Maria Bernadete Abaurre Charlotte Galves Arnaldo Mandel Filomena Sandalo ** Abstract
|
|
- Isabella de Almada Cabral
- 8 Há anos
- Visualizações:
Transcrição
1 The Sotaq optimality based computer program and secondary stress in two varieties of Portuguese *' Maria Bernadete Abaurre Charlotte Galves Arnaldo Mandel Filomena Sandalo ** Abstract Typical postlexical interface phenomena, like secondary (rhythmic) stress, can be succesfully modeled by OT analyses, which predict optimally stressed outputs from a set of possible inputs and a hierarchically ranked set of constraints. This paper presents an OT analysis for European and Brazilian Portuguese secondary stressing. Based on this analysis, a computer program, sotaq, has been developed, allowing for automatic testing, against large corpora, of proposed constraint hierarchies for both varieties of Portuguese. Test results are presented, showing suitable hierarchies generating secondary stresses for both varieties of Portuguese. Keywords: Optimality theory; secondary stress; European and Brazilian Portuguese; sotaq program; automated analysis; shortest path. 1. Introduction * This research was supported by FAPESP (Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo, Brazil) under grants 98/ and 98/ (thematic project "Rhythmic Patterns, Parameter Setting, and Language Change"), and CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa) under grants / (TIPAL project, "Probabilistic Tools for Pattern Identification Applied to Linguistics"), /92-5, and /88-7. We thank Pierre Collet, João Costa, Sónia Frota, Antonio Galves and Marina Vigário for valuable suggestions and discussion of earlier versions of this paper. The annotation of secondary stresses in Brazilian Portuguese was made by Flaviane Romani and Luciani Tenani. The annotation of the European Portuguese corpus was made by João Costa, Sónia Frota and Marina Vigário. All remaining errors are of course our own. The names of the authors are arranged in alphabetical order. A first attempt to approach rhythmic differences between EP and BP in terms of constraint ranking was proposed in Abaurre & Galves (1998) and in Sandalo, Abaurre & Galves (1999). Linguistics Department, Universidade Estadual de Campinas & CNPq. Computer Science Department, Universidade de São Paulo. ** Linguistics Department, Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Corresponding author. Present address: IEL/UNICAMP, CP 6045, Campinas-SP, Brazil address sandalo@iel.unicamp.br.
2 This paper presents an analysis of secondary stress in Brazilian and European Portuguese (BP and EP) based on Optimality Theory (OT). The model used associates to each linguistic string structural descriptions that are collections of decompositions into chunks of consecutive syllables, one of which is singled out as stressed. So, the input for the OT generator (Gen) consists of sentences and the output is a collection of feet. The secondary stresses are inferred by the OT evaluator (Eval) from those appearing in the segmentations that are evaluated as optimal according to a set of ranked constraints. In current OT literature, constraint rankings have been tested manually on small data sets, with a small set of outputs. We have developed a computer program, sotaq, that tests proposed stress systems (formulated in terms of constraint hierarchies) for both varieties of Portuguese against observed actual stresses and in large corpora, thus allowing for automatic testing of Optimality Theory predictions for secondary stress. Such analysis is presented here, along with the corresponding constraint hierarchies for BP and EP. 2. Primary stress Although BP and EP place primary stress exactly at the same position, secondary stress positioning is remarkably different, as can be noticed below. The examples present some possible instances of secondary stress (rhythmic stress) placement in both European and Brazilian Portuguese according to native speakers of each of the varieties. The syllables bearing primary stress are in bold and those bearing secondary stress are underlined: EP: ( 1 ) a. A autoridade do governador diminuiu ~
3 b. A autoridade do governador diminuiu BP: ( 2 ) a. A autoridade do governador diminuiu ~ b. A autoridade do governador diminuiu EP: ( 3 ) a. A modernização foi satisfatória ~ b. A modernização foi satisfatória BP: ( 4 ) a. A modernização foi satisfatória ~ b. A modernização foi satisfatória. EP: ( 5 ) a. A catalogadora compreendeu o trabalho da pesquisadora ~ b. A catalogadora compreendeu o trabalho da pesquisadora BP: ( 6 ) a. A catalogadora compreendeu o trabalho da pesquisadora ~ b. A catalogadora compreendeu o trabalho da pesquisadora The facts of primary and secondary stress in Portuguese favor Van der Hulst's (1997) position, according to which primary and secondary stresses are not derived by the same algorithm. Van der Hulst notes that, in the majority of languages, the assignment of primary stress does not depend on prior exhaustive footing. Indeed, the assignment of primary and secondary stresses in Brazilian and European Portuguese is clearly independent. In this paper we assume that primary stress in Portuguese is part of the language's lexical information. That is, it is not assigned by the computational system of the language. Our assumption is based on the fact that, although it is well-known that Portuguese main stress falls in one of the last three syllables, none of the current analyses of Portuguese is able to successfully predict which of the three last syllables will be stressed without an extraordinary use of lexical extrametricality, as shown below.
4 Since many Portuguese words bear primary stress on the last syllable if it is heavy, many researchers have postulated that primary stress is assigned by constructing noniterative moraic trochees from right to left. This is the analysis assumed, for instance, by Bisol (1992), Mateus (1975, 1983), Massini-Cagliari (1995), among many others. However, something must be said about the great number of nouns ended in light syllables that bear a stress on the last syllable (e.g. sofá) and about the great number of words with antepenultimate stress (e.g. pérola). There are also many words with penultimate stress even when the last syllable is heavy (e.g. cadáver). According to this analysis, most of the exceptions are dealt with via lexical extrametricality. Given the high number of words that remain unaccounted for by an analysis that postulates moraic trochees for Portuguese, Lee (1994) revisits Camara (1953) and postulates that /e/, /a/ e /o/ in final position of nouns are thematic vowels and are outside the stress domain. According to Lee, Portuguese stress domain is the root, not the stem, and primary stressing relies on a non-iterative iambic pattern. According to this analysis, words like mesa bear stress on the penultimate syllable because their last vowel is a thematic vowel, that is, a suffix, and it is, therefore, outside the stress domain. And words like sofá bear stress on the last syllable because they do not have a thematic vowel. Although this analysis has the advantage of decreasing the number of exceptions, it is circular because we only know that a vowel is thematic (i.e. a suffix) once we know whether it is stressed. In addition to its circularity, this analysis still has many exceptions since the words with an antepenultimate stress pattern and the words ending by a heavy syllable bearing a penultimate stress pattern remain unaccounted for. In conclusion, both types of analysis require an extraordinary amount of lexical extrametricality to solve the great number of exceptions, which suggests that it is more
5 economical to postulate that primary stress is phonemic. This kind of conclusion is already widely assumed for Spanish, whose main stress phenomena are quite similar to Portuguese. According to Hayes (1995:96), "main stress in Spanish is phonemic, though it can be predicted to a fair extent by complex lexical rules, whose character continues to be debated". 3. Secondary stress Our analysis of secondary stress is based on a corpus of 20 sentences which were read three times by three native speakers of Portuguese from Lisbon, Portugal, and by two native speakers of Portuguese from São Paulo, Brazil. The data have been transcribed on the basis of auditive perception, but spectrograms were used as support for the phonetic transcription 1. Our analysis holds for a normal rate of speech in sentences that convey new information, as in headline news. Slow, deliberate speech can lead to stress patterns that will be disregarded here. For instance, it is well known that a different stress pattern may result from what intuitively feels like special emphasis on a particular element. The data suggested two basic distinctions: In BP, secondary stress follows a binary pattern, while no similar restriction holds for EP; 1 The spectrograms were made by means of the Multi Speech program for acoustic analysis.
6 EP allows functional words to be stressed, while BP does not. We elaborate on this as follows. Brazilian Portuguese secondary stress follows a rarely violated binary (two-syllable) pattern. The exceptions to the binary system are mostly cases of the so-called initial dactyl (Prince 1983). That is, there is an initial ternary alternation (the initial dactyl) when the stress domain has an odd number of syllables. The initial dactyl is not obligatory, however. For instance, a word like satisfatória can be stressed as satisfatória, an example of the initial dactyl, or as satisfatória. It is well known that Spanish presents exactly the same phenomenon (Harris 1983, 1989, Roca 1986). Harris (1989), within Metrical Theory, has suggested an analysis for Spanish which states that the two variants represent alternative outcomes to the resolution of a stress clash. On Harris's analysis, secondary stress in Spanish is applied by building trochees from right to left on the syllables preceding the syllable bearing main stress. If we allow degenerate feet at an intermediate stage of the derivation, the sort of clash shown in 7 will result. Initial dactyls can then be derived by applying a rule of rightward destressing and reparsing, whose effects are shown in 8, where one syllable in the middle of the word (ti) is left unparsed. The other option is to resolve the clash with leftward destressing, as shown in 9. ( 7 ) ( x ) ( x ) (x )(x ) (x )(x ) σ σ σ σ σ σ σ σ σ constantinopolitanismo
7 ( 8 ) ( x ) ( x ) ( x ) (x )(x )(x ) ( x ) (x )(x )(x ) σ σ σ σ σ σ σ σ σ σ σ σ σ σ σ σ σ σ constantinopolitanismo constantinopolitanismo ( 9 ) ( x ) (x )(x )(x ) (x ) σ σ σ σ σ σ σ σ σ constantinopolitanismo Hayes (1995) points out that "the crucial point of Harris's analysis is that it relies on a temporary degenerate foot, set up in the middle of the derivation (7), that either is expanded into a proper foot by destressing and reparsing, or is itself deleted." In neither case the degenerate foot surfaces and Hayes maintains that it shows that the crucial point of the Spanish phonology is the presence of a constraint that bans degenerate feet. One could argue that the same analysis could be employed for BP. Our data, however, shows that this analysis faces empirical problems, as discussed below. An acoustic analysis of the BP facts shows that many words containing an odd number of syllables have undergone vowel deletion, which resulted in a perfect binary system. In other words, the syllable that Harris supposes to be left unparsed is actually not realized. Thus, the word satisfatória was actually realized as satsfatória, where the vowel /i/ has been deleted, resulting in a perfect binary structure ((satsfa)σ (tória)σ). One could argue that the one strategy employed for Brazilian Portuguese to avoid degenerate feet is vowel deletion instead of simply reparsing. Thus, an analysis along the lines of Harris's proposal could be offered, provided that a rule of /i/ deletion is added. The phenomenon of vowel deletion in Brazilian Portuguese, however, shows that the facts are more complex than a metrical analysis can predict. The words containing an odd number of syllables are
8 the target for vowel deletion, which suggests that we are indeed looking at a language that prefers to avoid degenerate feet, as claimed by Hayes. The realizations in 10 and 11, however, are problematic for Metrical Theory because, if secondary stress results from an alternation of stressed and non-stressed syllables from right to left on the syllables preceding the syllable bearing main stress, there would be no reason for vowel deletion because there are four syllables preceding the syllable with main stress in investigador and in modernização, and therefore a perfectly binary alternation would result. The prosodically-induced vowel deletion of 10 and 11 only makes sense if we assume that there is a constraint that forces binary feet (i.e. (in vest)σ (ga dor)σ) and (mo dern)σ (za ção)σ), and there is no need to introduce directionality (right to left counting) in order to obtain binarity via perfect alternation between strong and weak syllables, as predicted by a Metrical Theory analysis. ( 10 ) O in ves ti ga dor já lhe de vol veu o di nhei ro. [win vest ga dor já lhe de vow vew: di nhei ro] (11) A modernização foi satisfatória [a mo dern za ção foi sats fa tó ria] We will propose in section 3 that the facts of Portuguese result from a conflict of forces instead of from a computation of alternating strong and weak syllables like it has been widely assumed for Spanish and also for Brazilian Portuguese within Metrical Theory (see for instance Collischonn 1993 for Brazilian Portuguese). In this system we will derive the facts of initial dactyl without postulating degenerate feet that never surface. Such degenerate feet represent cases of absolute neutralization and it is widely accepted that
9 absolute neutralization must be avoided given the problems that it may bring for language acquisition. Since our OT analysis makes it possible to generate cases of initial dactyl where there are no cases of vowel deletion, it may be the case that our analysis can be extended also to Spanish avoiding absolute neutralization also for that language. A process of vowel deletion that forces a binary system has been noticed before for primary stress (Bisol 2000, among others). For instance, it is well known that words like pérola pearl are often realized as perla. This paper represents the first time that a similar phenomenon has been noticed for secondary stressing. Abaurre (1979) discusses several cases of vowel deletion in BP, but the phenomenon is not associated with foot binarity. Below are the acoustic configurations of the word modernização, where the first spectrogram attests the mentioned vowel deletion and the second spectrogram shows the same word with no vowel deletion.
10 European Portuguese differs from Brazilian Portuguese in that it is not a binary system. In European Portuguese the beginning of a sentence tends to be prominent, as noticed already by Frota (1998) and Vigário (1998). This fact can be noticed in the example below: ( 12 ) O investigador já me ofereceu dinheiro ~ O investigador já me ofereceu dinheiro. But we find in our corpus other prominences at the beginning of smaller domains (cf. A catalogadora comprendeu o trabalho da pesquisadora). We leave for further research the exact characterization of this domain. Here, we refer to such domain as phonological
11 phrase. 2 The important fact is that EP shows unbounded secondary footing. D Andrade & Laks (1991) have claimed that secondary stresses are assigned via binary feet construction in EP, and Carvalho (1988/1989) claims that secondary stress is assigned via ternary feet. The transcription of our data by three native speakers of EP does not indicate either binary or ternary alternations. Another point where EP and BP differ concerning secondary stressing is that functional words can bear secondary stress in EP (A catalogadora ~ A catalogadora). That is, EP accepts the placement of a secondary stress on either the functional word that starts a phonological phrase or on the first syllable of the first lexical word of a phonological phrase. In BP, functional words never bear stress in a non-emphatic pronunciation. Finally, EP and BP differ in that only EP has the option of not assigning any secondary prominences in a word (cf. O investigador já lhe devolveu o dinheiro). The variation on secondary stress placement in both EP and BP is problematic for a Metrical Theory analysis because, in a derivational analysis, we would have to postulate that one form is default and derive the other form via re-arrangement rules. Since EP accepts a range of variation that includes even the possibility of not assigning any secondary stresses, the re-arrangement rules for EP could be so complex as to make a derivational analysis unwieldy. To sum up, an analysis in OT terms has the advantages of : (i) generating all the facts of both Brazilian and European Portuguese without postulating any cases of absolute neutralization; (ii) not forcing the usage of the notion of directionality, thus implying a 2 According to Vigário (personal communication), the relevant domain for EP is the phonological word, rather than the phonological phrase. This will be taken into account in future developments of this work.
12 simplification of the phonological theory; and (iii) being able to generate variant forms in parallel. 3. An Optimality Analysis We now describe our OT model in detail. The inputs will be sentences in a language (in our case, BP or EP). The structures assigned by Gen to each input are decompositions into segments. Those objects can be of two types: 1) A regular segment - a sequence of consecutive syllables, with one of them marked. This marked syllable is called the core of the segment. Note that this is a formal construct: the tagging has no a priori relation to any stresses, primary or secondary. 2) A pseudo segment - a single syllable, with no stress. Furthermore, in a segmentation yielded by Gen, each syllable is contained in exactly one segment. Recall that, in constructing an OT tableau, one draws one line for each possible output, that is, for each segmentation, in our case. As we will see later, tableaux are totally impractical for this model, since even moderately sized inputs have an extremely large number of possible outputs. Even a computer would not be able to list all those outputs, so a true mathematical optimization approach has to be taken to find the true optimal solutions without exaustively searching all possibilities.
13 Each segmentation yields a stressing of the given sentence simply by stressing the core of the regular segments. Under this correspondence, regular segments can be interpreted as metric feet of the resulting stressed sentence. This model entails a specific locality restriction on the type of constraints we are willing to consider: each constraint ought to be checkable by considering each segment individually, or by checking each pair of adjacent segments. It turns out that most constraints already used in other OT work can be expressed this way, so we are not handicapping ourselves too much. One important aspect of our model is that we have not restricted ourselves to a strict ranking of the constraints, but have completely accepted the possibility of a stractified dominance hierarchy. The reason for that is large amount of free variation observed in our data, and the virtual impossibility of accounting for it with strict hierarchies. We note that the way we use stratified hierarchies differs from the proposal of Reynolds (1994), and is not exactly contemplated in section 9.4 of Kager (1999); the counting is reminiscent of the Tesar/Smolensky Learning Algorithm. Our data gives the impression that we can better account for free variation than by other methods, although further research is needed to clarify whether this is the case. We describe each constraint that follows in two forms: An intensional form (in italics), giving an idea, and a formal form, telling when a violation mark must be assigned. The constraints found to be relevant to this analysis so far are: DEP ST : Deletion of lexical stresses is not allowed. Violated by a segment containing a lexically stressed syllable not tagged as the core. RIGHTMOST: Lexical stresses occur at the last foot of each lexical word. Violated by a
14 segment not containing the last syllable of a word, provided the segment's core has a lexical stress. INTLEX: A lexical word must be a prosodic word. Violated by a segment that contains syllables of more than one word. ALIGN (FT, L, PHP L): Every foot has its left boundary at the left edge of a phonological phrase. Violated by a regular segment whose left boundary is not the left edge of a phonological phrase. 3 FOOTBIN/BINGRAD: Feet must be binary. FOOTBIN is violated by a regular segment that does not have exactly two syllables. BINGRAD is a gradient form of the same restriction: long feet count one violation for each syllable exceeding the initial two. PARSE: All syllables must be parsed into feet. Violated by each pseudo-segment which is not a functional word. TROCHEE: All feet must be left-headed. Violated by a segment whose core is not its initial syllable. NOCLASH: No stressed syllables can be adjacent. Violated by a pair of successive segments, the core of the first in the last syllable, the core of the second in its initial syllable. CLASHINT: No stressed syllables within a lexical word can be adjacent. Like NOCLASH, but with the two cores in the same word. CLASHEXT: No stressed syllables in successive words can be adjacent. Like NOCLASH, but with the second segment starting at the beginnig of a lexical word. NOLAPSE: No adjacent unstressed syllables inside a word-medial foot. Violated by a
15 segment occurring not at the beginning or end of a lexical word containing two adjacent non-core syllables. One should get an intuitive picture of the dynamic of conflict among those constraints, in order to appreciate their significance. Two of them, RIGHTMOST and CLASHINT, are undominated in both EP and BP. This is evident in the analyzed corpus, and we conjecture that this is a valid generalization for these languages. RIGHTMOST reflects properties of lexical words. 4 CLASHINT comes from the rhythmic need for alternation of prominent and non-prominent syllables in these languages for the style of speech we are considering. Next comes DEP ST, which for the experiments we have done has surfaced as undominated. There are, however, circumstances of primary stress retraction in PB, as discussed by Sandalo & Truckenbrodt (2001). In the OT system, this fact can be captured by other constraints that are not listed here and that dominate DEP ST. In future developments of this work, these constraints will be explored. In opposition to FOOTBIN/BINGRAD, NOLAPSE, and INTLEX (that tend to require small segments), there are Parse and ALIGN (FT, L, PHP L). 5 The latter constraint forces the inclusion of a functional word in the stress domain as well as forces unbounded feet since it requires all feet to be aligned with the phonological phrase. The different 3 In the actual version of sotaq, phonological phrases are delimited manually, but see Sandalo & Truckenbrodt (2001) for a proposal that could be implemented in sotaq in order to generate phonological phrases in BP automatically. See also footnote 2 for EP. 4 Indeed, this constraint is so obviously true that we only were made aware of the need to make it explicit when Sotaq started producing unnaceptable segmentations that clearly violated it. It is well known that all known natural languages have primary stress on an edge window, and Rightmost just places the window for Portuguese. 5 Intlex is given as LXWD = PRWD in Kager (1999).
16 hierarchization of these constraints will be crucial to derive the main differences between BP and EP. In BP foot binarity is crucial and in EP feet are unbounded. Another type of opposition is that between TROCHEE and CLASHEXT. While TROCHEE forces a specific position for the stressed syllable in a foot, CLASHEXT disallows some positions due to the interaction of adjacent feet. Note that, following the assumptions of OT, we use the same constraints with different rankings to derive BP and EP stress patterns. There is, however, a noticeable partial exception, namely FOOTBIN/BINGRAD. All the constraints, except for one, have categorical violations. FOOTBIN/BINGRAD is a manifestation of a same constraint with different ways to compute violation. While violations of FOOTBIN are computed as categorical, violations of BINGRAD are gradient. Recall that a long foot will compute as a single violation of FOOTBIN, whereas for BINGRAD the number of violations increases with the length of the foot. The strong preference for binary feet in BP has been attested in many works (Bisol 1992, Collischonn 1993, Lee 1994, Massini-Cagliari 1995). Moreover, our handling of the data showed that FootBin is too weak a constraint for generating the correct facts of BP, while BinGrad is too strong for EP, even if very lowly ranked. 6 Recall that BP shows a phenomenon of vowel deletion induced by rhythm. It is well known that EP also undergoes vowel deletion (Mateus 1975, 1983). We could not employ constraints to handle the BP/EP facts because the phenomenon of vowel deletion has not been fully understood, for both Portuguese varieties, until the present point of this research. In other words, we had to avoid handling vowel deletion automatically at this point of our
17 project because we do not have a complete description of the facts yet. It is, however, crucial to implement the BP rhythmic vowel deletion in order to generate the correct facts relative to secondary stress in this variety of Portuguese. Therefore, we informed sotaq manually what we know about vowel deletion (via spectrogram analysis of our corpus). We marked with a + the BP vowels that can be deleted. The program does not count as a violation of BINGRAD any foot containing three syllables one of which contains a vowel marked by +. Other processes of ressyllabiffication, like those resulting from the application of vocalic sandhi rules, or internal diphthongization are also important, and our tests and data clearly shows so. At this moment we have not dealt with those phenomena yet, but they will be duly considered in the future. 6 The implications of this fact for language acquisition remain to be investigated. It may be the case that specific the way (gradient or categorical) to compute violations of a constraint is not innate, but acquired via exposition to the input.
18 4. Sotaq In most of the current OT literature, a given analysis is tested manually via manipulation of a very restricted amount of data, usually consisting of words or very short phrases. We have developed a computer program, named sotaq, for automatic testing of various different constraint hierarchies on a robust amount of data, thus providing more substantive evidence for our analysis. An earliest version of such a program was conceived and implemented by Pierre Collet and Antonio Galves; the current version is a new implementation, building on their initial ideas. Here we present an abridged description of sotaq, explaining some of its underlying algorithms. A more detailed explanation will be presented elsewhere. Roughly speaking, sotaq is fed a constraint hierarchy and it processes sentences assigning secondary stresses according to the corresponding OT model. The constraints explained earlier are all implemented. As can be seen from their definition, their computation requires information about syllabification, lexical stresses, lexical words and phonological phrases. While much of this information could be computed automatically from the sentences, at this point they are given in the input. This complicates the input slightly, but makes sotaq a leaner program, concentrated on its main task. The input for sotaq is a collection of sentences, each one being a collection of tagged syllables. Each of these is a phonological syllable in an actual Portuguese utterance, preceded by a numerical tag that encodes some properties of that syllable. Some such properties are: whether it starts a word, whether it has a primary stress, whether a vowel can be erased in speech. Here is an example:
19 6 O 10 in 0 ves 16 ti 0 ga 1 dor 7 já 2 lhe 10 de 0 vol 1 veu 6 o 2 di 1 nhei 0 ro. The tag for a syllable is a sum of values as such: O: 2 (starts a word) + 4 (starts a phonological phrase) in: 2 (starts a word) + 8 (secondary stress 7 ) já: 1 (primary stress) + 2 (starts a word) + 4 (starts a phonological phrase) ti: 16 (vowel may be erased). The constraints may refer to the tags; actually, sotaq processes only the tags in its search for the optimal stresses; the textual syllables are used only to produce humanreadable output 8. When the program is called, the name of the file containing sentences tagged as above is specified, together with a constraint hierarchy. Here are two examples of sotaq' s output; we use the same input sentence, with two different rankings. Example 1: The ranking used was: DEP ST : RIGHTMOST : CLASHINT >> INTLEX >> BINGRAD : PARSE : NOLAPSE >> CLASHEXT >>TROCHEE >> ALIGN This is the one that best fits BP, so far. The output was: I: A in te li gên cia da ca ta lo ga do ra foi de ter mi nan te [ ~~ ^^^ [ ~~ ~~ ^^ [^^^ ~~~ ^^^ + O: a in TEli GÊNcia da CAta LOga DOra FOI deter minante [0] 7 This secondary stresses were also obtained through auditory perception, and the transcriptions can be used to check sotaq's result. This way, one may test the OT model's predictiveness. 8 Currently there are no user-friendly facilities for preparing input for sotaq. A better userinterface is already being designed, and will be implemented RSN.
20 O: a INteli GÊNcia da CAta LOga DOra FOI deter minante [2] Total cost: syllables. 2 optimal segmentations possible segmentations (tableau lines) Example 2: The ranking used was: DEP ST : RIGHTMOST : CLASHINT >> TROCHEE >> ALIGN : INTLEX >> PARSE >> CLASHEXT >> FOOTBIN : NOLAPSE This is the one that best fits EP, so far. The output was: I: A in te li gên cia da ca ta lo ga do ra foi de ter mi nan te [ ~~ ^^^ [ ~~ ^^ [^^^ ^^^ O: a INteli GÊNcia da CAtaloga DOra FOI determi NANte [0] O: A inteli GÊNcia da CAtaloga DOra FOI determi NANte [2] O: a INteli GÊNcia DA cataloga DOra FOI determi NANte [2] O: A inteli GÊNcia DA cataloga DOra FOI determi NANte [4] Total cost: syllables. 4 optimal segmentations possible segmentations (tableau lines) In each case, the line labeled I and the following one describe the input. The first line is the textual sentence, the second describes tags. A [ marks the beginning of a phonological phrase, a marks the beginning of a lexical word; a syllable is underlined with carets (^^^^) if it bears a primary stress, and it is underlined with tildes (~~~) if secondary stress was auditorily perceived. Further, a + under a vowel means that it may be deleted in speech.
Welcome to Lesson A of Story Time for Portuguese
Portuguese Lesson A Welcome to Lesson A of Story Time for Portuguese Story Time is a program designed for students who have already taken high school or college courses or students who have completed other
Leia maisGuião M. Descrição das actividades
Proposta de Guião para uma Prova Grupo: Inovação Disciplina: Inglês, Nível de Continuação, 11.º ano Domínio de Referência: O Mundo do trabalho Duração da prova: 15 a 20 minutos 1.º MOMENTO Guião M Intervenientes
Leia mais01-A GRAMMAR / VERB CLASSIFICATION / VERB FORMS
01-A GRAMMAR / VERB CLASSIFICATION / VERB FORMS OBS1: Adaptação didática (TRADUÇÃO PARA PORTUGUÊS) realizada pelo Prof. Dr. Alexandre Rosa dos Santos. OBS2: Textos extraídos do site: http://www.englishclub.com
Leia maisUser interface evaluation experiences: A brief comparison between usability and communicability testing
User interface evaluation experiences: A brief comparison between usability and communicability testing Kern, Bryan; B.S.; The State University of New York at Oswego kern@oswego.edu Tavares, Tatiana; PhD;
Leia maisGuião A. Descrição das actividades
Proposta de Guião para uma Prova Grupo: Ponto de Encontro Disciplina: Inglês, Nível de Continuação, 11.º ano Domínio de Referência: Um Mundo de Muitas Culturas Duração da prova: 15 a 20 minutos 1.º MOMENTO
Leia maisServiços: API REST. URL - Recurso
Serviços: API REST URL - Recurso URLs reflectem recursos Cada entidade principal deve corresponder a um recurso Cada recurso deve ter um único URL Os URLs referem em geral substantivos URLs podem reflectir
Leia mais(Às Co missões de Re la ções Exteriores e Defesa Na ci o nal e Comissão Diretora.)
32988 Quarta-feira 22 DIÁRIO DO SENADO FEDERAL Ou tu bro de 2003 Art. 3º O Gru po Parlamentar reger-se-á pelo seu regulamento in ter no ou, na falta deste, pela decisão da ma i o ria absoluta de seus mem
Leia maisVaporpunk - A fazenda-relógio (Portuguese Edition)
Vaporpunk - A fazenda-relógio (Portuguese Edition) Octavio Aragão Click here if your download doesn"t start automatically Vaporpunk - A fazenda-relógio (Portuguese Edition) Octavio Aragão Vaporpunk - A
Leia maisUm olhar que cura: Terapia das doenças espirituais (Portuguese Edition)
Um olhar que cura: Terapia das doenças espirituais (Portuguese Edition) Padre Paulo Ricardo Click here if your download doesn"t start automatically Um olhar que cura: Terapia das doenças espirituais (Portuguese
Leia maisGUIÃO Domínio de Referência: CIDADANIA E MULTICULTURALISMO
PROJECTO PROVAS EXPERIMENTAIS DE EXPRESSÃO ORAL DE LÍNGUA ESTRANGEIRA - 2005-2006 Ensino Secundário - Inglês, 12º ano - Nível de Continuação 1 1º Momento GUIÃO Domínio de Referência: CIDADANIA E MULTICULTURALISMO
Leia maisComo Falar no Rádio - Prática de Locução Am e Fm (Portuguese Edition)
Como Falar no Rádio - Prática de Locução Am e Fm (Portuguese Edition) Cyro César Click here if your download doesn"t start automatically Como Falar no Rádio - Prática de Locução Am e Fm (Portuguese Edition)
Leia maisMeditacao da Luz: O Caminho da Simplicidade
Meditacao da Luz: O Caminho da Simplicidade Leonardo Boff Click here if your download doesn"t start automatically Meditacao da Luz: O Caminho da Simplicidade Leonardo Boff Meditacao da Luz: O Caminho da
Leia maisACFES MAIORES DE 23 ANOS INGLÊS. Prova-modelo. Instruções. Verifique se o exemplar da prova está completo, isto é, se termina com a palavra FIM.
ACFES MAIORES DE 23 ANOS INGLÊS Prova-modelo Instruções Verifique se o exemplar da prova está completo, isto é, se termina com a palavra FIM. A prova é avaliada em 20 valores (200 pontos). A prova é composta
Leia maisDinâmicas de leitura para sala de aula (Portuguese Edition)
Dinâmicas de leitura para sala de aula (Portuguese Edition) Mary Rangel Click here if your download doesn"t start automatically Dinâmicas de leitura para sala de aula (Portuguese Edition) Mary Rangel Dinâmicas
Leia maisPesquisa de Marketing: Uma Orientação Aplicada (Portuguese Edition)
Pesquisa de Marketing: Uma Orientação Aplicada (Portuguese Edition) Naresh K. Malhotra Click here if your download doesn"t start automatically Pesquisa de Marketing: Uma Orientação Aplicada (Portuguese
Leia maisConceitos de Linguagens de Programação (Portuguese Edition)
Conceitos de Linguagens de Programação (Portuguese Edition) Click here if your download doesn"t start automatically Conceitos de Linguagens de Programação (Portuguese Edition) Conceitos de Linguagens de
Leia maisAntonio Moreira Franco Junior. Click here if your download doesn"t start automatically
Ensino da Contabilidade Introdutória: Uma análise do ensino nos cursos de Ciências Contábeis das Instituições de Ensino Superior do Estado de São Paulo (Portuguese Edition) Antonio Moreira Franco Junior
Leia maisReceitas na Pressão - Vol. 01: 50 Receitas para Panela de Pressão Elétrica (Portuguese Edition)
Receitas na Pressão - Vol. 01: 50 Receitas para Panela de Pressão Elétrica (Portuguese Edition) Click here if your download doesn"t start automatically Receitas na Pressão - Vol. 01: 50 Receitas para Panela
Leia maisComo testar componentes eletrônicos - volume 1 (Portuguese Edition)
Como testar componentes eletrônicos - volume 1 (Portuguese Edition) Renato Paiotti Newton C. Braga Click here if your download doesn"t start automatically Como testar componentes eletrônicos - volume 1
Leia maisPesquisa Qualitativa do Início ao Fim (Métodos de Pesquisa) (Portuguese Edition)
Pesquisa Qualitativa do Início ao Fim (Métodos de Pesquisa) (Portuguese Edition) Robert K. Yin Click here if your download doesn"t start automatically Pesquisa Qualitativa do Início ao Fim (Métodos de
Leia maisUNIDADE DE PESQUISA CLÍNICA Centro de Medicina Reprodutiva Dr Carlos Isaia Filho Ltda. SAMPLE SIZE DETERMINATION FOR CLINICAL RESEARCH
SAMPLE SIZE DETERMINATION FOR CLINICAL RESEARCH Duolao Wang; Ameet Bakhai; Angelo Del Buono; Nicola Maffulli Muscle, Tendons and Ligaments Journal, 2013 Santiago A. Tobar L., Dsc. Why to determine the
Leia maisTEN CATE. HISTOLOGIA ORAL (EM PORTUGUESE DO BRASIL) BY ANTONIO NANCI
Read Online and Download Ebook TEN CATE. HISTOLOGIA ORAL (EM PORTUGUESE DO BRASIL) BY ANTONIO NANCI DOWNLOAD EBOOK : TEN CATE. HISTOLOGIA ORAL (EM PORTUGUESE DO Click link bellow and free register to download
Leia maisCOMO ESCREVER PARA O ENEM: ROTEIRO PARA UMA REDAçãO NOTA (PORTUGUESE EDITION) BY ARLETE SALVADOR
Read Online and Download Ebook COMO ESCREVER PARA O ENEM: ROTEIRO PARA UMA REDAçãO NOTA 1.000 (PORTUGUESE EDITION) BY ARLETE SALVADOR DOWNLOAD EBOOK : COMO ESCREVER PARA O ENEM: ROTEIRO PARA UMA SALVADOR
Leia maisFr A Lógica Da Resolução Das Questões Usando Apenas Multiplicação E Divisão (Portuguese Edition)
Fr A Lógica Da Resolução Das Questões Usando Apenas Multiplicação E Divisão (Portuguese Edition) Click here if your download doesn"t start automatically Fr A Lógica Da Resolução Das Questões Usando Apenas
Leia maisAs 100 melhores piadas de todos os tempos (Portuguese Edition)
As 100 melhores piadas de todos os tempos (Portuguese Edition) Click here if your download doesn"t start automatically As 100 melhores piadas de todos os tempos (Portuguese Edition) As 100 melhores piadas
Leia maisPesquisa Qualitativa do Início ao Fim (Métodos de Pesquisa) (Portuguese Edition)
Pesquisa Qualitativa do Início ao Fim (Métodos de Pesquisa) (Portuguese Edition) Robert K. Yin Click here if your download doesn"t start automatically Pesquisa Qualitativa do Início ao Fim (Métodos de
Leia maisGUIÃO A. Ano: 9º Domínio de Referência: O Mundo do Trabalho. 1º Momento. Intervenientes e Tempos. Descrição das actividades
Ano: 9º Domínio de Referência: O Mundo do Trabalho GUIÃO A 1º Momento Intervenientes e Tempos Descrição das actividades Good morning / afternoon / evening, A and B. For about three minutes, I would like
Leia maisIn this lesson we will review essential material that was presented in Story Time Basic
Portuguese Lesson 1 Welcome to Lesson 1 of Story Time for Portuguese Story Time is a program designed for students who have already taken high school or college courses or students who have completed other
Leia maisLivro do Desassossego
Livro do Desassossego Fernando Pessoa Click here if your download doesn"t start automatically Livro do Desassossego Fernando Pessoa Livro do Desassossego Fernando Pessoa [...] Download Livro do Desassossego...pdf
Leia maisMedicina e Meditação - Um Médico Ensina a Meditar (Portuguese Edition)
Medicina e Meditação - Um Médico Ensina a Meditar (Portuguese Edition) Roberto Cardoso Click here if your download doesn"t start automatically Medicina e Meditação - Um Médico Ensina a Meditar (Portuguese
Leia maisEfficient Locally Trackable Deduplication in Replicated Systems. www.gsd.inesc-id.pt. technology from seed
Efficient Locally Trackable Deduplication in Replicated Systems João Barreto and Paulo Ferreira Distributed Systems Group INESC-ID/Technical University Lisbon, Portugal www.gsd.inesc-id.pt Bandwidth remains
Leia maisPL/SQL: Domine a linguagem do banco de dados Oracle (Portuguese Edition)
PL/SQL: Domine a linguagem do banco de dados Oracle (Portuguese Edition) Eduardo Gonçalves Click here if your download doesn"t start automatically PL/SQL: Domine a linguagem do banco de dados Oracle (Portuguese
Leia maisComportamento Organizacional: O Comportamento Humano no Trabalho (Portuguese Edition)
Comportamento Organizacional: O Comportamento Humano no Trabalho (Portuguese Edition) John W. Newstrom Click here if your download doesn"t start automatically Comportamento Organizacional: O Comportamento
Leia maisATLAS DE ACUPUNTURA VETERINáRIA. CãES E GATOS (EM PORTUGUESE DO BRASIL) BY CHOO HYUNG KIM
Read Online and Download Ebook ATLAS DE ACUPUNTURA VETERINáRIA. CãES E GATOS (EM PORTUGUESE DO BRASIL) BY CHOO HYUNG KIM DOWNLOAD EBOOK : ATLAS DE ACUPUNTURA VETERINáRIA. CãES E GATOS Click link bellow
Leia maisA dança do corpo vestido: Um estudo do desenvolvimento do figurino de balé clássico até o século XIX (Portuguese Edition)
A dança do corpo vestido: Um estudo do desenvolvimento do figurino de balé clássico até o século XIX (Portuguese Edition) Francisca Dantas Mendes Click here if your download doesn"t start automatically
Leia maisAstrologia, Psicologia e os Quatro Elementos (Portuguese Edition)
Astrologia, Psicologia e os Quatro Elementos (Portuguese Edition) Click here if your download doesn"t start automatically Astrologia, Psicologia e os Quatro Elementos (Portuguese Edition) Astrologia, Psicologia
Leia maisIntrodução A Delphi Com Banco De Dados Firebird (Portuguese Edition)
Introdução A Delphi Com Banco De Dados Firebird (Portuguese Edition) Ricardo De Moraes / André Luís De Souza Silva Click here if your download doesn"t start automatically Introdução A Delphi Com Banco
Leia maisDa Emoção à Lesão: um Guia de Medicina Psicossomática (Portuguese Edition)
Da Emoção à Lesão: um Guia de Medicina Psicossomática (Portuguese Edition) Geraldo José Ballone, Ida Vani Ortolani, Eurico Pereira Neto Click here if your download doesn"t start automatically Download
Leia maisRádio Escolar: uma experiência de letramento midiático (Coleção Trabalhando com... na escola Livro 4) (Portuguese Edition)
Rádio Escolar: uma experiência de letramento midiático (Coleção Trabalhando com... na escola Livro 4) (Portuguese Edition) Marcos Baltar Click here if your download doesn"t start automatically Rádio Escolar:
Leia maisAbraçado pelo Espírito (Portuguese Edition)
Abraçado pelo Espírito (Portuguese Edition) Charles Swindoll Click here if your download doesn"t start automatically Abraçado pelo Espírito (Portuguese Edition) Charles Swindoll Abraçado pelo Espírito
Leia maisMinhas lembranças de Leminski (Portuguese Edition)
Minhas lembranças de Leminski (Portuguese Edition) Domingos Pellegrini Click here if your download doesn"t start automatically Minhas lembranças de Leminski (Portuguese Edition) Domingos Pellegrini Minhas
Leia maisPrincípios de Direito Previdenciário (Portuguese Edition)
Princípios de Direito Previdenciário (Portuguese Edition) Wladimir Novaes. Martinez Click here if your download doesn"t start automatically Princípios de Direito Previdenciário (Portuguese Edition) Wladimir
Leia maisBiscuit - potes (Coleção Artesanato) (Portuguese Edition)
Biscuit - potes (Coleção Artesanato) (Portuguese Edition) Regina Panzoldo Click here if your download doesn"t start automatically Biscuit - potes (Coleção Artesanato) (Portuguese Edition) Regina Panzoldo
Leia maisThe L2F Strategy for Sentiment Analysis and Topic Classification
The L2F Strategy for Sentiment Analysis and Topic Classification Fernando Batista and Ricardo Ribeiro Outline Data Approach Experiments Features Submitted runs Conclusions and future work TASS discussion
Leia maisVendors Enquiries for RFP 003/2015
Date: 22/10/2015 Vendors Enquiries for RFP 003/2015 1) Question I am afraid the terms of the RFP cannot be complied by none of the companies we work with, the terms have limited the underwriters ability
Leia maisMétodos Formais em Engenharia de Software. VDMToolTutorial
Métodos Formais em Engenharia de Software VDMToolTutorial Ana Paiva apaiva@fe.up.pt www.fe.up.pt/~apaiva Agenda Install Start Create a project Write a specification Add a file to a project Check syntax
Leia maisGERENCIAMENTO DA ROTINA DO TRABALHO DO DIA-A-DIA (EM PORTUGUESE DO BRASIL) BY VICENTE FALCONI
Read Online and Download Ebook GERENCIAMENTO DA ROTINA DO TRABALHO DO DIA-A-DIA (EM PORTUGUESE DO BRASIL) BY VICENTE FALCONI DOWNLOAD EBOOK : GERENCIAMENTO DA ROTINA DO TRABALHO DO DIA-A- Click link bellow
Leia maisAccessing the contents of the Moodle Acessando o conteúdo do Moodle
Accessing the contents of the Moodle Acessando o conteúdo do Moodle So that all the available files in the Moodle can be opened without problems, we recommend some software that will have to be installed
Leia maisEGAN. FUNDAMENTOS DA TERAPIA RESPIRATÓRIA (EM PORTUGUESE DO BRASIL) BY CRAIG L. SCANLAN
RESPIRATÓRIA (EM PORTUGUESE DO BRASIL) BY CRAIG L. SCANLAN DOWNLOAD EBOOK : EGAN. FUNDAMENTOS DA TERAPIA BY CRAIG L. SCANLAN PDF Click link below and free register to download ebook: EGAN. FUNDAMENTOS
Leia maisDigital Cartographic Generalization for Database of Cadastral Maps
Mariane Alves Dal Santo marianedalsanto@udesc.br Francisco Henrique de Oliveira chicoliver@yahoo.com.br Carlos Loch cloch@ecv.ufsc.br Laboratório de Geoprocessamento GeoLab Universidade do Estado de Santa
Leia maisInteroperability through Web Services: Evaluating OGC Standards in Client Development for Spatial Data Infrastructures
GeoInfo - 2006 Interoperability through Web Services: Evaluating OGC Standards in Client Development for Spatial Data Infrastructures Leonardo Lacerda Alves Clodoveu A. Davis Jr. Information Systems Lab
Leia maisTransformando Pessoas - Coaching, PNL e Simplicidade no processo de mudancas (Portuguese Edition)
Transformando Pessoas - Coaching, PNL e Simplicidade no processo de mudancas (Portuguese Edition) Felippe / Marcelo Click here if your download doesn"t start automatically Transformando Pessoas - Coaching,
Leia maisPlanejamento de comunicação integrada (Portuguese Edition)
Planejamento de comunicação integrada (Portuguese Edition) Click here if your download doesn"t start automatically Planejamento de comunicação integrada (Portuguese Edition) Planejamento de comunicação
Leia maisVGM. VGM information. ALIANÇA VGM WEB PORTAL USER GUIDE June 2016
Overview The Aliança VGM Web portal is an application that enables you to submit VGM information directly to Aliança via our e-portal Web page. You can choose to enter VGM information directly, or to download
Leia maisDireito Processual Civil (Coleção Sucesso Concursos Públicos e OAB) (Portuguese Edition)
Direito Processual Civil (Coleção Sucesso Concursos Públicos e OAB) (Portuguese Edition) Marina Vezzoni Click here if your download doesn"t start automatically Direito Processual Civil (Coleção Sucesso
Leia maisGoogle Android: crie aplicações para celulares e tablets (Portuguese Edition)
Google Android: crie aplicações para celulares e tablets (Portuguese Edition) João Bosco Monteiro Click here if your download doesn"t start automatically Google Android: crie aplicações para celulares
Leia maisSoftware reliability analysis by considering fault dependency and debugging time lag Autores
Campos extraídos diretamente Título Software reliability analysis by considering fault dependency and debugging time lag Autores Huang, Chin-Yu and Lin, Chu-Ti Ano de publicação 2006 Fonte de publicação
Leia maisO PRíNCIPE FELIZ E OUTRAS HISTóRIAS (EDIçãO BILíNGUE) (PORTUGUESE EDITION) BY OSCAR WILDE
Read Online and Download Ebook O PRíNCIPE FELIZ E OUTRAS HISTóRIAS (EDIçãO BILíNGUE) (PORTUGUESE EDITION) BY OSCAR WILDE DOWNLOAD EBOOK : O PRíNCIPE FELIZ E OUTRAS HISTóRIAS (EDIçãO Click link bellow and
Leia mais:: COMO ESCOLHER UMA ESCOLA IDIOMAS PDF ::
:: COMO ESCOLHER UMA ESCOLA IDIOMAS PDF :: [Download] COMO ESCOLHER UMA ESCOLA IDIOMAS PDF COMO ESCOLHER UMA ESCOLA IDIOMAS PDF - Are you looking for Como Escolher Uma Escola Idiomas Books? Now, you will
Leia maisO guia do enxoval do bebê nos Estados Unidos: Dicas e segredos da maior especialista de compras em Miami, Orlando e Nova York (Portuguese Edition)
O guia do enxoval do bebê nos Estados Unidos: Dicas e segredos da maior especialista de compras em Miami, Orlando e Nova York (Portuguese Edition) Priscila Goldenberg Click here if your download doesn"t
Leia maisUma solução possível para garantir, em ambiente APEX, a consistência duma estrutura ISA total e disjuntiva.
Uma solução possível para garantir, em ambiente APEX, a consistência duma estrutura ISA total e disjuntiva. A possible solution to ensure, in APEX environment, the consistency of a total and disjunctive
Leia maisAdministração de Recursos Humanos: Fundamentos Básicos (Série Recursos Humanos) (Portuguese Edition)
Administração de Recursos Humanos: Fundamentos Básicos (Série Recursos Humanos) (Portuguese Edition) Idalberto Chiavenato Click here if your download doesn"t start automatically Administração de Recursos
Leia maisMitologia - Deuses, Heróis e Lendas (Portuguese Edition)
Mitologia - Deuses, Heróis e Lendas (Portuguese Edition) By Maurício Horta, José Francisco Botelho, Salvador Nogueira Mitologia - Deuses, Heróis e Lendas (Portuguese Edition) By Maurício Horta, José Francisco
Leia maisOs 7 Hábitos das Pessoas Altamente Eficazes (Portuguese Edition)
Os 7 Hábitos das Pessoas Altamente Eficazes (Portuguese Edition) Click here if your download doesn"t start automatically Os 7 Hábitos das Pessoas Altamente Eficazes (Portuguese Edition) Os 7 Hábitos das
Leia maisProva Oral de Inglês Duração da Prova: 20 a 25 minutos 2013/2014. 1.º Momento. 4 (A), are you a health-conscious person?
Prova Oral de Inglês Duração da Prova: 20 a 25 minutos 2013/2014 GUIÃO A Disciplina: Inglês, Nível de Continuação 11.º ano Domínio de Referência: O Mundo do Trabalho 1.º Momento Intervenientes e Tempos
Leia maisPoder sem limites - o caminho do sucesso pessoal pela programação neurolinguística
Poder sem limites - o caminho do sucesso pessoal pela programação neurolinguística Anthony Robbins Click here if your download doesn"t start automatically Poder sem limites - o caminho do sucesso pessoal
Leia maisGestão da comunicação - Epistemologia e pesquisa teórica (Portuguese Edition)
Gestão da comunicação - Epistemologia e pesquisa teórica (Portuguese Edition) Maria Cristina Castilho Costa, Maria Aparecida Baccega Click here if your download doesn"t start automatically Download and
Leia maisGUIÃO A. What about school? What s it like to be there/here? Have you got any foreign friends? How did you get to know them?
GUIÃO A Prova construída pelos formandos e validada pelo GAVE, 1/7 Grupo: Chocolate Disciplina: Inglês, Nível de Continuação 11.º ano Domínio de Referência: Um Mundo de Muitas Culturas 1º Momento Intervenientes
Leia maisUNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO FACULDADE DE EDUCAÇÃO JOÃO FÁBIO PORTO. Diálogo e interatividade em videoaulas de matemática
UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO FACULDADE DE EDUCAÇÃO JOÃO FÁBIO PORTO Diálogo e interatividade em videoaulas de matemática São Paulo 2010 JOÃO FÁBIO PORTO Diálogo e interatividade em videoaulas de matemática
Leia maisEditorial Review. Users Review
Download and Read Free Online Java SE 8 Programmer I: O guia para sua certificação Oracle Certified Associate (Portuguese Edition) By Guilherme Silveira, Mário Amaral Editorial Review Users Review From
Leia maisGanhar Dinheiro Em Network Marketing (Portuguese Edition)
Ganhar Dinheiro Em Network Marketing (Portuguese Edition) Click here if your download doesn"t start automatically Ganhar Dinheiro Em Network Marketing (Portuguese Edition) Ganhar Dinheiro Em Network Marketing
Leia maisResolução de Matemática da Prova Objetiva FGV Administração - 06-06-10
QUESTÃO 1 VESTIBULAR FGV 010 JUNHO/010 RESOLUÇÃO DAS 15 QUESTÕES DE MATEMÁTICA DA PROVA DA MANHÃ MÓDULO OBJETIVO PROVA TIPO A O mon i tor de um note book tem formato retangular com a di ag o nal medindo
Leia maisBíblia de Estudo Conselheira - Salmos: Acolhimento Reflexão Graça (Portuguese Edition)
Bíblia de Estudo Conselheira - Salmos: Acolhimento Reflexão Graça (Portuguese Edition) Click here if your download doesn"t start automatically Bíblia de Estudo Conselheira - Salmos: Acolhimento Reflexão
Leia maisO Jardim Secreto - Coleção Reencontro Infantil (Em Portuguese do Brasil)
O Jardim Secreto - Coleção Reencontro Infantil (Em Portuguese do Brasil) Frances Hodgson Burnett Click here if your download doesn"t start automatically O Jardim Secreto - Coleção Reencontro Infantil (Em
Leia maisESTRUTURA DE CAPITAL: UMA ANÁLISE EM EMPRESAS SEGURADORAS
ESTRUTURA DE CAPITAL: UMA ANÁLISE EM EMPRESAS SEGURADORAS THE CAPITAL STRUCTURE: AN ANALYSE ON INSURANCE COMPANIES FREDERIKE MONIKA BUDINER METTE MARCO ANTÔNIO DOS SANTOS MARTINS PAULA FERNANDA BUTZEN
Leia maisHigiene e Vigilância Sanitária de Alimentos (Portuguese Edition)
Higiene e Vigilância Sanitária de Alimentos (Portuguese Edition) Click here if your download doesn"t start automatically Higiene e Vigilância Sanitária de Alimentos (Portuguese Edition) Higiene e Vigilância
Leia maisConversação Para Viagem - Inglês (Michaelis Tour) (Portuguese Edition)
Conversação Para Viagem - Inglês (Michaelis Tour) (Portuguese Edition) Antonio Carlos Vilela Click here if your download doesn"t start automatically Conversação Para Viagem - Inglês (Michaelis Tour) (Portuguese
Leia maisAnálise Probabilística de Semântica Latente aplicada a sistemas de recomendação
Diogo Silveira Mendonça Análise Probabilística de Semântica Latente aplicada a sistemas de recomendação Dissertação de Mestrado Dissertação apresentada como requisito parcial para obtenção do título de
Leia maisComo escrever para o Enem: roteiro para uma redação nota (Portuguese Edition)
Como escrever para o Enem: roteiro para uma redação nota 1.000 (Portuguese Edition) Arlete Salvador Click here if your download doesn"t start automatically Como escrever para o Enem: roteiro para uma redação
Leia maisErasmus Student Work Placement
Erasmus Student Work Placement EMPLOYER INFORMATION Name of organisation Address Post code Country SPORT LISBOA E BENFICA AV. GENERAL NORTON DE MATOS, 1500-313 LISBOA PORTUGAL Telephone 21 721 95 09 Fax
Leia maisGuia para Formacao de Analistas de Processos: Gestão Por Processos de Forma Simples (Portuguese Edition)
Guia para Formacao de Analistas de Processos: Gestão Por Processos de Forma Simples (Portuguese Edition) Mr. Gart Capote Click here if your download doesn"t start automatically Guia para Formacao de Analistas
Leia maisGERENCIAMENTO PELAS DIRETRIZES (PORTUGUESE EDITION) BY VICENTE FALCONI
Read Online and Download Ebook GERENCIAMENTO PELAS DIRETRIZES (PORTUGUESE EDITION) BY VICENTE FALCONI DOWNLOAD EBOOK : GERENCIAMENTO PELAS DIRETRIZES (PORTUGUESE Click link bellow and free register to
Leia maisNormas Gráficas do Símbolo e Logótipo aicep Portugal Global aicep Portugal Global Symbol and Logo Graphic Guidelines Capítulo 1 Chapter 1
Normas Gráficas do Símbolo e Logótipo aicep Portugal Global aicep Portugal Global Symbol and Logo Graphic Guidelines Capítulo 1 Chapter 1 Introdução Introduction Normas Gráficas Este manual fornece os
Leia maisModelagem e Simulação de Incêndios. Fire dynamics. Carlos André Vaz Junior
Modelagem e Simulação de Incêndios Fire dynamics Carlos André Vaz Junior INTRODUÇÃO Fire dynamics is a very quantitative and mathematically complex subject. The term fire dynamics came into common use
Leia maisDIBELS TM. Portuguese Translations of Administration Directions
DIBELS TM Portuguese Translations of Administration Directions Note: These translations can be used with students having limited English proficiency and who would be able to understand the DIBELS tasks
Leia maisIntrodução A Delphi Com Banco De Dados Firebird (Portuguese Edition)
Introdução A Delphi Com Banco De Dados Firebird (Portuguese Edition) Ricardo De Moraes / André Luís De Souza Silva Click here if your download doesn"t start automatically Introdução A Delphi Com Banco
Leia maisGerenciamento Pelas Diretrizes (Portuguese Edition)
Gerenciamento Pelas Diretrizes (Portuguese Edition) Vicente Falconi Click here if your download doesn"t start automatically Gerenciamento Pelas Diretrizes (Portuguese Edition) Vicente Falconi Gerenciamento
Leia maisCIS 500 Software Foundations Fall September(continued) IS 500, 8 September(continued) 1
CIS 500 Software Foundations Fall 2003 8 September(continued) IS 500, 8 September(continued) 1 Polymorphism This version of issaidtobepolymorphic,becauseitcanbeapplied to many different types of arguments.
Leia maisEXCEL PARA FINANçAS PESSOAIS (PORTUGUESE EDITION) BY FABRíCIO AUGUSTO FERRARI
Read Online and Download Ebook EXCEL PARA FINANçAS PESSOAIS (PORTUGUESE EDITION) BY FABRíCIO AUGUSTO FERRARI DOWNLOAD EBOOK : EXCEL PARA FINANçAS PESSOAIS (PORTUGUESE EDITION) Click link bellow and free
Leia maisMedicina e Meditação - Um Médico Ensina a Meditar (Portuguese Edition)
Medicina e Meditação - Um Médico Ensina a Meditar (Portuguese Edition) Medicina e Meditação - Um Médico Ensina a Meditar (Portuguese Edition) Médico há mais de vinte anos e meditador há mais tempo ainda,
Leia maisRemuneração, Benefícios e Relações de Trabalho: Como Reter Talentos na Organização (Série Recursos Humanos) (Portuguese Edition)
Remuneração, Benefícios e Relações de Trabalho: Como Reter Talentos na Organização (Série Recursos Humanos) (Portuguese Edition) Idalberto Chiavenato Click here if your download doesn"t start automatically
Leia maisLEITURA SUPER RáPIDA (PORTUGUESE EDITION) BY AK JENNINGS
Read Online and Download Ebook LEITURA SUPER RáPIDA (PORTUGUESE EDITION) BY AK JENNINGS DOWNLOAD EBOOK : LEITURA SUPER RáPIDA (PORTUGUESE EDITION) BY AK Click link bellow and free register to download
Leia maisNORMAS PARA AUTORES. As normas a seguir descritas não dispensam a leitura do Regulamento da Revista Portuguesa de Marketing, disponível em www.rpm.pt.
NORMAS PARA AUTORES As normas a seguir descritas não dispensam a leitura do Regulamento da Revista Portuguesa de Marketing, disponível em www.rpm.pt. COPYRIGHT Um artigo submetido à Revista Portuguesa
Leia maisIN RE: GUARDIAN ADVOCATE OF/ REF: CURATELA ESPECIAL DE
IN THE CIRCUIT COURT FOR ORANGE COUNTY, FLORIDA PROBATE DIVISION IN RE: GUARDIAN ADVOCATE OF/ REF: CURATELA ESPECIAL DE Case No / N o do Caso: ANNUAL GUARDIAN ADVOCATE REPORT ANNUAL GUARDIAN ADVOCATE PLAN
Leia maisA Vivência do Evangelho Segundo o Espiritismo (Portuguese Edition)
A Vivência do Evangelho Segundo o Espiritismo (Portuguese Edition) Edison de Oliveira Click here if your download doesn"t start automatically A Vivência do Evangelho Segundo o Espiritismo (Portuguese Edition)
Leia maisA ENTREVISTA COMPREENSIVA: UM GUIA PARA PESQUISA DE CAMPO (PORTUGUESE EDITION) BY JEAN-CLAUDE KAUFMANN
Read Online and Download Ebook A ENTREVISTA COMPREENSIVA: UM GUIA PARA PESQUISA DE CAMPO (PORTUGUESE EDITION) BY JEAN-CLAUDE KAUFMANN DOWNLOAD EBOOK : A ENTREVISTA COMPREENSIVA: UM GUIA PARA CLAUDE KAUFMANN
Leia maisInterface between IP limitations and contracts
Interface between IP limitations and contracts Global Congress on Intellectual Property and the Public Interest Copyright Exceptions Workshop December 16, 9-12:30 Denis Borges Barbosa The issue Clause
Leia maisURBANISMO COMERCIAL EM PORTUGAL E A REVITALIZAÇÃO DO CENTRO DAS CIDADES
LEITURAS URBANISMO COMERCIAL EM PORTUGAL E A REVITALIZAÇÃO DO CENTRO DAS CIDADES [Carlos José Lopes Balsas (1999), Gabinete de Estudos e Prospectiva Económica, Ministério da Economia, ISBN: 972-8170-55-6]
Leia maisA ENTREVISTA COMPREENSIVA: UM GUIA PARA PESQUISA DE CAMPO (PORTUGUESE EDITION) BY JEAN-CLAUDE KAUFMANN
Read Online and Download Ebook A ENTREVISTA COMPREENSIVA: UM GUIA PARA PESQUISA DE CAMPO (PORTUGUESE EDITION) BY JEAN-CLAUDE KAUFMANN DOWNLOAD EBOOK : A ENTREVISTA COMPREENSIVA: UM GUIA PARA CLAUDE KAUFMANN
Leia mais