ENERGIA e DESENVOLVIMENTO. CCEE Lisboa, em 12 de Outubro de 2016

Transcrição

1 ENERGIA e DESENVOLVIMENTO Jorge Alberto Gil Saraiva CCEE Lisboa, em 12 de Outubro de 2016

2 Sadi Carnot (1824) The production of motive power in heat engines is due not to an actual consumption of the caloric, but to its transportation from a warm body to a cold body, that is, to its re establishment of equilibrium. Clausius (1850; 1865) The entropy of the world tends towards a maximum. For any process the sum of all entropy changes occurring as a result of the process is greater than zero and approaches zero in the limit as the process becomes reversible. Planck (1897) Every physical or chemical process in nature takes place in such a way as to increase the sum of the entropies of all the bodies taking any part in the process. In the limit, i.e. for reversible processes, the sum of the entropies remains unchanged. Gleick (1997) Everything tends towards disorder. Any process that converts energy from one form to another must lose some as heat. Perfect efficiencyis is impossible. The universe is a one way street. Entropy must always increase in the universe and in any hypothetical isolated system within it. Chang (1998) The entropy of the universe increases in a spontaneous process and remains unchanged in an equilibrium process Cuttnell & Johnson (1998) No irreversible engine operating between two reservoirs at constant temperatures can have a greater efficiency that a reversible engine operating between the same temperatures [Carnot s principle]. Klyce (2005) Thingsnever never organizethemselves.

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5 development index hdi d / / /h d d hdi TheHuman Development Index (HDI) is a composite statistic of life expectancy, education, and per capita income indicators, which are used to rank countries into four tiers of human development. A country scores higher HDI when the lifespan is higher, the educationlevel is higher, the GDP per capita is higher, the fertility rate is lower, and the inflation rate is lower. The HDI was developed by the Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq working alongside Indian economist Amartya Sen, often framed in terms of whether people are able to "be" and "do" desirable things in their life, and was published by the United Nations Development Programme. The 2010 Human Development treportintroduced d an Inequality adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI). While the simple HDI remains useful, it stated that "the IHDI is the actual level of human development t( (accounting for inequality)," )" and "the HDI can be viewed as an index of 'potential' human development (or the maximum IHDI that could be achieved if there were no inequality).

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19 O desenvolvimento sustentado é o desenvolvimento que permite dar resposta às necessidades do presente, sem comprometer a possibilidade de as gerações futuras darem resposta às delas Viver dos juros e não do capital 1 Td Toda aactividade id d económica e humana tem impacto no meio ambiente e implica informação e utilização de energia; 2 Nãoétantooimpactoemsiqueimportamasoritmo do impacto. Existe, portanto, um problema de tempo: o ritmo biológico difere do ritmo mecânico e tecnológico, levantando a questão da irreversibilidade e da sustentabilidade, conceito mais neutro do que o DS Conceito antropocêntrico: a garantia de condições de vida duradouras para o Homem na Terra, nãosendoaprotecção ã dos recursos um fimemsii mesmo, mas instrumental SUSTENTABILIDADE FRACA em que, numa perspectiva intergeracional, se pretende garantir as mesmas oportunidades das gerações futuras e das presentes, não obrigando, no entanto, a cristalizar o legado natural existente. Subjaz, portanto, uma ideia de fungibilidade dos bens naturais; SUSTENTABILIDADE FORTE que defende a manutenção de um capital natural intangível, o que traduz uma grande desconfiança face à bondade da tecnologia e da ciência.

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26 CONCLUSÃO SE TEMOS O DEVER DA ESPERANÇA TEMOS, TAMBÉM, O DIREITO DE AGIR