elefnte nd Miúd cultivrs did not differ. This is possily due to the genetic chrcteristics of ech gender nd how it responds to conditions of low nutrient vilility. Silv et l. (15) reports tht when NPK ws pplied to the Bin nd Miúd cultivrs, they showed higher yield in kg vse -1 t 1 dys fter plnting, these results re consistent with tht oserved in this present study. Conclusions 1. The isolted tretments significntly influenced the morphology nd yield of the iomss of forge cctus. 2. Tretment with NPK ppliction improved the morphology nd yield of the iomss of cultivrs cctus forge. 3. The length, width, thickness nd green mss weight of cldodes hd mximum yield for the cultivrs Orelh Elefnte nd Bin. 4. The interction etween the fctors ws significnt only for the yield of cctus forge in kg vse -1 with the NPK fertiliztion tht resulted in mximum yield for cultivr Miúd. Conflict of Interests The uthors hve not declred ny conflict of interests. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The uthors cknowledge Ntionl Counsel of Technologicl nd Scientific Development (CNPq) for wrd scholrship. REFERENCES Almeid J, Peixoto CP, Ledo CAS (). Desempenho vegettivo d plm forrgeir. Rev. Encicl. Biosfer. (15): Alves RN, Fris I, Menezes RSC, Lir MA, Sntos DC (7).

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