20 Revist Colombin de Entomologí 36 (1): 20-24 (2010) Use of soil insecticides to control the Brzilin ground perl (Hemipter: Mrgrodide) in vineyrds Uso de insecticids de suelo pr el control de l perl de l tierr brsileñ (Hemipter: Mrgrodide) en viñedos MARCOS BOTTON 1, IVONEL TEIXEIRA 2, ALVIMAR BAVARESCO 3 nd PATRIK LUIZ PASTORI 4 Abstrct: The Brzilin ground perl (BGP), Eurhizococcus brsiliensis (Hemipter: Mrgrodide), is one of the most importnt grpe pests in Brzil. Grnulr nd wter dispersible grnule formultions, doses of ppliction, times of tretment, nd ppliction technology of the soil insecticides imidcloprid nd thimethoxm were evluted to control BGP in infested vineyrds. Thimethoxm nd imidcloprid effectively reduced BGP by 90% in estblished vineyrds. No difference in insect control ws observed between the formultions of thimethoxm. Multiple pplictions of thimethoxm in November nd Jnury were more effective thn single tretment delivered in November. Doses higher thn 0.2 g.i./plnt of imidcloprid nd thimethoxm reduced BGP infesttions in 3-yer-old vineyrds. The grnulr formultion of thimethoxm ws more effective when pplied round the root system thn when delivered in six points round the trunk using hnd-operted grnulr spreder. Drench ppliction of imidcloprid nd thimethoxm using hnd-operted hydrulic spryer ws effective for insecticide tretment, llowing regultion of the mounts of wter nd ctive ingredients pplied per plnt. Key words: Eurhizococcus brsiliensis. Neonicotinoids. Imidcloprid. Thimethoxm. Resumen: L perl de l tierr brsileñ (BGP), Eurhizococcus brsiliensis (Hemipter: Mrgrodide), es un de ls especies más importntes de l vid en el Brsil. Ls formulciones grnuldo y gránulos dispersbles en gu, ls tss de plicción, los tiempos de trtmiento, y métodos de plicción de los insecticids de suelo imidcloprid y timethoxm, fueron evludos pr controlr BGP en viñedos infestdos. Timethoxm e imidcloprid efectivmente redujeron BGP por 90% en los viñedos estblecidos. No se observó diferenci en el control de insectos entre formulciones del timethoxm. Múltiples plicciones de timethoxm en noviembre y enero fueron más efectivs que un solo trtmiento ddo en noviembre. Los dosis superiores 0.2 g i../ plnt de imidcloprid y timethoxm redujeron infestciones de BGP en viñedos de tres ños de edd. L formulción de grnuldo timethoxm fue más eficz cundo se plicó en todo el sistem de ríces que cundo se hizo en seis puntos lrededor del tronco utilizndo un dispersdor mnul grnulr. L plicción de imidcloprid y timethoxm humedecid utilizndo un pulverizdor mnul de ccionmiento hidráulico fue eficz pr el trtmiento de insecticid, permitiendo l regulción de ls cntiddes de gu y los ingredientes ctivos plicdos por plnt. Plbrs clve: Eurhizococcus brsiliensis. Neonicotinoides. Imidcloprid. Thimethoxm. Introduction Brzilin ground perl (BGP) Eurhizococcus brsiliensis (Hempel, 1922) (Hemipter: Mrgrodide) is one of the mjor grpe pests occurring in Brzil (Hickel 1994; Sori nd Dl Conte 2000; Botton et l. 2004). Similr species such s Mrgrodes vitis (Philippi, 1884) (Hemipter: Mrgrodide) re registered for Chile (Gonzlez et l. 1969), Eurhizococcus colombinus Jkubsky, 1965 (Hemipter: Mrgrodide) for Colombi (Kondo 2001; Quiñones et l. 2008; Rodrígues nd Gómez 2008) nd M. cpensis Gird, 1897, M. greeni Brin, 1915, M. prieskensis (Jkubski, 1965), M. trimeni Gird, 1897 nd M. vredendlensis De Klerk, 1983 in South Afric (De Klerk 1987; Foldi 2005). BGP is soil scle ntive to southern Brzil, nd its immture stges feed on the roots of more thn 80 species of plnts (Botton et l. 2004). Scle reproduction is prthenogenetic fculttive with one genertion per yer, producing crwlers from November to Mrch (Botton et l. 2003). Infested plnts show grdul decline in vigor tht becomes more severe with time. Plnt decline nd deth re the result of scle sp suction in the roots. Shoots become shorter nd thinner, with smller leves, followed by deth of the cordons, finlly the entire vine dies. The durtion of this process vries but vines cn be kill within four yers. Gret economic hrdship occurs in the vineyrds where growers must bndon grpe cultivtion nd move to new res free of the pest. Pest spred occurs minly in the roots of contminted vegettive mteril nd mchinery used in infested vineyrds (Botton et l. 2004). After contmintion in the field, pest dispersion usully strts in ptches tht grdully become lrger becuse of the migrtion of nymphs in the soil. This movement is ssisted by Argentine nts Linepithem humile (Myr, 1868) (Hymenopter: Formicide) which tend nymphs, helping the pest to colonize new roots (Hickel 1994). Mesures to reduce BGP dmge re difficult to implement becuse of scle polyphgy, subterrnen development, n podous feeding nymphl instr clled cyst nd the defensive strtegy of constructing seprte protective lyer round their body from their own liquid excret (Foldi 2005). 1 D. Sc., Embrp Uv e Vinho, Ru Livrmento 515, Cix Postl 130, CEP: 95.700-000. Bento Gonçlves, RS, Brsil. mrcos@cnpuv.embrp.br. 2 M. Sc., Comercil Agrícol Gervsoni, Ru Alencr Arripe 307, CEP: 95.720-000. Frroupilh, RS, Brsil. ivonel.sol@solferti.com.br. 3 D. Sc., Ministério d Agricultur, Pecuári e Abstecimento, Unidde de Vigilânci Agropecuári de Quri, Ru Duque de Cxis 1080, CEP: 97.560-000. Quri, RS, Brsil. lvimr@gricultur.gov.br. 4 M. Sc., Universidde Federl de Viços, Deprtmento de Fitotecni (Pós-Grdução), Av. P.H. Rolfs s/nº, Cmpus Universitário, CEP: 36.570-000, Viços, MG, Brsil. plpstori@yhoo.com.br. Corresponding uthor.
Chemicl Control of the Brzilin ground perl 21 Current pest mngement techniques use resistnt rootstocks (VR 43-43 nd VR 39-16 - V. rotundifoli x V. vinifer) (Botelho et l. 2005), orgnic mtter to complement plnt nutrition, cover crop mngement inside vineyrds to reduce pest dispersl nd ppliction of insecticides (Botton et l. 2003; Dlbó et l. 2007). Chemicl control is n importnt component in BGP mngement; however, previous trils conducted to select effective products were not successful (Gonzlez et l. 1969; De Klerk 1987; Sori nd Brghini 1999; Sori nd Grigoletti Júnior 1999). Some experiments hve shown tht phosphine nd methidthion pplied on roots of propgtive mteril re lterntives to control cysts nd void insect spred (Dlbó nd Crestni 1988; Hickel et l. 1997; Hickel nd Schuck 2005). In estblished vineyrds, folir pplied vmidothion ws the principl chemicl product used for BGP mngement (Sori nd Brghini 1999; Teixeir et l. 2002), however, this product hs been withdrwn from the Brzilin mrket. Neonicotinoid insecticides showed promising results for BGP control when pplied to new plntings (Teixeir et l. 2002) nd when used with resistnt root-stocks nd soil mngement (Dlbó et l. 2007). Both imidcloprid nd thimethoxm hve shown excellent ctivity ginst sucking insects in grpe nd other fruit crops nd show promise s lterntives for grpe pest mngement. In this work, grnulted nd wter dispersible grnules formultions, doses of ppliction, times of tretment, nd ppliction technique of the soil pplied insecticides imidcloprid nd thimethoxm were evluted to control BGP in commercil vineyrds. Mteril nd Methods Insecticides, product ppliction, nd insect smpling. Commercil formultions of imidcloprid (Confidor 700 GRDA, Byer Crop Science) nd thimethoxm (Actr 10 GR nd Actr 250 WGR, Syngent) were evluted. Actr 10 GR is grnulr formultion with 10 g/kg (1%) of thimethoxm, wheres Actr 250 WGR nd Confidor 700 GRDA re grnules micro dispersible in wter contining 250 g/kg (25%) of thimethoxm nd 700 g/kg (70%) of imidcloprid, respectively. Imidcloprid nd thimethoxm were diluted in 2 liters of wter nd pplied s drench with wtering cn to the soil round the trunk. Before ppliction, the soil round the plnts ws clered to void insecticide bsorption by surrounding vegettion. Grnulted thimethoxm ws mnully distributed uniformly round the plnts incorporting the grins into the soil following ppliction. The number of BGP cysts per plnt ws evluted in July of the yer fter the first insecticide ppliction (November). Soil round the plnts ws dug nd ll plnts were removed together with their roots. The rdiculr systems with insects were plced on try nd counted. The month of July ws chosen for evlution becuse most of BGP popultion is in perl-like cysts t tht time of the yer, which fcilittes counting (Teixeir et l. 2002). All experiments were instlled in nturlly BGP infested res locted in the hills of the Rio Grnde do Sul Stte, Brzil where high infesttions of the pest re found. Effect of formultions nd splitting doses in new grpe plntings. The tril ws conducted using own rooted plnts of Pulsen 1103 (Vitis berlndieri x V. rupestris) rootstocks which ws field plnted in nturlly infested BGP re locted in Gribldi, Rio Grnde do Sul Stte, Brzil. Cuttings were potted, grown in greenhouse, nd field plnted in September using 1.5 x 2.5 m (line x row) spcing. The tretments evluted were: Thimethoxm (1% nd 25%) t 0.1 g.i./ plnt in November, thimethoxm (1% nd 25%) t 0.1 g.i./ plnt split in two pplictions of 0.05 g.i./ plnt in November nd Jnury. Control plots were left untreted. Evlution of insecticides in estblished vineyrds. The trils were conducted using 3-yer-old vineyrds locted in Bento Gonçlves nd Cxis do Sul, Rio Grnde do Sul Stte, Brzil. The first vineyrd consisted of Cbernet Suvignon (Vitis vinifer) grfted on Pulsen 1103 with vine spcing of 1.5 x 2.5 m nd the second n own rooted Isbell (V. lbrusc) plnted in the sme spcing. The insecticides evluted were ) thimethoxm (1%) t 0.2 nd 0.4 g.i./plnt, nd b) imidcloprid (70%) 0.21 nd 0.42 g.i./plnt, where both insecticides were pplied in November. An untreted control plot ws included for comprison. Effect of ppliction technology in dult vineyrds. In this tril, we evluted the effect of thimethoxm nd imidcloprid pplied in November using two ppliction techniques in 20-yer-old Isbell (V. lbrusc) vineyrd plnted in 2.0 x 3.0 m spcing. The tretments evluted were ) thimethoxm (1%) t 0.6 g.i./plnt pplied mnully round plnts, b) the sme tretment pplied using hnd-operted grnulr mchine (6 points - 10 g/point) round plnts within 50 cm distnce from the trunk, nd c) imidcloprid (70%) nd thimethoxm (25%) t 0.6 g.i./ plnt pplied using hnd-operted mechnized spryer distributing 6 liters of wter per plnt. This hnd-operted mechnized drench spryer ws developed to regulte the mount of wter per plnt ccording to the size of the root system, where digitl flow switch llows the opertor to clculte the mount of wter per plnt during ppliction. A control without tretment ws included for comprison. Experimentl design nd sttisticl nlysis. All trils were designed using rndomized complete block design with four replictions using four plnts per plot with the exception of five plnts per plot in the ppliction technology. Anlysis of vrince nd Tukey test were used to compre the dt mens. Insecticide efficiency ws clculted using the Abbott (1925) formul. Results Effect of formultions nd splitting doses in new plntings. A split ppliction 0.05 g.i./ plnt of thimethoxm in both November nd Jnury provided better BGP control ( 90%) when compred with single tretment in November (60-72%) using the sme mount of ctive ingredient (0.1 g) per plnt (g.l.= 6, F= 92.3429* P << 0.001) (Tble 1). Grnulr nd wter dispersible in wter formultions of thimethoxm were equivlent for pest control when used in the sme dose nd time of ppliction (Tble 1). In control plnts, n verge of 23.9 ± 4.94 BGP cysts per plnt ws registered.
22 Revist Colombin de Entomologí Mrcos Botton y cols. Tble 1. Number of Eurhizococcus brsiliensis (Hemipter: Mrgrodide) cysts per plnt nd control fter ppliction of different thimethoxm formultions in new Pulsen 1103 plntings. Number cysts Tretment Dose Number of Appliction per plnt Popultion (g.i./plnt) ppliction (month) (X ± EP) reduction (%) Thimethoxm (1%) 0.05 1 November 7.6 ± 2.93 b 68.2 Thimethoxm (1%) 0.05 2 November nd Jnury 2.0 ± 0.84 91.6 Thimethoxm (1%) 0.10 1 November 6.9 ± 2.55 b 71.1 Thimethoxm (25%) 0.05 1 November 8.9 ± 3.64 b 62.8 Thimethoxm (25%) 0.05 2 November nd Jnury 2.5 ± 1.09 90.0 Thimethoxm (25%) 0.10 1 November 7.9 ± 3.96 b 66.9 Control - - - 23.9 ± 4.94 c - Mens in the sme column followed by different letter re significntly different Tukey test t P 0.05. Evlution of insecticides in estblished vineyrds. In Gribldi (g.l.= 4, F= 3.18*, p= 0.04) nd Bento Gonçlves (g.l.= 4, F= 3.63*, P = 0.02), ppliction of imidcloprid nd thimethoxm mrkedly decresed BGP density compred to untreted controls in estblished vineyrds independent of dose nd formultion (Tble 2). When imidcloprid (70%) nd thimethoxm (1%) were pplied t similr doses, both insecticides gve equivlent BGP control. In the first tril t Gribldi, imidcloprid tretment decresed the infesttion by 83.6% nd 93.4% with no differences between the doses of 0.21 nd 0.42 g.i./ plnt (Tble 2). The sme results were observed in the second tril t Cxis do Sul where imidcloprid reduced the infesttion by 84.7% nd 94.4% for the lower nd higher doses, respectively (Tble 2). For thimethoxm, the popultion reduction ws 86.8% nd 98.6% (tril I) nd 87.1% nd 96.7% (tril II) for the lower nd higher doses of AI per plnt, respectively (Tble 1). No differences in BGP control were observed between the higher nd lower doses of imidcloprid nd thimethoxm. Effect of ppliction technology in dult vineyrds. Mnul incorportion nd mchine ppliction of grnulr thimethoxm reduced the BGP popultion when compred with untreted plots (g.l. = 4, F = 17.27*, P = 0.000003) (Tble 3). Control plots showed n infesttion of 135.8 ± 24.25 cysts per plnt. However, homogeneous hnd distribution of grnules round the trunk with subsequent incorportion gve better results thn mchine ppliction in six single spots plced round ech plnt (Tble 3). Imidcloprid nd thimethoxm (0.6 g.i./ plnt) pplied s drench using hnd-operted spryer provided pest reduction of 86.9% nd 86.5%, respectively, equivlent to the results obtined by hnd spred of the grnules nd better thn spot ppliction of grnules. Discussion Imidcloprid nd thimethoxm hve been successfully used to mnge different sucking insect species (Dominik et l. 1996; Cowles et l. 2006), minly melybugs nd shrpshooters, in vineyrds of different countries (Dne et l. 2006; Tubjik et l. 2007). In this experiment, we reduced BGP popultions in estblished vineyrds nd confirmed the results from Teixeir et l. (2002) in new plntings. Becuse of the univoltine development, where BGP crwlers emerge from November to Mrch (Botton et l. 2003), better results were observed when insecticide doses per plnt were divided into multiple pplictions, in November nd Jnury, insted of single tretment in November. However, becuse of the difficulty of soil ppliction nd high lbor costs, single ppliction in November using higher doses is considered to be stisfctory. In ddition, the pre-hrvest intervl defined for grpes in Brzil (45 dys for thimethoxm nd 60 dys for imidcloprid) mkes second tretment in Jnury imprcticl becuse of pesticide residue constrints. In generl there ws positive reltionship between pest control nd the neonicotinoid dose per plnt in 3-yers-old vineyrds. In Brzilin vineyrds, there is lrge vrition of plnt spcing used by growers; with density of 2000 to Tble 2. Effect of insecticides on Eurhizococcus brsiliensis (Hemipter: Mrgrodide) popultion fter single ppliction in November in Cbernet suvignon grfted on Pulsen 1103 (Tril I) nd Isbell own rooted (Tril II) vineyrd with three yers fter plnting. Tretment Tril I (Gribldi) Tril II (Bento Gonçlves) Nº cysts Popultion Nº cysts Popultion Dose per plnt reduction per plnt reduction (g.i/plnt) (X ± EP)ª (%) (X ± EP)ª (%) Imidcloprid (70%) 0.21 23.4 ± 8.36 83.6 9.5 ± 4.84 b 84.7 Imidcloprid (70%) 0.42 9.4 ± 2.20 93.4 3.5 ± 2.52 94.4 Thimethoxm (1%) 0.20 18.8 ± 7.73 86.8 6.3 ± 1.03 b 89.9 Thimethoxm (1%) 0.40 2.0 ± 0.85 98.6 2.0 ± 1.14 96.8 Control - 142.9 ± 62.46 b - 62.1 ± 29.46 b Mens in the sme column followed by different letter re significntly different by Tukey test t P 0.05.
Chemicl Control of the Brzilin ground perl 23 Tble 3. Number of insects per plnt nd control of Eurhizococcus brsiliensis (Hemipter: Mrgrodide) fter one ppliction of insecticides (0.6 g.i./plnt) in November using different technologies in own rooted Isbell 20 yers old vineyrd. Tretment Appliction technology Nº cysts Popultion per plnt (X ± EP) reduction (%) Thimethoxm (1%) Hnd operted grnultor with six points round trunk 49.4 ± 6.88 63.6 Thimethoxm (1%) Hnd distribution of grnules 21.6 ± 4.98 b 84.1 Thimethoxm (25%) Drench (6 liters of wter per plnt) 18.3 ± 5.56 b 86.5 Imidcloprid (70%) Drench (6 liters of wter per plnt) 17.8 ± 3.97 b 86.9 Control - 135.8 ± 24.25 c - Mens in the sme column followed by different letter re significntly different by Tukey test t P 0.05. 3000 vines per hectre common for processing grpes (vine nd juice) nd 800 to 1000 vines/ h for tble grpes. Vineyrd spcing must be considered when determining doses of neonicotinoids for BGP control. Here, the higher dose evluted (0.6 g.i./ plnt), equivlent to 600 or 1800 g.i/ h, effectively controls BGP in tble nd processing vineyrds, respectively. The dose/h for tble grpes is ner the mximum effective dose of imidcloprid evluted for other grpe sucking insects in other countries (Cstillo et l. 2004; Byrne nd Toscno 2006). As insect infesttion normlly occurs in foci inside vineyrds, high doses cn be used for tretment of initil infesttions or loclized popultion control in vineyrds. Severl fctors my contribute to reduced field efficcy of soil pplied insecticides to control BGP. In these experiments, soils were >40% cly nd 3% orgnic mtter nd were not irrigted. Better results re expected with neonicotinoids in sndy soils in younger vineyrds tht re drip irrigted (Rmkrishnn et l. 2000; Byrne nd Toscno 2006; Dne et l. 2006). In drip-irrigted vineyrds, roots re more concentrted nd re locted in restricted soil portion when compred with vineyrds tht re not irrigted. Imidcloprid nd thimethoxm re systemic insecticides (Mienfisch et l. 2001, 2001b; Cole nd Horne 2006) nd their effectiveness ginst pest depends on uniform insecticide uptke by the roots. Becuse of low contct ctivity of imidcloprid with BGP cysts (Hickel et l. 2001), effective uptke is importnt for insect control. The extensive root development by size nd depth in non-irrigted vineyrds my be constrint becuse the insecticide my not rech ll ctive roots, reducing insecticide bsorption nd the effectiveness of BGP control. This hypothesis ws confirmed with better BGP control when grnulr thimethoxm ws uniformly spred round the root system nd when insecticides were drenched, compred to spot ppliction of thimethoxm round the roots. The choice of grnulr formultion or the drench system for neonicotinoid insecticide pplictions will depend minly on the vilbility of wter, which is limited in some regions. The results shown in these experiments re from one-yer trils where effective pest reduction ws chieved. However, the levels of BGP infesttion tht kill grpevine were not evluted. Lrge differences in pest infesttion between vineyrds, regions nd cultivrs re commonly observed. This mens tht pest control of 90% my be ineffective for plnt protection considering the ge of the vineyrds nd the level of infesttion. The interction between BGP, resistnt rootstocks nd chemicl control in infested res, s well s the reltionship between soil fungi (Fusrium nd Cylindrocrpon) nd BGP dmge cused by stylets into the grpe roots must be investigted. Cited literture ABBOTT, W. S. 1925. A method of computing the effectiveness of n insecticide. Journl of Economic Entomology 18 (1): 265-267. BOTELHO, R. V.; MAIA, A. J.; PIRES, E. J. P.; TERRA, M. M.; SCHUCK, E. 2005. Estqui do port-enxerto de videir 43-43 (V. vinifer x V. rotundifoli) resistente à Eurhizococcus brsiliensis. 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