Exemplos. Present Perfect

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1 LÍNGUA INGLESA ASPECTO PERFECT Professora Leila Eto Present Perfect Usamos o Present Perfect para uma ação no passado com um resultado agora. Formação have / has + past participle Exemplos I ve lost my key. (I can t find my key now) We ve bought a new house. (we have a new house now) George is on vacation. He has gone to London. 1

2 O present perfect faz referência ao presente. Não usaremos o present perfect se não houver relação com o presente. Vejam os exemplos: Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone (e não has invented). Machado de Assis wrote many books (e não has written). Agora cuidado: My father is a writer. He has written many books. Isso significa que ele ainda escreve livros. I you we they he she it have + past participle has + past participle O present perfect é usado para ações que aconteceram em um tempo antes de agora. O tempo exato não é importante, com isso não usaremos expressões específicas de tempo como: yesterday one year ago last week when I was a child when I lived in Boston at that moment 2

3 Podemos usar expressões não específicas de tempo como: ever never once many times several times so far already yet Principais usos de Present Perfect: 1. Experiência Podemos usar o Present Perfect para indicar a experiência ou a falta de certa experiência. Exemplo I have been to London. I have never been to London. I have been to London twice. I think I have seen that TV program before. She has never traveled by plane. 2. Mudança com o tempo You have grown since the last time I saw you. My y Portuguese has improved since I moved to Brazil. A: Have you ever met him? B: No, I have not met him. 3

4 3. Realizações Usaremos o Present Perfect para listar realizações de indivíduos e da humanidade. Não se menciona o tempo especifico. Our daughter has learned how to read. Doctors have cured many deadly diseases. 4. Uma ação incompleta que estamos esperando Geralmente usaremos o Present Perfect para expressarmos uma ação que era esperada e não ocorreu. Esse uso sugere que ainda estamos esperando a ação acontecer. It hasn t stopped raining yet. George has still not arrived. 5. Geralmente usamos o Present Perfect para anunciar um acontecimento recente. The road is closed. There has been an accident. Formação Forma Interrogativa Have I you we they Has he she it + past participle? 4

5 Short answers Yes, I have. No, I haven t. Yes, she has. No, she hasn t. Infinitive past simple past participle begin began begun break broke broken come came come do did done eat ate eaten fly flew flown Infinitive past simple past participle give gave given go went gone see saw seen ring rang rung speak spoke spoken write wrote written Usamos o Present Perfect com today/ this morning/ this evening quando tais períodos ainda não terminaram no momento da fala. I haven t seen Diane this morning. 5

6 The first time + Present Perfect Aexpressãothis is the first time quando faz referência a um evento imediato é normalmente usada com present perfect. Is this the first time you ve flown on Air Canada? It s the first time she has driven acar. Diferença entre gone (to) e been (to) Patrick is always on vacation. He has gone to France. (ele está lá agora) Are you going to the bank? No, I ve already been to the bank. (já voltou) EXERCÍCIOS DE FIXAÇÃO 1. Complete as frases com um verbo da lista. not / see go forget invite a. Where s Susan? She out. b. Lauren is having a party tomorrow. She a lot of people. c. I know that man but I his name. d. I m looking for Mary. you her? 6

7 EXERCÍCIOS DE FIXAÇÃO 2. Use been ou gone. a. Carol isn t here at the moment. She s to the post office. b. Robert has out. He ll be back in about an hour. c. I ve just to the supermarket. I bought lots of things. Present perfect continuous É usado para uma ação que finalizou recentemente ou começou no passado e ainda prossegue no tempo. It has been raining. (a rua ainda está molhada) I ve been studying English for five years. (e ainda estudo) Formação Have / has + been + verb-ing Usamos o present perfect continuous para perguntar ou dizer há quanto tempo alguma coisa está acontecendo. How long have you been reading that book? I ve been working on the project for two weeks. She s been talking on the phone for twenty minutes. 7

8 Forma interrogativa Short answers: Have Has you been + verb-ing they been + verb-ing? we been + verb-ing she been + verb- ing? he been + verb- ing? it been + verb- ing? Yes, I have / No, I haven t. Yes, they have / No, they haven t t. Yes, she has / No, she hasn t. Vejamos a diferença: I m studying French. (agora) I ve been studying g French since August. How long have you been studying English? Uso de for / since Usamos for e since para expressarmos o tempo decorrido de determinado acontecimento. For É usado para indicar período de tempo. 8

9 Exemplos I have known her for a long time. Louise has been learning Spanish for one year. Usos comuns de for two days an hour a week five months ten years twenty minutes a long time Não usamos for + all I ve worked here all my life ( e não for all my life) Since É usado para indicar início de período. Louise has been learning Spanish since 2010 Louise has been learning Spanish since I ve lived in Miami since I was nine years old. 9

10 Usos comuns de since Wednesday 10 o clock oclock May 1999 I arrived EXERCÍCIOS DE FIXAÇÃO 1)Complete as frases com os verbos entre parênteses e use for/since a. Tom (study English) two hours. b. They (play soccer) 4 o clock. c. I (read) a book January. d. She (cook) half an hour. 2. Complete as frases usando for ou since. a. My sister has lived in Montreal five years. b. They have been in Ottawa

11 just / already / yet c. She has been married December. d. He has studied History a long time. Just Significa pouco tempo atrás. Is Bob here? No, he s just gone. (he has just gone) Already Are you hungry? No, I ve just had lunch. Significa antes do esperado. Don t forget to send the , will you? I ve already sent it. 11

12 Yet Significa até agora. É usado em frases negativas e interrogativas. Geralmente aparece ao final da frase. Are Karen and Phil here? No, they haven t arrived yet. Have Karen and Phil arrived yet? No, not yet. Have you made the phone calls? No, I haven t made them yet. Has Richard started a new job yet? No, he starts next week. EXERCICÍOS DE FIXAÇÃO 1. Complete as frases. Use already + present perfect. a. What time is Ann leaving? b. Don t forget to invite Sue. c. Do you want to call her? d. When does your sister start a new job? 12

13 2. Escreva frases usando yet. a.? (Karen and Phil / arrive) No, not yet. b. Have you done your homework? (I / do) ever / never Ever Have you ever been to New York? (In your life) Yes, once. Never I ve never played hockey. Ever = já (alguma vez) Have you ever been to China? Yes, once. Have you ever played hockey? No, never. EXERCÍCIOS DE FIXAÇÃO 1. Faça perguntas com as palavras entre parênteses: a. (you / ever / climb/ mountain?) b. (you / ever / be / London?) 13

14 c. (you / ever/ eat / caviar?) d. (you / ever / speak / famous person?) Ago = antes de agora É usado com passado. ago Jennifer started a new course three days ago. I had lunch twenty minutes ago. Vejam a diferença entre ago e for: Susan and Dennis got married 10 years ago. SusanS and Dennis have been married for ten years. Ago e for When did Lauren arrive in Montreal? She arrived in Montreal five days ago. How long has she been in Los Angeles? She has been to Los Angeles for two days. 14

15 EXERCÍCIOS DE FIXAÇÃO 1. Complete as frases com as palavras entre parênteses + ago ou for. a. They have been married (ten years). b. They got married (ten years). c. I bought this CD (a few days). d. Flo has been studying English (five years). Past Perfect Enquanto o present perfect refere-se a um tempo até o momento, o past perfect refere-se a um tempo até um momento no passado. Estudemos: Há uma semana: At 9:30: Paul went to the party but he didn t see Mary. He went home at 11:00 and Mary arrived at the party at 11:30. When Mary arrived at the party, Paul had left. 15

16 Vejamos a linha do tempo: A B C hoje uma semana atrás A: Paul went to the party at 9:30. B: He went home at 11:00. C: Mary arrived at 11:30. When Mary arrived at the party, Paul had left. Com isso diremos que: O past perfect é usado quando duas ações ocorreram no passado. Para a primeira ação (no tempo) utilizaremos o past perfect e para a segunda o simple past. When I arrived home, my parents had already left. (Primeira ação: meus pais partiram. Segunda ação: eu cheguei em casa). Formação Had + past participle EXERCÍCIOS DE FIXAÇÃO 1. Coloque o verbo no tempo verbal correto, past perfect ou simple past. a. I was very tired when I got home, so I (go) straight to bed. b. The house was quiet when I arrived. Everybody (go) to bed. 16

17 c. When Jane finished her homework, Joe (leave) for work. Formação had been +verb -ing Past Perfect Continuous Exemplos: He had been waiting there for more than two hours when she finally arrived. Forma interrogativa Had he been waiting there for more than two hours when she finally arrived? Forma negativa He had not been waiting there for more than two hours when she finally arrived Principais usos 1. Duração de tempo antes de alguma coisa no passado passado X presente futuro They had been talking for two hours before Helen arrived. 17

18 2. Causa de algo no passado Richard was tired because he had been playing tennis. Past continuous x past perfect O Past Continuous enfatiza ações que são interrompidas e o Past Perfect Continuous enfatiza uma duração de tempo antes de algo no passado. He was tired because he was working hard. He was tired because he had been working hard. Will have done (future perfect) 1. Usamos will have + past participle p para dizer que algo acontecerá antes de outra ação no futuro. 2. Também demonstra que algo acontecerá antes de determinado tempo no futuro. We re late. The party will have started by the p y y time we arrive. 18

19 Outro uso de will have + past participle: By next July, I will have received my promotion. I am not going to have finished this lesson by 2 o'clock. Paul and Sharon have been married for 9 years. Next year they will have been married for 10 years EXERCÍCIOS DE FIXAÇÃO 1. Complete as frases com will be ing ou will have + past participle. a. Don t call me between 8 and 9. I (watch) the soap opera. b. Call me after 9 o clock. I (finish) dinner then. c) This time next week I (swim) in the sea. d) I m going to study French from 5 o clock until 6 o clock. At 5:30 I (study) French. e) Ann goes to school at 7:00 a.m, so she won t be at home at 9:00 a.m. She (go) to school. 19

20 Present Perfect GABARITO Present Perfect GABARITO 1. a. has gone b. has invited c. have forgotten d. Haven t / seen 2. a. gone b. gone c. been GABARITO GABARITO Present perfect continuous / for / since 1. a. has been studying English for b. have been playing soccer since c. ve been reading a book since d. has been cooking for Ever / never / for / since 2. a. for b. since c. since d. for 20

21 GABARITO already 1. a. Ann has already left. b. I have already invited her. c. I have already called her. d. She has already started it. yet 2. GABARITO a. Have Karen and Phil arrived yet? b. I haven t done my homework yet. GABARITO Ever / never a. Have you ever climbed a mountain? b. Have you ever been to London? c. Have you ever eaten caviar? d. Have you ever spoken to a famous person? GABARITO Ago 1. a. for ten years b. ten years ago c. a few days ago d. for five years 21

22 Past perfect 1. a. went b. had gone c. had left GABARITO Future perfect a. will be watching b. will have finished c. will be swimming d. will be studying e. will have gone GABARITO 22