Taxonomic treatment of the Polytrichaceae from Brazil

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1 Taxonomic treatment of the Polytrichaceae from Brazil Author(s) :Denilson Fernandes Peralta and Olga Yano Source: The Bryologist, 113(3): Published By: The American Bryological and Lichenological Society, Inc. DOI: URL: BioOne ( is a nonprofit, online aggregation of core research in the biological, ecological, and environmental sciences. BioOne provides a sustainable online platform for over 170 journals and books published by nonprofit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses. Your use of this PDF, the BioOne Web site, and all posted and associated content indicates your acceptance of BioOne s Terms of Use, available at terms_of_use. Usage of BioOne content is strictly limited to personal, educational, and non-commercial use. Commercial inquiries or rights and permissions requests should be directed to the individual publisher as copyright holder. BioOne sees sustainable scholarly publishing as an inherently collaborative enterprise connecting authors, nonprofit publishers, academic institutions, research libraries, and research funders in the common goal of maximizing access to critical research.

2 Taxonomic treatment of the Polytrichaceae from Brazil Denilson Fernandes Peralta 1 and Olga Yano Instituto de Botânica, Caixa Postal 3005, São Paulo, SP, Brazil ABSTRACT. Thirteen species of Polytrichaceae belonging to seven genera are hereby reported from Brazil: Atrichum androgynum, Itatiella ulei, Notoligotrichum minimum, Oligotrichum canaliculatum, O. denudatum, O. riedelianum, Pogonatum campylocarpum, P. pensilvanicum, P. perichaetiale subsp. oligodus, Polytrichadelphus pseudopolytrichum, Polytrichum angustifolium, P. commune and P. juniperinum. Polytrichadelphus organensis and Polytrichum reflexifolium are placed in synonymy with Polytrichum juniperinum, Polytrichum brasiliense with P. angustifolium and P. subremotifolium with P. commune. Keys, descriptions and illustrations are presented for all species. KEYWORDS. Atrichum, Itatiella, Notoligotrichum, Oligotrichum, Pogonatum, Polytrichadelphus, Polytrichum, Bryophyta, taxonomy. The Polytrichaceae are characterized by formation of an epiphragm from the columella, the frequent presence of longitudinal lamellae on the upper leaf surface and, when present, the multicelular peristome appearing single and commonly with 32 ou 64 teeth (Gradstein et al. 2001). It is the only family in Polytrichales and Polytrichopsida sensu Goffinet et al. (2009). The family comprises between 218 (Crosby et al. 1999) and 300 species (Churchill & Linares C. 1995) accommodated in 23 genera (Goffinet et al. 2009), of which seven are monospecific (Crosby et al. 1999). The family including Dawsonia, is monophyletic and according Hyvönen et al. (1998, 2004) forms the sister group to other peristomate mosses. Gradstein et al. (2001) reported ten genera and 40 species from the Neotropics and of these, 32 species are thought to occur in Brazil (Yano 1996). The first citation of Polytrichaceae from Brazil was by Raddi (1820). He described Catharinea pseudopolytrichum (5 Polytrichadelphus pseudopolytrichum (Raddi) G.L. Smith) from Serra do Frade (today Serra dos Órgãos), in the State of Rio de Janeiro. The main Brazilian work was made by Farias (1982, 1984) studying seven species to State of Rio Grande do Sul. Although the Polytrichaceae are included in many floristic reports, no critical taxonomic revisions has been completed for Brazil or another Neotropical region. We hereby present the result of a taxonomic revision based on extensive collections of Brazilian specimens, including many types. Eighty-one names have been applied to specimens of Polytrichaceae from Brazil. Thirteen species are accepted here; six are valid names, but are listed as doubtful names; eight others are valid names, but the collections from Brazil were misidentified and the species should be excluded from the flora; 18 are nomen nudum; 19 are used as synonym (four of these are listed for the first time), and 17 are herbarium names. 1 Corresponding author denilsonfp@yahoo.com.br DOI: / MATERIALS AND METHODS Materials were obtained both from field collection and loans from herbaria (ALCB, B, BM, C, The Bryologist 113(3), pp /10/$2.75/0 Copyright E2010 by The American Bryological and Lichenological Society, Inc.

3 Peralta & Yano: Taxonomic treatment of the Polytrichaceae from Brazil 647 CESJ, E, EGR, FH, H, ICN, MANCH, MBM, MG, MO, NY, OXF, PACA, PC, R, RB, SJRP, S, SP, SPF, SPSF, UPCB, W) with special attention to type specimens. Specimens were examined with stereo and lightmicroscopes. In total, 2594 specimens of Polytrichaceae from Brazil were analysed, including 20 types, six and 13 original collections to which a nomen nudum or a herbarium name, respectively, was applied. We used the DELTA (DEscription Language for TAxonomy) software to make keys and descriptions. TAXONOMIC TREATMENT Polytrichaceae Schwägr. in Willd., Sp. Pl. ed. 5(2): Type: Polytrichum Hedw. KEYS TO THE SPECIES OF POLYTRICHACEAE IN BRAZIL 1. Sporophyte present Sporophyte absent Calyptrae hairy Calyptrae glabrous or with few trichomes Capsule with stomata and apophysis; peristome 64 teeth Capsule without stomata and apophysis; peristome 32 teeth Margins involute... Polytrichum juniperinum 4. Margins plane Distal cell of lamellae pyriform... Polytrichum angustifolium 5. Distal cell of lamellae U-shaped... Polytrichum commune 6. Protonema persistent... Pogonatum pensilvanicum 6. Protonema not persistent Distal cell of lamellae double, pyriform Pogonatum campylocarpum 7. Distal cell of lamellae single, rhombic Pogonatum perichaetiale subsp. oligodus 8. Peristome 64 teeth; sporophyte lateral arising in small branches; sheathing base red Polytrichadelphus pseudopolytrichum 8. Peristome 32 teeth or absent; sporophyte terminal; sheathing base not red Margins bordered by very long cells (10:1) Atrichum androgynum 9. Margins not bordered Capsule without stomata and peristome... Itatiella ulei 10. Capsule with stomata and peristome; 32 teeth Lamellae occupying costae and laminae; cells papillose..... Notoligotrichum minimum 11. Lamellae occupying only costae or absent; cells smooth Lamellae absent... Oligotrichum denudatum 12. Lamellae over costae only Leaves lanceolate, apex acute or acuminate, plane Oligotrichum riedelianum 13. Leaves ligulate, apex obtuse or conchiform, inflexed Oligotrichum canaliculatum 14. Protonema persistent; leaf gametophyte restrict to perichaetium and perigonium Pogonatum pensilvanicum 14. Protonema not persistent; leaf gametophyte well developed Lamellae occupying costae; leaves crisped when dry Lamellae occupying costae and laminae; leaves imbricate or widespreading when dry Lamellae absent... Oligotrichum denudatum 16. Lamellae well developed Margin bordered by very long cells (10:1) Atrichum androgynum 17. Margin not bordered Leaves ligulate; apex obtuse or conchiform Oligotrichum canaliculatum 18. Leaves lanceolate; apex acute or acuminate Oligotrichum riedelianum 19. Cells papillose... Notoligotrichum mininum 19. Cells smooth Margins involute... Polytrichum juniperinum 20. Margins plane Sheathing base orange or red Sheathing base whitish or green Distal cell of lamellae rugose; leaf apex acute Polytrichadelphus pseudopolytrichum 22. Distal cell of lamellae smooth; leaf apex acuminate Polytrichum angustifolium 23. Distal cell of lamellae double and pyriform Pogonatum campylocarpum 23. Distal cell of lamellae single, rhombic or U-shaped Distal cell of lamellae U-shaped Polytrichum commune 24. Distal cell of lamellae rhombic Distal cell of lamellae thick-walled; leaf apex acuminate, erect... Pogonatum perichaetiale subsp. oligodus 25. Distal cell of lamellae thin-walled; leaf apex acute, incurved... Itatiella ulei Atrichum P. Beauv., Mag. Encycl. 5: , nom. cons. TYPE: A. undulatum (Hedw.) P. Beauv. Atrichum androgynum (Müll. Hal.) A. Jaeger, Ber. Thätigk. St. Gallischen Naturwiss. Ges : 241 (Gen. et Sp. Musc. 1: 709) ; Catharinea androgyna Müll. Hal., Syn. Musc. Frond. 1: TYPE: AFRICA. PIOMONT: bon spec. prope swollendam in nemoribus ubi. m.octobr.c. Thecis operculatis, Ecklon s.n. ex. (syntypes MEL? hb. Kunzeanum, BM?). Fig. 1 Catharinea ulei Müll. Hal., Hedwigia 38 (Beibl. 1): nom. nud. Atrichum mosenii (Broth.) Paris, Index Bryol. Suppl ; Catharinea mosenii Broth., Bih. Kongl. Svenksa Vetensk.-Akad. Handl. 21 Afd.

4 648 The Bryologist 113(3): 2010 Figure 1. Atrichum androgynum. a. Gametophyte, b c. Leaves, d. Perigonial leaves, e. Apical cell of the leaf, f. Marginal cells of leaf, g. Cells of the sheathing base, h. Transverse section of the apex of the leaf, i. Transverse section of the median leaf, j. Transverse section of the sheathing base, k. Lateral view of lamella, l. Epidermal cells of the capsule, m. Transverse section of the epidermal cells of the capsule, n. Calyptra, o. Peristome teeth (Yano & Marcelli SP).

5 Peralta & Yano: Taxonomic treatment of the Polytrichaceae from Brazil 649 3(3): TYPE: BRAZIL, MINAS GERAIS: Caldas, VII-1823, Mosén 332 (syntype H-BR!). Atrichum riograndense (Broth.) Paris, Index Bryol. 281: ; Catharinea rio-grandensis Broth., Bih. Kongl. Svenksa Vetensk.-Akad. Handl. 26 Afd. 3(7): TYPE: BRAZIL, RIO GRANDE DO SUL: Silveira Martins ad, Terram marginis viae declivum umbrosam, 19-III-1893, Lindman 210 (syntypes H-BR!, R!). Description. Plants medium-sized, dark-green to brown, mm long. Stems erect, forming tufs. Rhizome prostrate. Rhizoids pale-brown. Leaves lanceolate, 4 7 mm long, widespreading, quadratichexagonal cells, mm, thick-walled, smooth, sheathing base inconspicuous, plane margins, double dentate, bordered, costa narrow 1/ 5 1/3, percurrent, lamellae occupying only the costae, 4 6 lamellae, 2 4 cells high, distal cells simple, rhombic, smooth, lamella cells in lateral view quadratic-hexagonal. Monoicous, perichaetium and perigonium terminal, leaves not differentiated. Sporophyte 1( 3), seta 30 mm long. Capsule asymmetric, urn cylindric, stomata absent, operculum conic, long-rostrate, 32 teeth. Calyptra cucullate, glabrous. Distribution. Africa, Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, Costa Rica, Colombia and Brazil (States of Minas Gerais, Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina and São Paulo). Habitat. On soil, at margins of submontane and montane forests, in the Bioma Mata Atlântica and Pampa, between 600 2,000 m alt. Discussion. This species is diagnosed by the bordered leaves that are crisped when dry. Müller ( ) described the species as either dioicous or monoicous, but only bisexual gametophytes, with many antheridia around the seta, were found among the material from Brazil. Nyholm (1971) uses the lengh of lamina cells to separe the varieties of A. androgynum. But among the Brazilian material, we found a large variation on this character even within a single population. Hence we treated all specimens as A. androgynum. The collections from Brazil identified as Atrichum oerstedianum (Müll. Hal.) Mitt. don t have the antheridia surrounded by the differentiated perigonial leaves, as is clearly the case in the type (K!). The type specimens of Atrichum mosenii (Broth.) Paris (H!) and A. riograndense (Broth.) Paris (H! R!) cannot be distinguished from A. androgynum and the names should be considered synonyms of A. androgynum as suggested by Nyholm (1971). Selected specimen examined. BRAZIL. MINAS GERAIS: Caldas, Mosén 331 (H); Caparaó Novo, Parque Nacional do Caparaó, Vital & Buck (SP). PARANÁ: Dorizon, Hotel Água Dorizon, Wasum et al (MO, SP); Guarapuava, Fazenda Campo Real, Hatschbach (MBM, MO, PACA); Palmas, O. Yano & Pirani 6551 (SP). RIO DE JANEIRO: Itatiaia, Ule 38 (S); Nova Friburgo, Kurtz & Dihlmann 27 (RB); Rio de Janeiro, Costa & Molinaro 243 (RB); Teresópolis, Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos, O. Yano & Costa (SP). RIO GRANDE DO SUL: Bom Jesus, Sehnem 220 (PACA, SP); Cambará do Sul, Fortaleza dos Aparados, Vianna 615 (ICN); Canela, Farias 181 (ICN); Caxias do Sul, Criúva, 17-IX-1988, Rossato et al. s.n. (MO); Dois Irmãos, Morro Reuter, Sehnem (PACA, SP); Esmeralda, Vianna 735 (ICN); Flores da Cunha, 19-II-1992, Brinker et al. s.n. (MO); Jaquirana, Wasum et al. 775 (MBM, ALCB); Montenegro, Sehnem 4038 (PACA, R, RB, SP); idem, São Francisco de Paula, Vila Oliva, Sehnem 2736 (PACA, SP); São Leopoldo, Feitoria, Sehnem 10 (PACA, SP); Silveira Martins, Lindman 191 (H). SANTA CATARINA: Serra Geral, V-1890, Ule s.n. (R); idem, Ule 38 (SP); São José, Serra da Boa Vista, Reitz & Klein 9926, 9927 (SP). SÃO PAULO: Bananal, Nova Suiça, O. Yano 1264 (MO, SP); Campos da Cunha, Peralta et al (SP); Campos do Jordão, Parque Estadual de Campos do Jordão, O. Yano & Marcelli (SP); Cunha, Vital 7768 (NY, SP); Moji das Cruzes, Parque Municipal da Serra de Itapety, Peralta et al (SP); Pindamonhangaba, Pico Itapeva, Vital 1012 (SP); Santo André, Reserva Biológica do Alto da Serra de Paranapiacaba, O. Yano & Kirizawa 9385 (SP); São José do Barreiro, Vattimo (R); São Paulo, Parque Estadual das Fontes do Ipiranga, O. Yano et al (SP). Itatiella G.L. Smith, Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 21(3): TYPE: I. ulei (Müll. Hal.) G.L. Smith. Itatiella ulei (Broth. ex Müll. Hal.) G.L. Smith, Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 21(3): ; Psilopilum ulei Broth. ; Psilopilum ulei Broth.

6 650 The Bryologist 113(3): 2010 ex Müll. Hal., Bull. Herb. Boissier 6: TYPE: BRAZIL. SERRA DE ITATIAIA, 2100 m, in campo, III-1894, Ule 1905 (Bryotheca Brasiliensis 151) (syntypes H-BR!, R!, FH (photo!), PC!, R!, S!, W!). Polytrichum ulei Broth., Rodriguésia 54: nom. nud. Fig. 2 Description. Plants medium-sized, dark-green to brown, mm long. Stems erect, forming tufs. Rhizome prostrate. Rhizoids pale-brown. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, mm long, widespreading, hexagonal-quadratic cells, mm, thickwalled, smooth, sheathing base conspicuous, involute margins, dentate, not bordered, costa narrow 1/5 1/ 3, percurrent, lamellae occupying costae and laminae, lamellae, 5 6 cells high, distal cells simple, rhombic, smooth, lamella cells in lateral view hexagonal to quadratic. Dioicous, perichaetium terminal, leaves long, perigonium terminal, leaves short and broad. Sporophyte 1( 3), seta 5 10 mm long. Capsule symmetric, urn globose, stomata absent, operculum conic, long-rostrate, teeth absent. Calyptra cucullate, glabrous. Distribution. Endemic to Southeastern and Southern Brazil (States of Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Paraná, Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo). Habitat. On soil at the margins of montane forest and high Campos in the Bioma Mata Atlântica, between 900 2,890 m alt. Discussion. This species is caracterized by its small size and the inflexed leaf apex. Some specimens of Pogonatum campylocarpum growing directly exposed to sun at high elevations present a similar aspect, but can be distinguished based on the distal lamella cells, single and rhombic in Itatiella ulei and double and pyriform in P. campylocarpum. Species of Psilopilum resemble Itatiella but differ by the presence of a peristome and stomata. The original publication lists a specimen by Ule numbered Only one specimen held in R bears this number, but it is written in pencil, and unlikely by the original collector or author. All other specimens from Bryotheca Brasiliensis are labeled 151 and are therefore consider type material. Vattimo-Gil & Vattimo (1980) reported Polytrichum ulei Broth. from Brazil, this name is a nomen nudum and the specimen (Souza s.n.) is Itatiella ulei. Selected specimen examined. BRAZIL ESPíRITO SANTO: Iúna, Parque Nacional do Caparaó, Vital & Buck (B, E, MO, MG, NY, RB, SP). MINAS GERAIS: Alto Caparaó, Buck et al (SP, MO, NY); Itamonte, Schiffner 755 (NY, S); Lima Duarte, Parque Estadual do Itibipoca, Krieger (PACA). PARANÁ: Dusén 2558 (B, E, S). RIO DE JANEIRO: Itatiaia, 1894, Ule s.n. (W); Resende, Schiffner s.n (B, W).; Teresópolis, Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos, Costa et al (RB); Visconde de Mauá, Schäfer-Verwimp & Verwimp 8325 (MO, SP). SÃO PAULO: Campos do Jordão, Parque Estadual de Campos do Jordão, O. Yano & M.P. Marcelli (SP); Piquete, Peralta 3621, 3625 (SP). Notoligotrichum G.L. Smith, Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 21(3): TYPE: N. australe (J.D. Hook.) G.L. Smith Notoligotrichum minimum (Cardot) G.L. Smith, Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 21(3): ; Polytrichadelphus minimus Cardot, Bull. Herb. Boissier, ser. 2, 5: TYPE: ARGENTINA. TERRE-DE-FEU: Bahia Tekenika, M.C. Skottsberg s.n. 135 (isotype S! hb. Cardot). Fig. 3 Description. Plants medium-sized, red or green to brown, mm long. Stems erect, forming tufs. Rhizome prostrate. Rhizoids pale-brown. Leaves lanceolate, 8 12 mm long, widespreading, quadratic cells, mm, thick-walled, papillae numerous, sheathing base conspicuous, plane margins, dentate, not bordered, costa narrow 1/5 1/ 3, percurrent, lamellae occupying costae and laminae, lamellae, 1 2 cells high, distal cells simple, rhombic, papillose, lamella cells in lateral view quadratic. Dioicous, perichaetium terminal, leaves long, perigonium terminal, leaves short and broad. Sporophyte single, seta mm long. Capsule asymmetric, urn cylindric, stomata present at urn base, operculum conic, long-rostrate, 32 teeth. Calyptra cucullate, glabrous. Distribution. Argentina, Chile and Brazil (State of Rio de Janeiro). Habitat. On soil along trails and on banks in montane forest at the Mata Atlântica Bioma at ca. 1,100 m alt. Discussion. Notoligotrichum minimum is differentiated from the other species of

7 Peralta & Yano: Taxonomic treatment of the Polytrichaceae from Brazil 651 Figure 2. Itatiella ulei. a. Female gametophyte, b. Male gametophyte, c e. Leaves, f h. Perichaetial leaves, i j. Perigonial leaves, k. Apical cells of the leaf, l. Marginal cells of the leaf, m. Cells of the sheathing base, n. Transverse section of the apex of the leaf, o. Transverse section of the median leaf, p. Transverse section of the sheathing base, q. Lateral view of lamella, r. Epidermal cells of the capsule, s. Transverse section of the epidermal cells of the capsule, t. Calyptra (Yano & Marcelli SP).

8 652 The Bryologist 113(3): 2010 Figure 3. Notoligotrichum minimum. a. Gametophyte, b e. Leaves, f g. Perichaetial leaves, h. Apical cells of the leaf, i. Marginal cells of the leaf, j. Cells of the sheathing base, k. Transverse section of the apex of the leaf, l. Transverse section of the median leaf, m. Transverse section of the sheathing base, n. Lateral view of lamella, o. Epidermal cells of the capsule, p. Transverse section of the epidermal cells of the capsule, q. Calyptra, r. Peristome teeth (Yano & Visnadi 9908-SP).

9 Peralta & Yano: Taxonomic treatment of the Polytrichaceae from Brazil 653 Polytrichaceae by its lamina cells with papillate cuticle. Specimen examined. BRAZIL. RIO DE JANEIRO: Resende, Parque Nacional do Itatiaia, O. Yano & Visnadi 9908 (SP). Oligotrichum D.C., Fl. Franc. (Lamarck), ed. 2: nom. cons. TYPE: O. hercynicum (Hedw.) Lamarck & D.C. Oligotrichum canaliculatum (J.D. Hook. & Arnott) Mitt., J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 12: ; Polytrichum canaliculatum J.D. Hook. & Arnott, Bot. Beechey Voy.: TYPE: CHILE. CONCEPCIÓN: Lay & Collie s.n. (?). Fig. 4 Description. Plants small-sized, dark-green or green to brown, 4 5 mm long. Stems erect, forming tufs. Rhizome prostrate. Rhizoids pale-brown. Leaves ligulate, mm long, widespreading when wet, crisped when dry, quadratic cells, mm, thick-walled, smooth, sheathing base conspicuous, plane margins, dentate, not bordered, apex obtuse, costa narrow 1/5 1/3, percurrent, lamellae occupying only the costa, 8 10 lamellae, 7 9 cells high, distal cells simple, rhombic, smooth, lamella cells in lateral view quadratic. Dioicous, perichaetium terminal, leaves long, perigonium terminal, leaves short and broad. Sporophyte single, seta mm long. Capsule symmetric, urn globose, stomata present at urn base, operculum conic, long-rostrate, 32 teeth. Calyptra cucullate, glabrous. Distribution. Argentina, Chile and Brazil (States of Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina*). Habitat. On banks at the margins of submontane forests in the Bioma Mata Atlântica and Pampa. Discussion. This species is diagnosed by its obtuse and inflexed leaf apex. Müllen & Frye (1947) distinguished it from O. riedelianum (Mont.) Mitt. and O. erosum (Hampe) Lindb. by its broad costa (1/ 3 of the leaf width) and short seta (23 mm). The seta length in the other species is mm long. The plants are smaller than others species of the genus and is related to the temperate areas of Brazil. Specimen examined. BRAZIL. RIO GRANDE DO SUL: Cacequi, Sangão do Macaco Branco, Bueno 3329, 3340 (ICN); Garibaldi, Schäfer-Verwimp & Verwimp (SP). SANTA CATARINA: Urubici, Serra do Corvo Branco, Schäfer-Verwimp & Verwimp (SP). Oligotrichum denudatum Merrill, Novon 1(3): TYPE: BRAZIL. MINAS GERAIS: São Roque de Minas, mesic forest and riverside at base of waterfall, Parque Nacional da Serra da Canastra, Cachoeira Casca D Anta, 20u189S, 46u319W, 1,000 m alt., 19-IX-1984, Vital & Buck (holotype NY!; isotype SP!). Fig. 5 Description. Plants medium-sized, dark-green to brown, 35 mm long. Stems erect, forming tufs. Rhizome prostrate. Rhizoids pale-brown. Leaves lanceolate-ligulate, mm long, widespreading, long-quadratic cells, mm, thin-walled, smooth, sheathing base conspicuous, plane margins, dentate, not bordered, costa narrow 1/5 1/3, percurrent, lamellae absent. Dioicous, perichaetium terminal, leaves long, perigonium terminal, leaves short and broad. Sporophyte single, seta mm long. Capsule symmetric, urn globose, stomata present at urn base, operculum conic, long-rostrate, 32 teeth. Calyptra cucullate, glabrous. Distribution. Endemic to Southeastern Brazil (State of Minas Gerais). Habitat. On soil along trails and on banks near waterfalls in montane forests at the Mata Atlântica Bioma; at ca. 1,000 m alt. Discussion. This species is similar to O. riedelianum but by the absence of lamellae, although we found some leaves with a small lamella of 1 2 cell high. Specimen examined. BRAZIL. MINAS GERAIS: São Roque de Minas, Parque Nacional Serra da Canastra, Vital & Buck 11931b (SP, NY). Oligotrichum riedelianum (Mont.) Mitt., J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 12: ; Polytrichum riedelianum Mont., Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., ser. 2, 16: TYPE: BRAZIL. Montagne s.n. (holotype NY!). Fig. 6 Polytrichum leucodontium Müll. Hal., Bot. Zeitung (Berlin) 2: Polytrichum nigricans J.D. Hook. & Wilson, London J. Bot. 3: TYPE: BRAZIL. Gardner 10 (syntypes NY!, E!, MANCH!). Description. Plants medium-sized, dark-green to brown, mm long. Stems erect, forming tufs. Rhizome prostrate. Rhizoids pale-brown. Leaves lanceolate-ligulate, mm long, widespreading,

10 654 The Bryologist 113(3): 2010 Figure 4. Oligotrichum canaliculatum. a. Gametophyte, b d. Leaves, e f. Perichaetial leaves, g. Apical cells of the leaf, h. Marginal cells of the leaf, i. Cells of the sheathing base, j. Transverse section of the apex of the leaf, k. Transverse section of the median leaf, l. Transverse section of the sheathing base, m. Lateral view of the lamella, n. Epidermal cells of the capsule, with stomata, o. Transverse section of the epidermal cells of the capsule, p. Calyptra, q. Peristome teeth (Schäfer-Verwimp & Verwimp SP).

11 Peralta & Yano: Taxonomic treatment of the Polytrichaceae from Brazil 655 Figure 5. Oligotrichum denudatum. a. Female gametophyte, b. Male gametophyte, c e. Leaves, f g. Perichaetial leaves, h i. Perigonial leaves, j. Apical cells of the leaf, k. Cells of the sheathing base, l. Transverse section of the apex of the leaf, m. Transverse section of the median leaf, n. transverse section of the sheathing base, o. Epidermal cells of the capsule, with stomata, p. Transverse section of the epidermal cells of the capsule, q. Calyptra, r. Peristome teeth (isotype, Vital & Buck SP).

12 656 The Bryologist 113(3): 2010 Figure 6. Oligotrichum riedelianum. a. Female gametophyte, b. Male gametophyte, c e. Leaves, f h. Perichaetial leaves, i j. Perigonial leaves, k. Apical cells of the leaf, l. Margin cells of the leaf, m. Cells of the sheathing base, n. Transverse section of the apex of the leaf, o. Transverse section of the median leaf, p. Transverse section of the sheathing base, q. Lateral view of the lamella, r. Epidermal cells of the capsule, with stomata, s. Transverse section of the epidermal cells of the capsule, t. Calyptra, u. Peristome teeth (Yano 1244-SP).

13 Peralta & Yano: Taxonomic treatment of the Polytrichaceae from Brazil 657 quadratic cells, mm, thin-walled, smooth, sheathing base conspicuous, plane margins, dentate, not bordered, costa narrow 1/5 1/3, percurrent, lamellae occupying only the costa, lamellae, 5 7 cells high, distal cells simple, rhombic, smooth, lamella cells in lateral view quadratic. Dioicous, perichaetium terminal, leaves long, perigonium terminal, leaves short and broad. Sporophyte single, seta mm long. Capsule symmetric, urn globose, stomata present at urn base, operculum conic, long-rostrate, 32 teeth. Calyptra cucullate, glabrous. Distribution. Endemic to Brazil (States of Minas Gerais, Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina and São Paulo). Habitat. On soil along trails and on banks in montane forests at the Mata Atlântica Bioma; between ca. 1,800 2,200 m alt. Discussion. Similar to Oligotrichum denudatum, see differentiation under this species. Polytrichum leucodontium Müll. Hal. and P. nigricans J.D. Hook. & Wilson are homotypic synonyms and are here confirmed to represent a species identical to O. riedelianum as proposed by Wijk et al. (1967). Selected specimen examined. BRAZIL. MINAS GERAIS: Caldas, Regnell 35b, 36b (S); Camanducaia, Monte Verde, Schäfer-Verwimp & Verwimp 7521 (SP); Caparaó, Parque Nacional do Caparaó, Vital & Buck (SP, NY); Delfim Moreira, Schäfer-Verwimp & Verwimp (SP); Itamonte, O. Yano et al (SP); Marmelópolis, Peralta 3568 (SP); Passa Quatro, III-1921, Zikán s.n. (B, MANCH); Santa Bárbara, Vital & Favalli (SP). PARANÁ: 1902, P. Dusén s.n (MANCH, W, S); Castro, Weir 115 (NY); Morretes, Serra da Graciosa, Schwacke 1726 (RB); União da Vitória, O. Yano & Pirani 6484 (SP). RIO DE JANEIRO: Engenheiro Passos, O. Yano & Santos 7670 (SP); Itatiaia, I-1902, Dusén s.n. (S); Nova Friburgo, VII-1835, Lusihnatt s.n. (S); Parati, Vital (SP); Resende, Dusén 2555 (B, W); Teresópolis, Serra dos Órgãos, X-1896, Ule s.n (W). RIO GRANDE DO SUL: São Francisco de Paula, Serra do Faxinal, Sehnem 5304 (PACA, ICN, SP). SANTA CATARINA: Bom Retiro, Sehnem 7039 (PACA). SÃO PAULO: Bananal, Nova Suiça, O. Yano 1244 (MO, SP); Campos do Jordão, Parque Estadual de Campos do Jordão, O. Yano & Watanabe 9223, 9227 (SP); Cunha, Vital 7760 (NY, SP); Moji das Cruzes, Serra do Mar, Fonseca & Kirizawa 13, 15 (SP); Piquete, Peralta et al (SP); São José do Barreiro, Serra da Bocaina, IX-1879, Glaziou & Schwacke s.n. (R). Pogonatum P. Beauv., Mag. Encycl. 5: TYPE: P. aloides (Hedw.) P. Beauv. Pogonatum campylocarpum (Müll. Hal.) Mitt., J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 12: ; Polytrichum campylocarpum Müll. Hal., Syn. Musc. Frond. 1: TYPE: VENEZUELA. CARACAS: Galipan, 4000 (5000?) ft., I-1846, Funck & Schlim 379 (lectotype BM; isotypes GOET, JE, L, NY), designated by Menzel (1985[1986]). Fig. 7 Pogonatum camptocaulon (Müll. Hal.) Paris, Index Bryol ; Polytrichum camptocaulon Müll. Hal., Acta Soc. Sci. Fenn. 19(5): TYPE: BRAZIL. MINAS GERAIS: Caraça, in terra arenosa, IV-1885, Wainio s.n. (lectotype H-BR), designated by Menzel (1985[1986]). Description. Plants medium-sized, dark-green to blackish, mm long. Stems erect, forming tufs. Rhizome prostrate. Rhizoids pale-brown. Leaves lanceolate, 4 5 mm long, widespreading, quadratic cells, mm, thick-walled, smooth, sheathing base conspicuous, plane margins, dentate, not bordered, costa broad 3/4 4/5, percurrent, lamellae occupying costae and laminae, lamellae, 5 6 cells high, distal cells double, pyriform, smooth, lamella cells in lateral view quadratic. Dioicous, perichaetium terminal, leaves long, perigonium terminal, leaves short and broad. Sporophyte single, seta mm long. Capsule asymmetric, urn cylindric, stomata absent, operculum conic, long-rostrate, 32 teeth. Calyptra cucullate, hairy. Distribution. America: Costa Rica, El Salvador, Panama, Dominican Republic, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela and Brazil (States of Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina and São Paulo). Habitat. On soil, along trails and on banks at the edge of montane forests at the Mata Atlântica Bioma; between ca ,000 m alt. Discussion. This species differs from the Brazilian congeners by the lamellae with with two pyriform distal cells, a unique feature among South American species (Hyvönen 1989). The species is similar to Pogonatum comosum (Müll. Hal.) Mitt.,

14 658 The Bryologist 113(3): 2010 Figure 7. Pogonatum campylocarpum. a. Female gametophyte, b. Male gametophyte, c e. Leaves, f g. Perichaetial leaves, h i. Perigonial leaves, j. Apical cells of the leaf, k. Margin cells of the leaf, l. Cells of the sheathing base, m. Transverse section of the apex of the leaf, n. Transverse section of the median leaf, o. Transverse section of the sheathing base, p. Lateral view of the lamella, q. Epidermal cells of the capsule, r. Transverse section of the epidermal cells of the capsule, s. Calyptra, t. Peristome teeth (Peralta 3614-SP).

15 Peralta & Yano: Taxonomic treatment of the Polytrichaceae from Brazil 659 which differs by the entire leaf margin, conspicuous constriction betwen sheathing base and laminae and distal cells of lamella (but this species has two cells too! Clarify) double and thick-walled. Vattimo-Gil & Vattimo (1980), reported Pogonatum tortile (Sw.) Brid. from Brazil based on the specimen Bandeira s.n. (RB!). However, this specimen belongs to P. campylocarpum, and hence, P. tortile does not occur in Brazil. Selected specimen examined. BRAZIL. MINAS GERAIS: Caldas, Regnell s.n. (E); Camanducaia, 21-II- 1979, Martins s.n. (SP); Caparaó, Parque Nacional do Caparaó, Vital & Buck (SP); Catas Altas, Peralta et al (SP); Itamonte, O. Yano & Visnadi 9904 (SP); Lima Duarte, Caraça, Ule 1318 (R), Marmelópolis, Peralta 3555 (SP); Ouro Preto, Ule 1319 (R). RIO DE JANEIRO: Itatiaia, I-1896, Ule s.n. (S); Nova Friburgo, 1-V-1923, Bandeira s.n. (RB); Parati, Vital 7734, 7737, 7746 (SP, NY); Teresópolis, Mautone & Guimarães 118 (RB). RIO GRANDE DO SUL: Cambará do Sul, Peralta & Gonçalves 3314, 3319, 3323 (SP); São Francisco de Paula, Farias 185 (ICN). SANTA CATARINA: Bom Retiro, Schäfer-Verwimp & Verwimp (SP); Serra Geral, Vital & Buck (SP). SÃO PAULO: Bananal, O. Yano 1226 (SP); Campos do Jordão, Parque Estadual de Campos do Jordão, O. Yano & Watanabe 9226 (SP); Cubatão, Vital (SP); Cunha, Vital 7761 (SP); Pindamonhangaba, Pico do Itapeva, Vital 642 (SP); Piquete, D.F. Peralta 3614 (SP); São Bernardo do Campo, O. Yano et al , (SP); São José do Barreiro, Loefgren & Edwal 537 (SP); São Luis do Paraitinga, O. Yano et al (SP); São Paulo, Hoehne 128 (SP, MANCH). Pogonatum pensilvanicum (Hedw.) P. Beauv., Mém. Soc. Linn. Paris 1: ; Polytrichum pensilvanicum Hedw., Sp. Musc. Frond ; Polytrichum brevicaule Brid., J. Bot. (Schrader) 1800(1): nom. superfl. TYPE: USA. PENNSYLVANIA: Mühlenberg (syntypes BM, G). Fig. 8 Pogonatum gardneri (Müll. Hal.) Mitt., J. Proc. Linn. Soc., Bot. 8: ; Polytrichum gardneri Müll. Hal., Syn. Musc. Frond. 2: TYPE: BRAZIL. Tijuca, clay bank, XI-1836, Gardner 15 (syntype E!). Pogonatum glaziovii (Hampe) A. Jaeger, Ber. Thatigk. St. Gallischen Naturwiss. Ges. 1: ; Polytrichum glaziovii Hampe, Vidensk. Meddel. Dansk Naturhist. Foren. Kjøbenhavn ser. 3 4: TYPE: BRAZIL. Glaziou 5156 (lectotype BM, isotype FH), designated by Hyvönen (1989). Polytrichum campophilum Müll. Hal., Hedwigia 38(Beibl. 1): nom. nud. Pogonatum subabbreviatum Broth., Denkschr. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss., Wien. Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 83: TYPE: BRAZIL. MINAS GERAIS: Serra do Itatiaia, Macieiras, ad margines viarum, 16-I- 1925, Vaughan Bandeira 91 (Lectotype H-BR), designated by Hyvönen (1989). Description. Plants small-sized, protonema persistent, dark-green, 2 3 mm long. Stems erect, forming tufs. Rhizomes absent. Rhizoids pale-brown. Leaves lanceolate, 2 3 mm long, widespreading, quadratic cells, mm, thick-walled, smooth, sheathing base conspicuous, plane margins, dentate, not bordered, costa narrow 1/5 1/3, percurrent, lamellae occupying costae and laminae, lamellae, 3 4 cells high, distal cells single or double, rhombic, smooth, lamella cells in lateral view quadratic. Dioicous, perichaetium terminal, leaves long, perigonium terminal, leaves short and broad. Sporophyte single, seta mm long. Capsule symmetric, urn cylindric, stomata absent, operculum conic, long-rostrate, 32 teeth. Calyptra cucullate, hairy. Distribution. Widespread in the New World (Canada, Mexico, Cuba, Bolivia, Peru, Paraguay and Brazil); in Brazil known from Bahia, Distrito Federal, Espírito Santo, Goiás, Minas Gerais, Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina and São Paulo. Habitat. On soil along trails and on banks at margins of montane forests at the Mata Atlântica, Cerrado and Pampa Biomes; between ca ,200 m alt. Discussion. The persistent protonema differentiates this species from other Brazilian taxa. Two other species develop persitent protonemata (Hyvönen 1989): Pogonatum brachyphyllum (Michx.) P. Beauv. and P. spinulosum Mitt. the former is endemic to North America and is diagnosed by a truncate leaf apex and well developed lamellae. Pogonatum spinulosum is endemic to Asia and is characterized by the many teeth on the ventral side of

16 660 The Bryologist 113(3): 2010 Figure 8. Pogonatum pensilvanicum. a. Female gametophyte, b. Male gametophyte, c e. Leaves, f h. Perichaetial leaves, i. apical cells of the leaf, j. Margin cells of the leaf, k. Cells of the sheathing base, l. Transverse section of the apex of the leaf, m. Transverse section of the median leaf, n. Transverse section of the sheathing base, o. Lateral view of the lamella, p. Epidermal cells of the capsule, q. Transverse section of the epidermal cells of the capsule, r. Calyptra, s. Peristome teeth (Yano SP).

17 Peralta & Yano: Taxonomic treatment of the Polytrichaceae from Brazil 661 the costa, and well developed lamellae with the verrucose distal cells. Selected specimen examined. BRAZIL. DISTRITO FEDERAL: Mumunhas, Vital (SP). ESPíRITO SANTO: Domingos Martins, Schäfer-Verwimp & Verwimp (SP); Santa Teresa, O. Yano 3593 (SP). GOIÁS: Alto Paraíso de Goiás, Chapada dos Veadeiros, Costa et al (RB); Cristalina, Vital 6273 (SP). MINAS GERAIS: Belo Horizonte, Serra do Curral, Chaos s.n. (RB); Caldas, Regnell s.n., 36, 969 (S); Catas Altas, Peralta et al (SP); Diamantina, Mexia 5831 (MO, S); Lima Duarte, Parque Estadual do Ibitipoca, O. Yano et al (SP); Santana do Riacho, O. Yano & Wanderley (SP). PARANÁ: Antonina, Hatschbach (MBM; PACA); Pato Branco, O. Yano et al (SP); Tijucas do Sul, O. Yano & Shirata (SP). RIO DE JANEIRO: Angra dos Reis, Ilha Grande, Oliveira-e- Silva 2429 (SP); Itatiaia, V-1902, Dusén s.n. (e, s); Nova Friburgo, 22-II-1903, P. Dusén s.n. (S); Parati, Vital 7745 (MO, NY, SP). RIO GRANDE DO SUL: Cambará do Sul, Guerra et al. 719 (alcb, mbm); Caxias do Sul, O. Yano & Bordin (SP); Silveira Martins, 4-III- 1893, Lindman s.n. (R). SANTA CATARINA: Santa Cecília, Vital 5594 (SP); Porto Belo, O. Yano & Yano (SP); Tijucas, Sehnem 3251 (PACA). SÃO PAULO: Atibaia, Peralta et al (SP); Barra do Turvo, Vital 3221 (SP); Brotas, Vital (SP); Campos do Jordão, Parque Estadual de Campos do Jordão, O. Yano & Watanabe 9221 (SP); Ibiúna, O. Yano & Yano (SP); Piquete, Peralta 3630 (SP); São Bernardo do Campo, O. Yano et al (SP); Santo André, Schiffner 793 (S); Serra Negra, O. Yano et al (SP); Ubatuba, Vital 4781 (SP). Pogonatum perichaetiale (Mont.) A. Jaeger subsp. oligodus (Kunze ex Müll. Hal.) Hyvönen, Acta Bot. Fenn. 138: ; Polytrichum oligodus Kunze ex Müll. Hal., Syn. Musc. Frond. 1: TYPE: CHILE. Poeppig 227 (lectotype BM, isotypes G, H-BR, JE, HBG, PC), designated by Menzel (1985[1986]). Fig. 9 Pogonatum itatiaiae (Müll. Hal.) Paris, Index Bryol. Suppl.: ; Polytrichum itatiaiae Müll. Hal., Bull. Herb. Boissier 6: TYPE: BRAZIL. MINAS GERAIS: Serra Itatiaia, 2,000 m alt., in terra, III-1894, Ule 1764 (Bryotheca Brasiliensis 345) (lectotype H-BR, isotypes, HBG, R!), designated by Menzel (1985[1986]). Description. Plants small-sized, dark-green to blackish, mm long. Stems erect, forming tufs. Rhizomes absent. Rhizoids pale-brown. Leaves lanceolate, 5 6 mm long, widespreading, quadratic cells, mm, thick-walled, smooth, sheathing base conspicuous, plane margins, dentate, not bordered, costa broad 3/4 4/5, percurrent, lamellae occupying costae and laminae, lamellae, 5 6 cells high, distal cells single, rhombic, smooth, lamella cells in lateral view quadratic. Dioicous, perichaetium terminal, leaves long, perigonium terminal, leaves short and broad. Sporophyte single, seta mm long. Capsule symmetric, urn cylindric, stomata absent, operculum conic, long-rostrate, 32 teeth. Calyptra cucullate, hairy. Distribution. Africa and Tropical America. Brazil (States of Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro). Habitat. On soil between rocks in sun exposed places at the Mata Atlântica Biome; between ca. 2,300 2,400 m alt. Discussion. Hyvönen (1989) recognizes three subspecies, which differ in subtle characters and are in need of a critical revision. A single variety is tentativily accepted for Brazil. Specimen examined. BRAZIL. MINAS GERAIS: Cambuí, Peralta 267 (SP, SJRP). RIO DE JANEIRO: Itatiaia, Ule 1764 (R); Resende, O. Yano et al p.p. (SP). Polytrichadelphus (Müll. Hal.) Mitt., J. Proc. Linn. Soc., Bot. 4: TYPE: P. magellanicus (Hedw.) Mitt. Polytrichadelphus pseudopolytrichum (Raddi) G.L. Smith, Bryologist 79(4): (1977) ; Catharinea pseudopolytrichum Raddi, Mem. Mat. Fis. Soc. Ital. Sci. Modena, Pt. Mem. Fis. 18: TYPE: BRAZIL: RIO DE JANEIRO: Serra dos Órgãos, Trovasi sulle montagne che costituiscono la cosi detta Serra do Frade, ove e comunissimo, matura e sour frutti, nel mese de Maggio, Raddi s.n. (syntype FI (photo!)). Fig. 10 Polytrichadelphus croceus Mitt., J. Proc. Linn. Soc., Bot. 4: TYPE: BRAZIL. RIO DE JANEIRO: Organ Mts. (Serra dos Órgãos), common on clayey banks, 3000 feet, Gardner 12 (syntype E!). Polytrichadelphus semiangulatus (Brid.) Mitt., J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 12: ; Pogonatum semiangulatum Brid., Bryol. Univ. 2:

18 662 The Bryologist 113(3): 2010 Figure 9. Pogonatum perichaetiale subsp. oligodus. a. Female gametophyte, b d. Leaves, e f. Perichaetial leaves, g. Apical cells of the leaf, h. Margin cells of the leaf, i. Cells of the sheathing base, j. Transverse section of the apex of the leaf, k. Transverse section of the median leaf, l. Transverse section of the sheathing base, m. Lateral view of the lamella, n. Epidermal cells of the capsule, o. Transverse section of the epidermal cells of the capsule, p. Calyptra, q. Peristome teeth (Peralta 267-SP).

19 Peralta & Yano: Taxonomic treatment of the Polytrichaceae from Brazil 663 Figure 10. Polytrichadelphus pseudopolytrichum. a. Female gametophyte, b. Male gametophyte, c d. Leaves, e f. Perichaetial leaves, g h. Perigonial leaves, i. Apical cells of the leaf, j. Margin cells of the leaf, k. Cells of the sheathing base, l. Transverse section of the apex of the leaf, m. Transverse section of the median leaf, with verrucose cuticle, n. Transverse section of the sheathing base, o. Lateral view of the lamella, p. Epidermal cells of the capsule, with stomata, q. Transverse section of the epidermal cells of the capsule, s. Calyptra, t. Peristome teeth (Peralta 3618-SP).

20 664 The Bryologist 113(3): 2010 TYPE: BRAZIL. Paris 1825, Persoon (lectotype B!), designated by Smith (1976). Polytrichadelphus juniperaceus Müll. Hal., Gen. Musc. Frond.: nom. nud. Description. Plants large-sized, reddish or darkgreen, mm long. Stems erect, forming tufs. Rhizome prostrate. Rhizoids pale-brown. Leaves lanceolate, 6 8 mm long, widespreading, quadratic cells, mm, thick-walled, smooth, sheathing base conspicuous, plane margins, dentate, not bordered, costa broad 3/4 4/5, percurrent, lamellae occupying costae and laminae, lamellae, 6 cells high, distal cells simple, pyriform, rugose, lamella cells in lateral view quadratic. Dioicous, perichaetium lateral, leaves long, perigonium lateral, leaves short and broad. Sporophyte 1( 2), seta mm long. Capsule asymmetric, urn cylindric, stomata present in all urn surface, operculum conic, long-rostrate, 64 teeth. Calyptra cucullate, glabrous. Distribution. Endemic to the Southeast and South of Brazil (States of Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina and São Paulo). Habitat. On soil along trails and on banks at the margin of submontane and montane forests at the Mata Atlântica and Pampa Biomes; between ca ,200 m alt. Discussion. This is the only Brazilian species with perichaetia developed on small branches. Others diagnostic features are the red colour of sheathing base, pyriform and verrucose distal cells of lamella and imbricate and acute leaf apex. Some samples are erroneously identified as P. magellanicus (Hedw.) Mitt. This species has robust habit and the agude leaf apex, and is restricted to the southern South America (i.e., below the 40u parallel; Smith 1976). Some samples are identified as Polytrichastrum formosum (Hedw.) G.L. Smith but this species has the terminal perichaetia and hairy calyptrae, this species have the distal cells of lamella verrucose in common with Polytrichadelphus pseudopolytrichum (Raddi) G.L. Smith. Selected specimen examined. BRAZIL. ESPíRITO SANTO: Conceição do Castelo, O. Yano et al (SP); Muniz Freire, O. Yano et al (SP). MINAS GERAIS: Itabira do Campo, Mattos 18 (R); Alto Caparaó, Parque Nacional do Caparaó, Visnadi & Vital 2632 (SP); Caldas, Pietrobom-Silva 1978 (MO, SJRP, SP); Caratinga, Vital 5858 (NY, SP); Catas Altas, Parque Natural do Caraça, Peralta et al (SP); Itamonte, O. Yano & Visnadi 9878 (SP); Lima Duarte, Parque Estadual do Ibitipoca, O. Yano et al (SP). PARANÁ: Bocaiúva do Sul, Hatschbach (MBM; PACA); Jaguariaíva, O. Yano et al. 5230, 5232 (SP); Laranjeiras do Sul, Vital 5786 (NY, SP); Mallet, Wasum 2814, 2833 (SP; MBM, SP); Tijucas do Sul, O. Yano & Shirata (SP). RIO DE JANEIRO: Angra dos Reis, O. Yano et al (SP); Itatiaia, Ule 1768 (R); Nova Friburgo, Sehnem 6744 (PACA; SP). RIO GRANDE DO SUL: Bom Jesus, Sehnem 221 (NY, PACA, SP); São Francisco de Paula, Sehnem 5344 (PACA; SP). SANTA CATARINA: Bom Retiro, Schäfer-Verwimp & Verwimp (SP); Negro, Vital 5602 (NY, SP). SÃO PAULO: Apiaí, Vital 2302 (SP); Campos do Jordão, Froehlich 17 (S); Caraguatatuba, Sucre et al (MO, RB); Cunha, Custódio Filho 549 (SP); Iporanga, Joly 1235 (SP); Itapecirica da Serra, Eiten & Godland 6317 (NY, SP); Jambeiro, O. Yano & Yano (SP); Natividade da Serra, O. Yano et al (SP); Piquete, Peralta 3618 (SP); Rio Grande da Serra, 7-VII-1901, Schiffner s.n. (NY); Santo Antonio do Pinhal, O. Yano 1156 (SP); São Paulo, Schiffner 937 (NY, S); Ubatuba, O. Yano et al (SP). Polytrichum Hedw., Sp. Musc. Frond.: TYPE: P. commune Hedw. Polytrichum angustifolium Mitt., J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 12: TYPE: BRAZIL. Brasilia Tropical, Burchell 3768 (syntypes BM!, E!). Fig. 11 Polytrichum brasiliense Hampe, Vidensk. Meddel. Dansk Naturhist. Foren. Kjøbenhavn. ser. 3, 10: ; Pogonatum brasiliense (Hampe) A. Jaeger, Ber. Thätigk. St. Gallischen Naturwiss. Ges : 266. (Gen. Sp. Musc. 1: 728). TYPE: BRAZIL. RIO DE JANEIRO: Rio de Janeiro, Glaziou 5199 (syntype PC!, B!). syn. nov. Polytrichum angustifolium Schimp., Bull. Herb. Boissier 5: nom. illeg. non Mitten (1869). Polytrichum alticaule Müll. Hal., Hedwigia (Beibl.) 38(1): nom. nud Description. Plants large-sized, reddish to darkgreen, mm long. Stems erect, forming tufs. Rhizome prostrate. Rhizoids pale-brown. Leaves

21 Peralta & Yano: Taxonomic treatment of the Polytrichaceae from Brazil 665 Figure 11. Polytrichum angustifolium. a. Female gametophyte, b. Male gametophyte, c e. Leaves, f g. Perichaetial leaves, h i. Perigonial leaves, j. Apical cells of the leaf, k. Margin cells of the leaf, l. Cells of the sheathing base, m. Transverse section of the apex of the leaf, n. Transverse section of the median leaf, o. Transverse section of the sheathing base, p. Lateral view of the lamella, q. Epidermal cells of the capsule, r. Transverse section of the epidermal cells of the capsule, s. Calyptra, t. Peristome teeth (Vital 7063-SP).

22 666 The Bryologist 113(3): 2010 lanceolate, 6 8 mm long, widespreading, quadratic cells, mm, thick-walled, smooth, sheathing base conspicuous, plane margins, dentate, not bordered, costa broad 3/4 4/5, percurrent, lamellae occupying costae and laminae, lamellae, 7 8 cells high, distal cells single, pyriform, smooth, lamella cells in lateral view quadratic. Dioicous, perichaetium terminal, leaves long, perigonium terminal, leaves short and broad. Sporophyte single, seta mm long. Capsule symmetric, urn cylindric, apophysis present, stomata present at urn base, operculum conic, long-rostrate, 64 teeth. Calyptra cucullate, hairy. Distribution. Endemic to the Southern Brazil (States of Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina and São Paulo). Habitat. On soil, along trails in margins of montane forests at the Mata Atlântica Biome between ca ,200 m alt. Discussion. Polytrichum angustifolium is characterized by its pyriform distal cells of lamella and the plane leaf margin. The gametophytes are rigid and have a wood-like aspect when dry. The old leaves are falcate and whitish, while in the other species of the genus the leaves are lax and goldenbrown. This is the largest species of the family reaching 800 mm high. Some samples are erroneously identified as Polytrichastrum formosum (Hedw.) G.L. Smith., but this species, has rhombic and verrucose distal cells of lamella and lacks an apophysis. Polytrichum brasiliense is considered conspecific with P. angustifolium. Polytrichum angustifolium Schimper (1897) is an invalid name (later homonym of P. angustifolium Mitt. [1869]) and the original material belongs in fact to P. juniperinum (Messmer & Frye (1947). Polytrichum xanthopillum Wilson ex Mitt. is similar to P. angustifolium, however, in P. xanthopilum the margin of lamellae in lateral view is denticulate. Selected specimen examined. BRAZIL. ESPíRITO SANTO: Caparaó, Schäfer-Verwimp & Verwimp (SP); Santa Teresa, O. Yano et al (SP). MINAS GERAIS: Alto Caparaó, Schäfer-Verwimp & Verwimp 8903 (SP); Belo Horizonte, Mello-Filho 224, 3446 (R, NY; R); Caldas, A.F. Regnell 35c (S); Camanducaia, Peralta et al. 3453, 3491, 3512, 3521 (SP); Itamonte, V. Schiffner 749 (NY, S); Nova Lima, Caraça, 1885, Wainio s.n. (PC); Ouro Preto, II-1890, Ule s.n. (B; BM; SP); Santa Bárbara, Ule 1317 (R). PARANÁ: Campo Largo, Hatschbach (MBM); Ponta Grossa, Vital 5818 (SP, NY). RIO DE JANEIRO: Itatiaia, Serra do Itatiaia, Ule 1765 (R); idem, Ule 1766 (R): Nova Friburgo, Luetzelburg 6873a (B); Petrópolis, Luetzelburg (B); Resende, Parque Nacional do Itatiaia,. Eiten & Eiten 7631 (SP); Teresópolis, Serra dos Órgãos, Brade (R). RIO GRANDE DO SUL: Cambará do Sul, Serra da Rocinha, Sehnem 7805 (PACA, ICN, R, RB, SP); Dois Irmãos, Morro Reuter, Sehnem (PACA, SP); São Francisco de Paula, Taimbé, Sehnem 5272 (PACA, SP). SANTA CATARINA: Bom Retiro, Sehnem 6995 (PACA, SP); Irineópolis, Reitz & Klein (SP). SÃO PAULO: Campos do Jordão, O. Yano & Watanabe 9220 (SP); Natividade da Serra, O. Yano et al (SP); Pindamonhangaba, D.M. Vital 7063 (SP, NY); Piquete, O. Yano & Prado (SP); Salesópolis, 21-III-1991, Vital s.n. (SP). Polytrichum commune Hedw., Sp. Musc. Frond.: TYPE: vulgaris per totam Europam. Fig. 12 Polytrichum assimile Hampe, Flora 64: TYPE: BRAZIL. RIO DE JANEIRO: Glaziou (syntype BM?), ex descr. Polytrichum subremotifolium Geh. & Hampe, Flora 64: TYPE: BRAZIL. SÃO PAULO: Apiaí, sterile, V-1879, prope Faxina, Puiggari 634 (syntype H-BR!). syn. nov. Polytrichum regnellii Broth., Gen. Musc. Frond.: nom. nud. Description. Plants medium-sized, dark-green, mm long. Stems erect, forming tufs. Rhizome prostrate. Rhizoids pale-brown. Leaves lanceolate, 6 7 mm long, widespreading, quadratic cells, mm, thick-walled, smooth, sheathing base conspicuous, plane margins, dentate, not bordered, costa broad 3/4 4/5, percurrent, lamellae occupying costae and laminae, lamellae, 4 5 cells high, distal cells single, U-shaped, smooth, lamella cells in lateral view quadratic. Dioicous, perichaetium terminal, leaves long, perigonium terminal, leaves short and broad. Sporophyte single, seta mm long. Capsule symmetric, urn cylindric, apophysis