LÍNGUA INGLESA MODAL VERBS Professora Leila Eto Modal Verbs Os modais não são verbos completos. São usados com um verbo principal. Modais mais comuns: can, could, may, might, shall, should, ought to, must, would, will Sobre os modais: 1. Os modais aparecerão antes do verbo principal (infinitivo) e são usados sem a partícula to (com exceção de ought). Julianne could go with Jeff. X Julianne could to go with Jeff. 1
2. Os modais não levam s nas terceiras pessoas do singular. He must arrive early. X He musts arrive early. 3. Os modais expressam habilidade, possibilidade, necessidade ou outra condição. Formação Sujeito + modal + verbo principal They can swim. Robert should walk. Frases interrogativas modal + sujeito + verbo principal 1) Para yes-no questions modal + sujeito + verbo principal Can she drive? Frases interrogativas 2) Para *wh- questions wh- word + modal + sujeito + verbo principal When can she travel? How could she know? *Who, What, Where, Why, Which, When ou How 2
Can 1. Pode indicar possibilidade ou habilidade. Wild animals can be dangerous. Tina can speak five languages. 2. Em perguntas, o modal can pode ser usado para pedir permissão para se fazer algo ou para perguntar sobre possibilidades. Can I help you? Can Susan come over for lunch? Who can answer the following question? 3. Can pode ser usado para oferecer-se para fazer algo. II can pick you up at the airport if you d like. Could 1. Pode indicar possibilidade ou habilidade no passado. I could have visited that city. When I was young, I could swim very well. 3
2. Could especula sobre possibilidades futuras. It could rain tonight. That could be dangerous. 3. Em perguntas tipo yes-no, could especula sobre possibilidades atuais. Could he be a suspect? Could this be wrong? 4. Pode ser usado para pedido (can-could sinônimos). Could é mais polido. Could / Can you open the door? Could / Can you help me move this furniture? 5. Could pode indicar uma opção. We could go to the theater. I could become an engineer. 6. O modal could também é usado para formar o condicional. Formação do condicional com o uso de could: if clause, result clause (could se localiza na result clause) 4
Expressa situações hipotéticas (second conditional) If I had time, I could go skiing with you. If it weren't raining, we could go to the park. 7. Could pode mencionar algo que não aconteceu porque uma certa condição não foi alcançada. If we had left sooner, we could have taken the bus. I could have passed the exam * if I had studied more. May 1. Indica permissão e possibilidade May I come in? 2. May também é usado quando queremos fazer uma sugestão educada. May I help you? It may rain today. 5
Might 1. Pode indicar possibilidade. It might rain today. May / can 1. Dão instrução ou permissão. You may / can now board at gate 5. You may / can begin the exam in five minutes. 2. Em perguntas tipos yes-no podemos usar may ou can para se fazer pedido (may é mais polido). May / Can Iseeyour passport, please? 1. Indica uma obrigação. Must You must read this book. Lynn must see a doctor immediately. 6
2. Pode indicar probabilidade. Here s Sophie s umbrella so she must be here. 3. Em wh- questions, must é uma obrigação e pode ser substituído pelo modal should (mais comum). When should / must we be there? Who should / must Italkto? Have To / Don't Have to / Mustn't Have to Usamos 'have to' no passado, presente ou futuro para expressar responsabilidade ou necessidade. É conjugado como um verbo regular e portanto necessita de um verbo auxiliar em frases interrogativas/ negativas. Exemplos We have to go to work early. She had to work hard last month. They will have to leave late. Does she have to go? 7
Don t have to x mustn t Don t have to A forma negativa de have to expressa algo que não é exigido. Entretanto é possível se desejado. You don't have to get up early. They didn't have to work so hard. Mustn t A forma negativa de must expressa a idéia de que algo é proibido (diferente de don t have to). You mustn't work on dad s computer. You may not work on dad s computer Must / have to = passado Must não existe no passado. A forma no passado para indicá-lo é had to (usado também como passado de have to). Did he have to work overtime? He had to leave early. Should e Ought (to) São sinônimos. 1. São usados para indicar obrigação. You should send her a note. 2. São usados para dar conselhos. You should stop smoking. 8
3. São usados para indicar probabilidade. They should arrive at noon. 4. Em frases interrogativas, should pergunta se a obrigação existe. Should he call her? Should we pay now? 5. Ought to raramente é usado em perguntas e frases negativas (usa-se should). When should he arrive? What should I do? Must x should / ought to 1. Must é mais forte que should e ought. You must stop smoking. (um comando) You should / ought to stop smoking. (um conselho) 2. Must expressa certeza. Should/ought to expressam probabilidade. He must be home now. (certeza) He should be home now. (provável) 9
Will 1. É usado quando decidimos fazer algo no momento da fala. What would you like to eat? I ll have a cheeseburger. 2. É usado quando oferecemo-nos para fazer algo That package looks heavy. I ll help you with it. 3. Para pedir a alguém para fazer algo Will you open the window, please? 4. É usado quando fazemos uma previsão de futuro Do you think Paul will pass the midterm test? Yes, he ll pass easily. will x shall Will pode ser usado para todas as pessoas mas shall geralmente ocorre com I e we. Will geralmente é menos formal quando usado com I e we. Have a great trip. I shall try. 10
Would 1. Seguido de like demonstra uma maneira polida de se expressar uma preferência. I would like red wine with my steak. We would like a non-smoking room. 2. Nas frases interrogativas, a formação would + sujeito + like demonstra um pedido educado para uma escolha a ser feita. Would you like french fries or onion rings with your meal? Where would you like to go tonight? 3. Would explica uma ação como o resultado de uma suposta condição ou condição real. I would go with you if I didn't have to study. If I had not had to work, I would have visited her. Bill would drive, but he doesn't have a license. 4. Would indica ações habituais no passado. When I was a child, I would go swimming every day. 11
EXERCÍCIOS DE FIXAÇÃO Preencha as lacunas com o modal adequado. 1. I have no time. I (should/may/must) leave now or I (would/will/could) miss the bus. 2. I wish I (could/would/can) buy a new cell phone but I don't have enough money. 3. She looks so tired; she (shouldn t/should/might) take some days off. 4. Judy is not at home. She (might/shall/will) have gone to Paris. 5. Steven (can/could/must) play soccer very well. I usually play with him every weekend. 6. (should/may/might) I go to the party, please? Yes, but you (won t/couldn t/mustn t) be late. 7. I haven't decided yet where I (will/won t/would) spend my honeymoon. I think I (must/can/might) go to Venice. 12
8. (should/could/might) you take the dog for a walk while I am away? 9. George (should/may/must) come to our party, but we aren't sure. 10. You (should/can/will) clean your house more often. 11. Peter (can/may/could) not play the piano when he was five, but now he (can/may/could) play it very well. 12.Sorry, I (can t / mustn t / shouldn t) eat that vegetable. I don't like it. 13. The doctor told me: You (can / may / should) eat less sugar. 14. If you continue eating so much fatty food, you (should/ may/ must) have cardiovascular problems. 15. Your child is too fat. He (should / could/ may) eat fewer sweets. 16. To be in good health, you (can/ should/ must) walk at least half an hour. 17. You (must/ may / should) suffer from heart diseases because you eat too much junk food. 13
18. 150kg!!! You (may / shouldn t / must) lose weight. 19. You (can t/mustn t/could) use less salt when you cook. It's bad for your health. 20. You (must / should / can) eat more fruit and vegetables to be in good health. 1. must/will 2. could 3. should 4. might 5. can 6. may/mustn t Gabarito 7. will/might 8. could 9. may 10.should 11.could/can 12.can t 13.should 14.may 15. should 16. should 17. may 18 must 18. must 19. could 20. should 14