The Study of Homer in Japan. In this paper the author intends to make a survey of the. research and translation of Homer and the H om ends in Japan

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1 The Study of Homer in Japan Takero Oiji In this paper the author intends to make a survey of the research and translation of Homer and the H om ends in Japan since the Restoration of Meiji the Great, under the title of The Study of Homer in Japan. This time he is not ambitious enough to sound the depth, length and width of H om er s influence upon Japanese mind and literature. Roughly speaking, the history of the study of Homer in Japan consists of three generations. In the first generation, three translators, Tatsusaburo Uchimura, N onohito Saito and Bansui Tsuchii (or Doi) are conspicuous. None of them majored in Greek in their college days. Their zeal, however, for Greek culture as an origin of European culture, which Japanese intellectuals admired deeply in those days, led them to conquer the most difficult language in Europe. Tatsusaburo Uchimura, brother to Kanzo Uchimura, one of the outstanding Protestant evangelists in Japan, attem pted a verse translation o f the Iliad for the first time and published Books I to IV of the epic in 1904 under the title of Toroi no Uta (Song o f Troy). N onohito Saito, brother to Chogyu Takayama, philosopher and writer, was the first man to attem pt the translation of the Odyssey, but could not finish it, dying an untimely death of tuberculosis. The first lines were printed posthum ously in The first complete Iliad was X X X V

2 published in 1940 by Bansui who was him self one of the representative poets m the Meiji Age. His com plete Odyssey was published in 1943, though it was not the first one. Both were translated in verse. The second generation of the study o f H om er in Japan were all scholars who m ajored in or at least studied Greek in either T okyo or K yoto University, then respectively the O xford and Cambridge of Japan. The translations of both epics were published by this generation one after another. They were more correct and precise than Bansui s H om er, though less poetical but prosaic. The Iliad was translated and given to the world by Hidenaka Tanaka and Fum io Ochi in 1949, by Hidenaka Tanaka alone in 1952, by Shigeichi Kure in 1958 and by Harushige Kozu in The new Iliad by Masatada Ogawa is forthcom ing. The Odyssey was translated and published by Hidenaka Tanaka and Kaichi M atsuura in As a com plete translation o f the epic, this was earlier than Bansui^. The Odyssey was then translated and published by Hidenaka Tanaka alone in 1952, by Harushige Kozu in 1961, and by Shigeichi Kure in The problem atic Homeric Hymns were translated and given to the world by Masatada Ogawa in Some m onographs on H om er were published by the scholars of this generation. Tetsuro Watsuji, the philosopher, published Homerosu Hihan (Criticism on Homer), the first m onograph on H om er in Japan, in Shigeichi Kure published a book entitled Homerosu no Sekai (The World o f Homer) which includes a long chapter on H om er in Harushige K ozu5s Homerosu no Eiyu Jojishi (Heroic Epics o f XXXVI

3 Homer) was published in This illuminates every problem in modern Homerology. Several histories of Greek literature including one by Hidenaka Tanaka and Masujiro Inoue (1933), one by Hidenaka Tanaka and Masatoshi Kuroda (1939) and one by Harushige Kozu (1952) deal with Hom er and the Homerids. The third generation started around the time the Classical Society of Japan was established in K yoto University in 1950 and the chair of Western Classics was created in the same university in It was later that the chair was created in Tokyo University. Most of the specialists belonging to this generation are graduates of either university. What this generation is interested in seems to be not translation or introduction as the former generation was, but academic research on Homer and the Homerids. Professor Michio O ka s Homer and the Epic Cycle appearing in Memoirs o f the Faculty o f Letters, Kyoto University, N o. 16, 1976, represents the fruitful academic achievements belonging to his generation. Professor Kenzo Fujinawa^ Homerosu no Sekai (The World o f Homer) in 1965 is the most imaginative, inspiring and enlightenning book about Homer ever written in this country. Only specialists belonging to this generation could have performed these achievements. Some Interpretation of Ogai Mori s The Last Phrase Fumitake Seita In The Last Phrase ( Saigo no Ikku ) by Ôgai Mori xxxvn

4 ( ), the meaning of the devotion of Ichi ( いち ), a heroine, seems to be reasonably interpreted through some thought expressed in the Wisdom and D estiny ( La Sagesse et la Destinée ) by Maurice M aeterlinck ( ). In this work, the Belgian author says, Reason bars the gate to the malevolent destiny; but wisdom, away on the horizon, throws open another gate to propitious destiny. Reason defends and withdraws; forbids, rejects, and destroys. Wisdom advances, attacks, and adds; increases,creates, and com m ands. From this point of view, the construction and the them e of The Last Phrase, will become d e a r and this work seems to be interpreted as the story of conquering destinies. Petite histoire des études japonaises en France Hironobu Saito Le présent article a pour but de donner un aperçu global sur l histoire et particulièrem ent sur l état actuel des études japonaises en France. C est d abord au début du X X e siècle q u a com m encé la japonologie en France grâce aux efforts des pionniers, saisis d^dm iration, qui se sont donnés avec ardeur aux études japonaises (Noël Péri, etc.). Ensuite, ce qui m en te d être rem arqué en ce qui concerne le développem ent de la japonologie française entre les deux guerres, ce fut la création de la Maison franco-japonaise de T okyo (1924). xxxvm

5 Les pensionnaires français qui y sont venus étudier, pouvaient certainement contribuer au développement de la japonologie en France. Parmi eux, il faut surtout m entionner le premier grand japonologue Charles H aguenauer qui a laissé beaucoup d'ouvrages concernant la langue et la civilisation japonaises, qui devaient tous ensemble faire atteindre la japonologie française au niveau plus scientifique. Sous la situation difficile après la deuxième guerre mondiale, ses élèves (R. Sïeffert, B. F rank, etc.) ont joué, avec leur m aître, un rôle très im portant dans le développement et dans l organisation des études japonaises en France. Avec la réorganisation universitaire (INLCO, Univ. Paris VII) depuis 1968, la japonologie française d aujourd hui envisage un nouveau stade. Ceux qui étudient avec zèle le Japon ainsi que le japonais ne cessent de s augm enter, et il faut noter, entre autres, les activités de R. Sieffert et de B. F rank, aussi bien que celles des jeunes japonologues qui se consacrent aux études spécialisées de la langue et la civilisation japonaises (J.-J. Origas, J. Pigeot, H.O. Rotermund, etc.). Leurs recherches assidues ne m anqueraient pas d approfondir et élargir divers domaines des études japonaises et de nous apporter de nouveaux points de vue à notre propre pays. xxxix

6 Я п о н о в е д е н и е в С С С Р Т о м и к о Я н аги Я п о н о в е д е н и е в С С С Р и м е е т д а в н и е т р а д и ц и и. У ж е п р о ш л о сто с л и ш н и м л е т с т е х п о р, к а к б ы л а о т к р ы т а к а ф е д р а я п о н с к о г о я з ы к а в П е т е р б у р г с к о м у н и в е р с и т е т е, и д о р е в о л ю ц и и п о я в и л и с ь б у д у щ и е в ы д а ю щ и е с я о с н о в о п о л о ж н и к и я п о н о в е д е н и я в С С С Р, н а п р и м е р, К о н р а д, Н е в с к и й, Р о з е н б е р г, Е л и с е е в. В это й с т а т ь е р а с с м а т р и в а ю т с я, в о -п е р в ы х, к а к р а з в и в а л о с ь я п о н о в е д е н и е в С С С Р, в о -в т о р ы х, с о с т о я н и е с о в р е м е н н о г о я п о н о в е д е н и я в С С С Р, в -т р е т ь и х, о с о б е н н о с т и с о в е т с к о г о я п о н о в е д е н и я. И с т о р и к П о д п а л о в а с ч и тает, что в р а з в и т и и я п о н о в е д е н и я в С С С Р н а б л ю д а е т с я п я т ь э т а п о в ; п е р в ы й этап / г г./ - п о и с к и н о в ы х ф о р м о р г а н и за ц и и н а у к и, в т о р о й этап / г г./ - п е р е с т р о й к а р а б о т ы А к а д е м и и н а у к С С С Р, т р е ти й этап / г г./ - п е р и о д в е л и к о й о т е ч е с т в е н н о й в о й н ы, ч е т в ё р т ы й этап / г г./ - в о с с т а н о в л е н и е я п о н о в е д е н и я п о с л е в о й н ы, п я т ы й этап / г г./ - с о в р е м е н н о е с о с т о я н и е с о в е т с к о г о я п о н о в е д е н и я. П о с л е в о й н ы в с а м о й Я п о н и и н а с т у п и л п о д ъ ё м н а у к и,и в с о в е т с к и е б и б л и о т е к и с т а л а п о с т у п а т ь о б ш и р н а я я п о н с к а я л и т е р а т у р а и п о с л е в о е н н ы е и с с л е д о в а н и я я п о н с к и х у ч е н ы х и а м е р и к а н с к и х я п о н о в е д о в. П е р е д с о в е т с к и м и я п о н о в е д а м и в с т а л а н о в а я в а ж н е й ш а я зад а ч а и зу ч а т ь и о с в е щ а т ь п о с л е в о е н н у ю Я п о н и ю. Н а ч и н а я с с е р е д и н ы 50 г о д о в, М о с к в а с т а н о в и т с я ц е н т р о м в о с т о к о в е д е н и я. К т о м у ж е п о л о ж и т е л ь н о е в л и я н и е на р а з в и т и е с о в е т с к о г о я п о н о в е д е н и я о к а з а л о 一 xxxx

7 п о дп и сан и е 19 о к т я б р я 1956 г. в М о с к в е С о в м е с т н о й д е к л а р а ц и и СССР и Я п о н и и о п р е к р а щ е н и и с о с т о я н и я в о й н ы и в о с с т а н о в л е н и и д и п л о м а т и ч е с к и х и к о н с у л ь с к и х о тн о ш е н и й. П о след н и е го д ы с о в р е м е н н о г о этапа х а р а к т е р и з у ю т с я н аи б о л ее и н т е н с и в н ы м и и с с л е д о в а н и я м и я п о н о в е д о в в С С С Р. Ч и сл о учён ы х - я п о н о в е д о в си л ьн о в о з р о с л о. И с с л е д о в а н и я стал и п р о в о д и т ь с я более с п е ц и а л и зи р о в а н н о и м н о г о г р а н н о. Я п о н о в е д е н и е в С С С Р с т а л о п р и о б р е т а т ь в с ё б о л ее с и с тем ати ч еск и й, а не частн ы й х а р а к т е р, что в о з м о ж н о о б ъ я с н я т ь с я п о д г о т о в к о й я п о н о в е д о в в С С С Р г о с у д а р с т в е н н ы м и у ч е б н ы м и з а в е д е н и я м и. К р о м е т о го, я п о н о в е д е н и е в С С С Р я в л я е т с я с о с т а в н о й частью в о с т о к о в е д е н и я, к а к ед и н о й н а у к и. Schiller s Influence on Coleridge Nobuo Takayama Except for a few notable and courageous scholars Schiller s effect on Coleridge has not been investigated. Recently some critics have brought up the m atter and tried to connect Coleridge with Schiller. However these are mostly fragmentary or incomplete efforts. In this paper the author has tried to fill in some of the gaps. The term Einbildungskraft, which Schiller borrowed from Kant, is the constructive power in art. It is considered to be imagination in the Coleridgean sense. The paper discusses here the character and meaning of both terms, and refers to the xxxxi

8 distinction between Einbildungskraft and Phantasie, or imagination and fancy. Here we have the great problem of reason and understanding. Both poets considered that Einbildungskraft, imagination or creative power, belong to reason, and Phantasie, fancy or associative power, to understanding. The balance and tension between nature and thought is the other im portant them e of both poets. Their ideas are fundam entally similar. The symbol and symbolized in Schiller are closely connected to Coleridge s 'natura n atu rata and natura naturans. They are both utilizing what we call the polar theory, which they inherited from ancient thought. The passive and active powers in nature and m an com e together when the action of the imagination results in great works o f art. From these observations, the author concludes that Schiller directly influenced Coleridge s th o u g h t, especially as regards the idea of imagination. xxxxn