REUSED BOTTLES EVERYWHERE

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Maria Bernardes da Silva
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1 A SOLAR SCENARIO IN BRAZIL: FROM STAND ALONE PHOTOVOLTAIC PANELS IN THE AMAZON REGION TO THERMAL COLLECTORS OF REUSED BOTTLES EVERYWHERE Postgraduate symposium on household energy consumption, technology and efficiency, 6th of June 2012 Daphiny Pottmaier, Mechanical Engineering Department Daphiny Pottmaier, / UFSC, UFSC, Brazil. Brazil.

2 Energy Matrix in Brazil Brazilian Solar Map Photovoltaic Panels Thermal Collectors Outline Energy from the sun can be harnessed with photovoltaic panels (PV) and thermal collectors (TC). Whereas solar PV cells often silicon-based semiconductors and thin films, convert sunlight directly into electricity, solar thermal collectors convert it into heat. Solar energy presents itself as a growing alternative. While representing a small percentage (less than 0.1 %) of the global energy production, is the source of renewable energy the fastest growing in percentage. In Brazil, lack of public policies to encourage the production of electricity with photovoltaic panels connected to the network and the price of energy production are determining factors for the few experiments made with PV systems connected to the network (8 independent plants producing about 1.5 MW). Only in 2011 it was inaugurated in the first plant to generate electricity produced by PVs and connected to the grid, with a capacity of 1 MW. The largest use is in stand-alone systems, PV installations are growing in rural and isolated areas, especially in the Amazon region, where large distances make it impossible to build transmission grids and islands, signal buoys and telephone transmission towers. Brazil has large inhabitable areas with high solar irradiation, which enables production of clean electricity by building solar power plants with photovoltaic systems or concentrated solar power towers. Whereas production of solar electrical power has still a very small significance in Brazil, thermal energy by solar TCs has expanded and heavily contributed for the reduction of energy consumption for water heating. Today there are installed about 6 million m 2 of TCs for water heating, generating 4,000 MW of thermal energy, twice the power capacity of Brazilian nuclear plants. A rapid growth of TCs are expected and pushed by a set of factors: policy incentive using state and local laws; Governmental programs as My House, My Life with subsidized installation of TCs; and the facility of manufacturing solar heat systems with recycled PVC collectors or reused PET bottles.

3 Energy Matrix: Brazil Biomass 7% Oil 6% Wind 1% Nuclear 2% Coal 2% Imported 7% Gas 11% Hydro 66% - Hydro - Thermo - Nuclear - Biomass - Wind - Solar Energy Matrix -> Solar Map -> PV -> TC

Power Unit Type Units (kw) % Hydroelectric Energy Unit (UHE) 182 78,530,049 66.59 Thermal Electric Unit (UTE) 1,550 31,656,798 26.84 Small Hydroelectric Central (PCH) 429 3,991,785 3.

4 Power Unit Type Units (kw) % Hydroelectric Energy Unit (UHE) ,530, Thermal Electric Unit (UTE) 1,550 31,656, Small Hydroelectric Central (PCH) 429 3,991, Thermal Nuclear Unit (UTN) 2 2,007, Eolian Generation Unit (EOL) 75 1,519, Hydroelectric Generation Central (CGH) , Photovoltaic Unit (UFV) 8 1,494 0 IN OPERATION - Total: 2,626 units Power: 117,931,054 kw (100 %) Hydroelectric Energy Unit (UHE) 11 18,252, Thermal Electric Unit (UTE) 44 4,970, Eolian Generation Unit (EOL) 57 1,467, Thermal Nuclear Unit (UTN) 1 1,350, Small Hydroelectric Central (PCH) , Hydroelectric Generation Central (CGH) UNDER CONSTRUCTION - Total: 170 units Power: 27,208,304 kw (100 %) Thermal Electric Unit (UTE) ,768, Eolian Generation Unit (EOL) 197 5,698, Hydroelectric Energy Unit (UHE) 11 2,179, Small Hydroelectric Central (PCH) 134 1,815, Hydroelectric Generation Central (CGH) 61 40, Wave Generation Central (CGU) ISSUED - Total: 551 units Power: 20,922,731 kw (100 %)

25% of energy consumption in Brazil Covering Itaipu lake with photovoltaics (for

5 Photovoltaic Generation vs. Hydroeletric ITAIPU usine: 1350 km 2 (Itaipu Lake) = 14 GW = 80 a 90 TWh / year < 25% of energy consumption in Brazil Covering Itaipu lake with photovoltaics (for about 8% global efficiency and average solar radiation of the region) 1350 km 2 = 108 GWp = 183 TWh / year > 50% of energy consumption in Brazil

Solar Energy: Brazil Name Power (KW) Holder City, State Taua 1,000 100 % MPX Ltda. Taua, CE Pituaçu Solar 404.80 100 % Desportos do Estado Salvador, BA Embaixada Italiana 50.

6 Solar Energy: Brazil Name Power (KW) Holder City, State Taua 1, % MPX Ltda. Taua, CE Pituaçu Solar % Desportos do Estado Salvador, BA Embaixada Italiana % Embaixada Italiana Brasilia, DF Araras % FAPEU Nova Marmore, RO IEE % IEE Sao Paulo, SP UFV/IEE % IEE Sao Paulo, SP Aeroporto Campo de Marte % EBIA Sao Paulo, SP PV Beta Test Site % Dupont do Brasil S/A Barueri, SP Total: 8 units Power: 1, kw Largely used in remote zones far away from the grid, working independently and or combined with a conventional generation system. Electricity: light, TV, radio, telephone, water pumping Exterior illumination Signalization Ships and boats

7 First Solar energy usine in Latin America, MPX Tauá inaugurated in August ,680 PV panels Generation capacity 1 MW

8 PV Daily generation of PV, in kwh/kwp, Amazon region

9 PV

10 PV

Project of the Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC) for the International Airport Hercilio Luz, in Florianópolis, with installation of photovoltaic

11 Project of the Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC) for the International Airport Hercilio Luz, in Florianópolis, with installation of photovoltaic panels. Accordingly only 10 p / passenger during 1 year to cover the costs. New complex will cost $ 100 million against $ 10 million for the Solar Alternative. PV

12 PV World Cup 2014 Pituaçu, Mineirão e Maracanã

13 Low Cost Thermal Collectors

14 PET bottles Milk boxes + black ink PVC tubes TC Jose Alcino Alano - Manual for the Construction and Installation of Thermal Collectors from Recyclables

15 TC Essa diferença de altura é necessária para garantir a circulação da água no coletor, pela 1st Step - How to cut the PET bottles Cortem as garrafas com o tamanho suficiente para ajustarem-se entre si, o

16 TC 2nd Step - How to cut and fold the Milk boxes 3rd Step - Painting process - acrylic ink

17 4th Step - PVC tubes junctions O segundo passo é inserir, também com adesivo, os 05 tubos(colunas) ao que será o TC 5th Step - Mounting parts

18 6th Step - Installation TC 7th Step - Utilization

19 Creche Joana de Angelis Tubarão - SC TC Creche Chico Mendes Florianópolis - SC

20 Research Centres working with Solar Energy in Brazil: Solar Energy Laboratory - Federal University of Santa Catarina (Labsolar/UFSC) Photovoltaic Systems Laboratory - Sao Paulo University (USP) Solar Energy Laboratory - Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul Reference Center in Wind and Solar Energy Sérgio de Salvo Brito (Cresesb) Studies Group for the Development of Renewable Energy - Federal University of Para (GEDAE/UFPA) Brazilian Electricity Company - Eletrobras/Cepel THANK YOU! Muito Obrigada!

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