EVALUATION OF SEDIMENT PRODUCTION AND SILTATION IN A SMALL EARTH DAM IN FERNANDÓPOLIS, SP

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1 EVALUATION OF SEDIMENT PRODUCTION AND SILTATION IN A SMALL EARTH DAM IN FERNANDÓPOLIS, SP LUIZ S. VANZELA 1, DIEGO L. G. GRECCO 2, JOSÉ N. DA COSTA NETO 3, GILMAR O. SANTOS 4 ABSTRACT: The silttion is nturl process, ut cn e ccelerted y humn ctions nd results in mjor prolems for the reservoirs, reducing its useful volume for irrigtion. An exmple of this prolem ws the reduction of the re of mirror wter of Fernndópolis municipl dm in 48.3% during 2 yers. Therefore, this study imed to evlute the production of sediments nd silttion of Fernndópolis municipl dm from methodology tht cn e pplied to smll erth dms for griculturl purposes. For this, it ws monitored, monthly throughout the yer, the volume of sediment deposited in the reservoir. The percentge of retention sediment in Fernndópolis municipl dm rnged from 53.9 to 94.5%, tht ssocited with high specific sediment yield, will cuse its full silting in t most 57 yers. It is recommended to minimize this process the restortion of permnent preservtion res nd the removl of 17,5 m 3 of sediment from the rivered of the dm. KEYWORDS: hydro-sedimentology, use nd lnd occuption, erosion. AVALIAÇÃO DA PRODUÇÃO DE SEDIMENTOS E DO ASSOREAMENTO EM PEQUENA BARRAGEM DE TERRA DE FERNANDÓPOLIS-SP 1 RESUMO: O ssoremento é um processo nturl, ms que pode ser potencilizdo pels ções ntrópics e result em grndes prolems pr os reservtórios, reduzindo seu volume útil pr irrigção. Um exemplo deste prolem foi redução d áre do espelho d águ d repres municipl de Fernndópolis em 48,3%, durnte 2 nos. Por isso, este trlho teve como ojetivo vlir produção de sedimentos e o ssoremento d repres municipl de Fernndópolis prtir de metodologi que pode ser plicável pequens rrgens de terr pr fins grícols. Pr isto, foi monitordo, menslmente, durnte um no, o volume de sedimento depositdo n repres. O percentul de retenção de sedimentos n repres municipl de Fernndópolis vriou de 53,9 94,5%, que ssocid um lt produção específic de sedimentos, provocrá seu completo ssoremento em, no máximo, 57 nos. Recomendm-se pr minimizr este processo, resturção ds áres de preservção permnente e retird de 17.5 m 3 de sedimentos do leito d repres. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: hidrossedimentologi, uso e ocupção do solo, erosão. INTRODUCTION Silttion is the deposition of sediment trnsported y wter courses, due to the reduction of the kinetic energy t levels elow tht needed to keep them in suspension. This dynmic is defined y the sturtion vlue (CARVALHO, 28) which depends on the flow rte nd slope of the wter courses, in ddition to prticle size nd specific weight of the sediment. This is process tht occurs nturlly, ut when potentite due to indequte soil mngement cn result in degrdtion of qulity nd vilility of the wter (POLETO et l., 21). 1 Engº Agrônomo, Prof. Doutor, Deprtmento de Agronomi, UNICASTELO/Fernndópolis SP, Fone: (17) , lsvnzel@yhoo.com.r. 2 Engº Amientl e Snitrist, FIFE/Fernndópolis SP, grecco.m@gmil.com. 3 Engº Amientl e Snitrist, FIFE/Fernndópolis SPF, jniloneto@gmil.com. 4 Doutorndo em Agronomi, Deprtmento de Engenhri Agrícol, UNESP/Joticl, gilmr_engmientl@yhoo.com.r Receido pelo Conselho Editoril em: Aprovdo pelo Conselho Editoril em:

2 Evlution of sediment production nd silttion in smll erth dm in Fernndópolis, SP 913 The chnge of soil use, with griculture nd urn perimeters ssocited with the verge slope in the sins, contriute to incresed soil loss nd sediment concentrtion in wter (VANZELA et l., 21; MINGOTI & VETTORAZZI, 211) ggrvting the process of silttion. This occurs ecuse the reduction in infiltrtion rte of the soil leds to incresing the surfce runoff (GOMES et l., 27) nd, consequently, the kinetic energy of the wter, mximizing the cpcity to crry sediment. According to OLIVEIRA et l. (211) the devsttion of vegettion surrounding the rivers rings serious implictions to the nturl environment, such s silttion, pollution nd contmintion y products of griculturl origin. Effects such s these re otined y WU et l. (212), which quntify the nthropogenic nd climtic impcts on sediment production, it ws oserved tht in the 198s, even with the construction of dms; the deforesttion induced n increse of lmost 2% in the sediment lod of the Perl River (Zhujing), Chin. Among the min impcts cused y nthropogenic soil use on the wtershed re those referring to the reduction of the useful life of the usrs. These hydrulic structures re rtificil rtworks tht lter the flow regime, incresing their susceptiility to silting process. Reducing the velocity of wter flow due to the enlrgement of the cross section (ALBERTIN et l., 21; SANTOS & HERNANDEZ 213) cretes fvorle conditions for sedimenttion of solid mteril crried y the wter course or rising y runoff from the wtershed. This ehvior, however, is responsile for the significnt reduction in sediment lod in rivers tht hve dms (SYVITSKI & KETTNER, 211). The temporl vrition of sediment production in wtersheds in the short term is lso relted to rinfll ptterns, s oserved y SILVA JUNIOR et l. (211). The reservoirs lso clled dikes re of utmost importnce to regionl development nd mngement of wter resources, s mong their min use in the current sitution, cn e highlight: hydroelectricity, irrigtion, urn wter supply nd drought control (UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRAMME, 27). Therefore, the reduced supply of wter due to silting in the reservoirs cn hve negtive consequences for regionl development, especilly in cities tht depend on these structures for irrigtion. The city of Fernndópolis locted northwest of the stte of São Pulo, hs reservoir used for lndscping purposes, which showed reduction of 48.3% in its wter mirror in (VANZELA, 212), minly due to the urn evolution ssocited with griculturl occuption in its dringe sin. Therefore, it is essentil to nlyze the mgnitude of the process s the sis for the doption of preventive or corrective mesures. In this context, this study imed to evlute the production of sediments nd silttion in smll dm in Fernndópolis, SP. DESCRIPTION OF THE SUBJECT Loction This study ws conducted t the Municipl Dm in Fernndópolis - SP, which drins sin of h, locted in the urn re of the municiplity, etween ltitudes 2 15'43 "nd 2 15'53" South nd longitude 5 14'19 "nd 5 14'6" West (Figure 1).

3 Luiz S. Vnzel, Diego L. G. Grecco, José N. D Cost Neto, et l. 914 Fernndópolis - SP 1 m FIGURE 1. Loction of Fernndópolis Municipl Dm - SP. Chrcteristics of Dringe Bsin nd Climte By Köppen clssifiction, the climte is Aw, Tropicl Wet (ROLIM et l., 27), with dry nd mild winter nd hot nd riny summer with n verge nnul temperture of 23.5 C nd verge rinfll of 1,321 mm yr -1. The soil of the sin tht drins wter to the dm, the oject of study, is from the PVA1 group tht is Clyey Red-Yellow soil (OLIVEIRA et l., 1999) nd other chrcteristics re presented in Figure 2. Uso e Ocupção do Solo Soil use nd occuption Confinement confinmento Perennil culturs perenes crop Wter espelhos mirror d'águ Ntive mts ntivs forests Pstures pstgens Floodplin várzes Populted áres urnizds res Perennil crop 6.45% Ntive forests 7.47% Floodplin 2.73% Confinement.81% Wter mirror.5% Populted res 43.79% m Pstures 38.24% c Description Vlue Dringe re h Perimeter 9.71 km Min rivered 2.54 km Totl wtercourses km Density Drin 1.31 km km -2 Mximum ltitude 551 m Minimum ltitude 476 m FIGURE 2. Current lnd use (, ) nd chrcteristics (c) of the wtershed in upstrem of the dm studied.

4 Evlution of sediment production nd silttion in smll erth dm in Fernndópolis, SP 915 The study ws conducted from Ferury 211 to Ferury 212, period in which the totl rinfll ws 1,373 mm nd totl potentil evpotrnspirtion ws 1,426 mm (INTEGRATED CENTER OF AGRO METEOROLOGICAL INFORMATION, 212) (Figure 3). 7 P ou ETP (mm) P ETp 1 FIGURE 3. Precipittion Totls (P) nd evpotrnspirtion (ETP) during the reserch period. where, Methodology Anlysis of silttion of the dm ws sed on eqution 1 (CARVALHO et l., 2.) Vres T (1) 365 S T = Time to silttion (yers); Vres = Totl volume of the dm (m 3 ), nd S = Volume of sediment in the dm (m 3 d -1 ). The totl volume of the dm ws determined y thymetric survey conducted in April 212, using the method vu of thymetry with PVC pipe grduted 5 y 5 cm for the collection of depths nd one sttion, sed on two GPS control points deployed ner the dm. Dt were downloded in DtGeosis Office softwre nd depths introduced in the plnimetric dt on spredsheet softwre. Then, the digitl terrin model (DTM) ws generted from n irregulr grid of 33 depth points nd clculted the re of the wter surfce nd the totl volume of the dm resulting in 18,548 m 2 nd 18,598 m 3 respectively (Figure 4).

5 Luiz S. Vnzel, Diego L. G. Grecco, José N. D Cost Neto, et l. 916 c Prmeters Bse Surfce: Surfce of Reference: Intervl of Integrtion: Results Clipping Volume: Volume of Lndfill: d full thymetry Pln (Z = m) 2.. m m 3 FIGURE 4. Detil of the points survey in the depth nd in the oundry of the dm (), of the DTM generted (), 3D model of the depth (c) nd the volume clcultion y the softwre (d). The clcultion of the volume of sediment in the dm (S) ws performed using Eqution 2: S' S (2) d s where, S - Volume of sediment withheld in the dm (m 3 d -1 ); S - mss of sediment withheld in the dm (kg d -1 ), nd ds - Density of solid sediments on the ottom of the dm (kg m -3 ). To determine the density of solid sediments on the ottom of the dm (ds), on the occsion of the thymetry, 7 smples were collected of pproximtely 2 g with the sme tue used to collect the depths of the dm. Then the smples were plced in plstic continers nd rought to the Lortory of Geology nd Soil Physics of the Integrted Colleges of Fernndópolis for nlysis. After otining the results, it ws considered the vlue of the density of solids, the verge of ll collected smples, tht is, 1.89 g cm -3 (1,89 kg m -3 ) (Figure 5).

6 Evlution of sediment production nd silttion in smll erth dm in Fernndópolis, SP FIGURE 5. Detils of smple loctions on frontl () nd profile view (), with the respective depths (H) nd the density prticle (ds). The mss of sediment retined on the dm (S ) ws determined with the id of the eqution 3: S' where: (3) DST e DST s S - Mss of sediment retined in the dm (kg d -1 ); DSTe - Totl sediment dischrge entering the dm (kg d -1 ), nd DSTs - Totl sediment dischrge coming out of the dm (kg). The totl solid dischrge entering the reservoir ws determined y dding the solid dischrge t the points A, B nd C nd totl solid dischrge coming out of the dm, mesured t the exit of the dischrger (concrete tue) locted t point D (Figure 6). B A C Input = A+B+C D Output = D FIGURE 6. Point loction of flow mesurement nd wter smples for determintion of totl solids. The totl solid dischrge from ech point A, B nd C ws determined y the eqution 4: DST (4) DSS DSL where, DST = Totl solid dischrge (kg d -1 ); DSS = Suspended solid dischrge (kg d -1 ), nd

7 Luiz S. Vnzel, Diego L. G. Grecco, José N. D Cost Neto, et l. 918 DSL = Rivered Solid dischrge (kg d -1 ). The totl solid dischrge (DST) coming out of the dm ( point D) ws determined only y the suspended solid dischrge (DSS), ecuse of the dischrger from upstrem to downstrem of the dm is ove the ottom of it. The suspended solid dischrges, of input or output of the dm, were determined ccording to the eqution 5: where, C Q, 24 (5) DSS ST DSS = Suspended solid dischrge (kg d -1 ); CST = Totl solids (mg L -1 ), nd Q = Strem flow (m 3 h -1 ). Strem flow ws determined y the integrting flot method. Concentrtions of totl solids were otined y grvimetric nlysis of wter smples, oth mesured t points A, B, C nd D. The wter nlyzes were relized t the Lortory of Geology nd Soil Physics of the Integrted Colleges in Fernndópolis. The solid dischrge of the rivered ws determined y the method of COLBY (1954) (CARVALHO, 28) ccording to the eqution 6: where, v L K 1 DSL (6) m DSL = Solid dischrge on the rivered (kg d -1 ); vm = Men flow velocity (m s -1 ); L = Liner width of the chnnel section (m), nd K = Correction fctor. The liner section width of the chnnel nd the verge flow velocity were otined t the time of flow mesurements. The correction fctor ws determined sed on the totl solids concentrtion nd reltive concentrtion, using the eqution 7: where,.5 1 C ST K.18 C (7) R K = Correction fctor; CST = totl solids concentrtion (mg L -1 ), nd CR = Reltive concentrtion (mg L -1 ) determined y Coly digrm. Smples nd mesurements of strem flow were performed monthly for period of 1 yer, totling 12 smples of wter nd strem flow mesurements t the entrnce nd t the exit of the dm. Result Anlysis The correltion coefficients (r) were determined for ll vriles with the ccumulted precipittion of the 7 dys preceding the mesurements (P7d) nd presented their vriility s

8 Concentrtion (mg L -1 ) Precipittion (mm) Concentrtion (mg L -1 ) Evlution of sediment production nd silttion in smll erth dm in Fernndópolis, SP 919 function of time. The clssifiction of the correltion coefficient (r) ws the one proposed y Hopkins (2) (Tle 1). TABLE 1. Clssifiction of correltions in ccordnce with the correltion coefficient (r). Correltion coefficient Correltion. r <.1 or -.1< r. Very low.1 r <.3 or -.3 < r -.1 Low.3 r <.5 or -.5 < r -.3 Moderte.5 r <.7 or -.7 < r -.5 High.7 r <.9 or -.9 < r -.7 Very High.9 r < 1. or -1. < r -.9 Extremely high It ws performed sttisticl comprisons etween verges, for the vlues of totl solids concentrtions, strem flow nd totl solid dischrges of entry nd exit from the dm, distriuted etween the riny nd dry sesons. For this, it ws used the criterion of GRAVETTER & WALLNAU (1995), whose differentition occurs when there is no overlp of the upper nd lower limits of the stndrd errors of the mens. The riny nd dry periods were considered, respectively, the periods of surplus nd wter deficit, defined ccording to the sequentil wter lnce (PEREIRA et l., 22). The ville wter cpcity (AWC) considered ws 1 mm nd rinfll dt nd potentil evpotrnspirtion dt were otined from utomtic sttion in Fernndópolis (INTEGRATED CENTER OF AGRO METEOROLOGICAL INFORMATION,212). The retined volume of sediment nd time for silttion were nlyzed y the prole vrition round the men using the stndrd error of the men for the riny nd dry period. Sttisticl nlyzes were performed with the SPSS softwre. All clcultions, tles nd grphs were performed with the id of Microsoft Excel softwre. Concentrtion of Totl Solids The vlues of totl solids concentrtion rnge from 18 to 71 mg L -1 t the input(cste) nd from 17 to 625 mg L -1 t the output (CSTs) of the dm, with high correltion etween CSTe nd the P7d (r =.63) nd moderte correltion etween CSTs nd the P7d (r =.37) (Figure 7). In the riny periods (577 ± 83 nd 387 ± 14 mg L -1 ) nd dried (219 ± 53 nd 19 ± 36 mg L -1 ) (Figure 7) were not otined significnt differences etween the mens of CSTe nd CSTs. Most significnt results were otined y LU & SIEW (26), which showed n verge reduction of 4% in sediment concentrtion fter instlltion of dms on the Lower Mekong River in Chin P7d (mm) CSTe CSTs Riny Dry CSTe CSTs FIGURE 7. Temporl vrition of the rinfll during the 7 dys efore the ssessments (P7d) nd of the totl solids concentrtions of the input (CSTe) nd output (CSTs) () nd verges of CSTe nd CSTs in the wet nd dry periods ().

9 Luiz S. Vnzel, Diego L. G. Grecco, José N. D Cost Neto, et l. 92 The significnt increse in the concentrtion of totl solids in the riny period, oth input nd output (Figure 7), cn e explined y the greter potentil for entrinment of sediment in the period ssocited with the degree of urn nd griculturl occuption in the re of the dringe sin, correlting positively with the concentrtion of sediment in wter (VANZELA et l., 21; SILVA et l., 28). Similr ehvior hs lso een oserved in different rivers in Brzil (MELO et l., 29; MEDEIROS et l., 211). Independently of the oserved ehviors, it ws found tht the vlues for this vrile re well ove of those found in sins with preserved ntive vegettion (TUNDISI & TUNDISI, 21), indicting gret griculturl nd urn pressure on wter resources in the wter sin. Strem flow Strem flow rtes rnged from to m 3 h -1 t the input (Qe) nd to m 3 h -1 t the output (Qs) of the dm, oth with high positive correltion (r =.58 to input nd r =.47 to output) with P7d (Figure 8). In this cse, there were significnt differences etween the mens of oth Qe nd Qs in the riny period ( ± nd ± m 3 h -1 ) s the dry ( ± 14.5 nd 7.41 ± 9.23 m 3 h -1 ), tht is, the volume dmped y the dm rnged on verge from 4.8 to 81.3% in the riny period nd 42.2 to 63.1% in the dry period (Figure 8). These dmping percentges were similr to those otined y SOUZA FILHO (213), who oserved in severl dms locted in the sin of Prguy, Cuiá nd Tquri rivers, percentge of control of the strem flow vrying from 5.9 to 87.9%. The dmping effect of the strem flow cn lso e verified y the lck of differentition etween the men of the riny nd dry period t the output of the dm. Strem flow (m 3 h -1 ) P7d (mm) Qe Qs Precipittion (mm) Strem flow (m 3 h -1 ) Qe Qs Riny Dry FIGURE 8. Temporl vrition of the rinfll during the 7 dys efore the ssessments (P7d) nd of the input (Qe) nd output flow (Qs) () nd verges of Qe nd Qs in the riny nd dry periods (). Regrding the mgnitude of verge wter vilility in the sin, considering the specific verge strem flow oserved from 32.5 ± 3.97m 3 km -2 h -1, it ws found tht it is ove of the verge in its river sin, the su-sin Águ Vermelh/Pádu Diniz, which is of 26.5 m 3 km -2 h -. Totl Solid Dischrge The totl solid dischrge (DST) rnge from 94 1 to 28,5 kg d -1 t the input (DSTe) nd 13 to 789 kg d -1 t the output (DSTs), oth showing high positive correltion (r =.71 to the input nd r =.62 to the output) with the P7d (Figure 9 ). It ws oserved tht regrdless of the seson (riny or dry) or the estimted loction (input nd output of the dm), there were significnt differences etween mens. Oserved mens DSTe nd DSTs were ± nd.716 ±.38 t d -1 in the riny period nd ±.258 nd

10 Mss of retined sediments (t d -1 ) Volume of retined sediments (m 3 d -1 ) Totl solids dischrges (1 3 kg d -1 ) Evlution of sediment production nd silttion in smll erth dm in Fernndópolis, SP ±.59 t d -1 in the dry period (Figure 9) nd verge specific production periods of.781 ±.47 t km -2 d -1 (285 ± 149 t km -2 yr -1 ). Totl solids dischrges (1 3 kg d -1 ) P7d (mm) DSTe DSTs Precipittion (mm) Riny Dry FIGURE 9. Temporl vrition of the rinfll during the 7 dys efore the ssessments (P7d) nd of the input (DSTe) nd output of totl solid dischrges (DSTs) () nd verges of DSTe nd DSTs in the riny nd dry periods (). According to the clssifiction proposed y CARVALHO et l. (2), the specific sediment production on the sin hs high potentil for silttion of the Fernndópolis dm, which explins its reduction on the wter mirror of 48.3% etween the yers (VANZELA, 212 ). Among the oserved fctors tht contriute to this high sediment yield, cn e highlight the degrdtion of forests, griculturl ctivities nd urn expnsion. As noted, only 7.5% of the dringe re of the sin (Figure 2) still hs preserved ntive vegettion, ut mostly locted outside of res of permnent preservtion. This fct ssocited with the sitution of not conserved grzing (38.2% of the sin) nd urn sprwl (43.8% of the sin) without the control of slopes, cn e considered the min fctors cting in excessive production of sediment on the dm. Silttion In the present condition, the results show significnt men of sediment mss retention on the dm in the riny seson ( ± t d -1 ) to dry seson (1.322 ±.235 t d -1 ), which correspond to vrition of 53.9 to 94.5% in sediments retention (Figure 1). DSTe DSTs 25 2 Riny Dry 12 1 Riny Dry S (r =,7) S (r =,7) FIGURE 1. Mss () nd volume () of sediments retined in the dm during the riny nd dry periods.

11 Luiz S. Vnzel, Diego L. G. Grecco, José N. D Cost Neto, et l. 922 Vritions in retention cpcity estimted in sediment on dms were 66% on verge for some Brzilin sins (SOUZA FILHO, 213). In Chin, HU et l. (29) estimted for Three Gorges dm n efficiency in retining sediment on the order of 75%. Volume retention verge in riny nd dry period ws respectively, 6.11±4.32 nd.7±.12 m 3 d -1. Considering the current mesured volume of the dm (18,598 m 3 ) nd the verge nnul volume of sediment retined in the dm (729 ± 425 m 3 yr -1 ), if no corrective-preventive mesure is dopted, it is expected tht the complete sedimenttion of Fernndópolis municipl dm occurs in t most in 57 yers, ccording to the stndrd men error. In view of tht the dm is strtegiclly locted to cpture wter for irrigtion (38.2% of the re consists of grsslnd), oosting the locl economy, it is recommended tht preventive mesures re tken to minimize sediment production levels consistent with tolerle nturl production, nd corrective, iming to restore the useful originl volume nd cpcity of wter storge. Preventive mesures should include reducing the overlnd flow sin through forest restortion in the res of permnent preservtion, techniques of crop rottion, contour plnting, terrcing, gully recovery (STEPHENS, 21) nd mster plns with rtionl urn sprwl. As corrective mesure, knowing tht the wter mirror silted in 1979 compred to the current ws pproximtely 17,5 m 2 (VANZELA, 212) nd the current verge depth of out 1. m, it is recommended the withdrwl of t lest 17,5 m 3 of sediment y dredging. CONCLUSION The percentge of sediment retention on the dm in the city of Fernndópolis rnged from 53.9 to 94.5%, tht ssocited with high specific sediment production cuses its full silting in t most 57 yers. To void this process it is recommended tht preventive mesures such s the restortion of permnent preservtion res nd corrective mesures such s the removl of 17,5 m 3 sediment of the dm. REFERENCES ALBERTIN, L. L.; MATOS, A. J. S; MAUAD, F. F. Cálculo do volume e nálise d deposição de sedimentos do reservtório de Três Irmãos. Revist Brsileir de Recursos Hídricos, Porto Alegre, v.15, n.4, p , 21. CARVALHO, N. O. Hidrossedimentologi prátic. 2ª ed. rev. tul. e mpl. Rio de Jneiro: Interciênci, 28. 6p. CARVALHO, N. O.; FILIZOLA JÚNIOR, N. P.; SANTOS, P. M. C.; LIMA, J. E. F. W. Gui de vlição de ssoremento de reservtórios. Brsíli: ANEEL, 2. 17p. CENTRO INTEGRADO DE INFORMAÇÕES AGROMETEOROLÓGICAS. Ddos climáticos d estção grometeorológic de Fernndópolis - SP. Disponível em: < Acesso em: 2 mr DOORENBOS, J.; KASSAN, A.H. Yeld response to wter. Rome: FAO, p. (Irrigtion nd Dringe Pper, 33). GOMES, N. M.; FARIA, M. A. DE; SILVA, A. M. DA; MELLO, C. R. DE; VIOLA, M. R. Vriilidde espcil de triutos físicos do solo ssocidos o uso e ocupção d pisgem. Revist Brsileir de Engenhri Agrícol e Amientl, Cmpin Grnde, v.11, n.4, p , 27. GRAVETTER, F. J.; WALLNAU, L. B. Sttistics for the ehviorl sciences. 2 nd.ed. St. Pul: West Pulishing, p. HOPKINS, W. G. A new view of sttistics. Internet Society for Sport Science. Disponível em: Acesso em: 23 jn. 28.

12 Evlution of sediment production nd silttion in smll erth dm in Fernndópolis, SP 923 HU, B.; YANG, Z.; WANG, H.; SUN, X.; BI, N.; LI, G. Sedimenttion in the Three Gorges Dm nd the future trend of Chngjing (Yngtze River) sediment flux to the se. Hydrology nd Erth System Sciences, Goettingen, v.13, p , 29. LU, X. X.; SIEW, R. Y. Wter dischrge nd sediment flux chnges over the pst decdes in the Lower Mekong River: possile impcts of the Chinese dms. Hydrology nd Erth System Sciences, Goettingen, v.1, p , 26. MEDEIROS, P. R. P.; KNOPPERS, B.; SOUZA, W. F. L.; OLIVEIRA, E. N. Aporte de mteril em suspensão no ixo rio SÃO FRANCISCO (SE/AL), em diferentes condições hidrológics. Brzilin Journl of Aqutic Science nd Technology, Itji, v.5, n.1, p.42-53, 211. MELO, C. de A.; MOREIRA, A. B.; BISINOTI, M. C. Perfil espcil e temporl de poluentes ns águs d repres municipl de São José do Rio Preto, São Pulo, Brsil. Químic Nov, São Pulo, v.32, n.6, p , 29. MINGOTI, R.; VETTORAZZI, C. A. Reltive reduction in nnul soil loss in micro wtersheds due to the relief nd forest cover. Revist Brsileir de Engenhri Agrícol, Joticl, v.31, n.6, p , 211. OLIVEIRA, J. B.; CAMARGO, M. N.; ROSSI, M.; CALDERANO FILHO, B. Mp pedológico do Estdo de São Pulo: legend expndid. Cmpins: Instituto Agronômico/EMBRAPA Solos, p. OLIVEIRA, L. C. de; PEREIRA, R.; VIEIRA, J. R. G. Análise d degrdção mientl d mt cilir em um trecho do Rio Mxrngupe-RN: um contriuição à gestão dos recursos hídricos do Rio Grnde do Norte - Brsil. Holos Environment, Rio Clro, v.5, p.49-66, 211. PEREIRA, A. R.; ANGELOCCI, L. R.; SENTELHAS, P. C. Agrometeorologi: fundmentos e plicções prátics. Guí: Agropecuári, p. POLETO, C.; CARVALHO, S. L. de; MATSUMOTO, T. Avlição d qulidde d águ de um microci hidrográfic no município de Ilh Solteir (SP). Holos Environment, Rio Clro, v.1, p.95-11, 21. ROLIM, G. de S.; CAMARGO, M. B. P. DE; LANIA, D. G.; MORAES, J. F. L. de. Clssificção climátic de Köppen e de Thornthwite e su plicilidde n determinção de zons groclimátics pr o Estdo de São Pulo. Brgnti, Cmpins, v.66, p , 27. SANTANA, J. A. V.; COELHO, E. F.; FARIA, M. A.; SILVA, E. L.; DONATO, S. L. R. Distriuição de rízes de nneir prt-nã no segundo ciclo de produção so três sistems de irrigção. Revist Brsileir de Fruticultur, Joticl, v. 34, p , 212. SANTOS, G. O.; HERNANDEZ, F. B. T. Uso do solo e monitormento dos recursos hídricos no córrego do Ipê, Ilh Solteir, SP. Revist Brsileir de Engenhri Agrícol e Amientl, Cmpin Grnde, v.17, n.1, p.6-68, 213. SILVA, A. E. P.; ANGELIS, C. F.; MACHADO, L. A. T.; WAICHAMAN, A. V. Influênci d precipitção n qulidde d águ do Rio Purus. Act Amzonic, Mnus, v.38, n.4, p , 28. SILVA JUNIOR, V. P.; MONTENEGRO, A. A. A.; SILVA, T. P. N.; GUERRA, S. M. S.; SANTOS, E. S.; Produção de águ e sedimentos em ci representtiv do semiárido pernmucno. Revist Brsileir de Engenhri Agrícol e Amientl, Cmpin Grnde, v.15, n.1, p , 211. SOUZA FILHO, E. E. As rrgens n ci do rio Prgui e possível influênci sore descrg fluvil e o trnsporte de sedimentos. Boletim de Geogrfi, Mringá, v.31, n.1, p , 213.

13 Luiz S. Vnzel, Diego L. G. Grecco, José N. D Cost Neto, et l. 924 STEPHENS, T. Mnul on smll erth dms: guide to siting, design nd construction. Rome: FAO Irrigtion nd Dringe, p. (Pper 64). SYVITSKI, J. P. M.; KETTNER, A. Sediment flux nd the Anthropocene. Philosophicl Trnsctions of The Royl Society A, London, v.369, p , 211. VANZELA, L. S. Evolução d pisgem do município de Fernndópolis - SP. In: PREFEITURA DE FERNANDÓPOLIS (Org.). Fernndópolis noss históri, noss gente. São Pulo: Anglo, 212. v.2, p VANZELA, L. S.; HERNANDEZ, F. B. T. H.; FRANCO, R. A. M. Influênci do uso e ocupção do solo nos recursos hídricos do Córrego Três Brrs, Mrinópolis. Revist Brsileir de Engenhri Agrícol e Amientl, Cmpin Grnde, v.14, n.1, p.55 64, 21. TUNDISI, J. D.; TUNDISI, T. M. Impctos potenciis ds lterções do Código Florestl nos recursos hídricos. Biot Neotropic, Cmpins, v.1, n.4, p.67-75, 21. UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRAMME. Dms nd development: relevnt prctices for improved decision-mking. Niroi: UNEP, p. WU, C. S.; YANG, S. L.; LEI, Y. Quntifying the nthropogenic nd climtic impcts on wter dischrge nd sediment lod in the Perl River (Zhujing), Chin ( ). Journl of Hydrology, Amsterdm, v , p.19-24, 212.