O ESTADO DA ARTE DA DEMOCRACIA DIGITAL

UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DA BAHIA CENTRO DE ESTUDOS AVANÇADOS EM DEMOCRACIA DIGITAL E GOVERNO ELETRÔNICO GRUPO DE PESQUISA EM COMUNICAÇÃO, INTERNET E DEMOCRACIA O ESTADO DA ARTE DA DEMOCRACIA DIGITAL UMA REVISÃO BIBLIOGRÁFICA DOS PRINCIPAIS ESTUDOS DA E-DEMOCRACIA EM 2013 SALVADOR BAHIA Junho 2013

UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DA BAHIA Centro de Estudos Avançados em Democracia Digital e Governo Eletrônico COORDENAÇÃO Dr. Wilson Gomes EQUIPE DE PESQUISADORES Dr. Artur Ituassu Camilo de Oliveira Aggio (doutorando) Dilvan Azevedo (mestre) Graça Penha Nascimento Rossetto (doutoranda) Lucas Reis (mestre) Maria Paula Almada (doutorando) Dra. Paula Karini (doutora) Rafael Cardoso Sampaio (doutorando) Rodrigo Carreiro (doutorando) Samuel Barros (doutorando) ORGANIZAÇÃO DA BIBLIOGRAFIA Rafael Cardoso Sampaio 2

INTRODUÇÃO Essa revisão bibliográfica objetivou agrupar uma literatura considerável no tema de Democracia Digital e realizar uma seleção dos estudos prioritários (classificados como top 20 ) para a formação do grupo de pesquisa Comunicação, Internet e Democracia. Logo, a ideia era realizar uma listagem que ajudasse a qualquer integrante que desejasse entrar na discussão. Assim, os textos deveriam ser representativos das diferentes discussões realizadas na área. Para tanto, foram realizados quatro procedimentos paralelos: 1) revisão da literatura das teses defendidas por ex-integrantes do CID e dos artigos publicados do professor Wilson; 2) busca de termos 1 correlacionados no Google Scholar e no portal de Periódico CAPES e 3) avaliação da literatura já levantada pelo professor Wilson para disciplinas da pós-graduação no passado e 4) busca na base da Amazon e Google Books por livros de referência no campo. Ao fim, os integrantes encarregados da função iniciaram a seleção dos artigos com base na proeminência do: a) autor; b) periódico e c) estudo. Como tal pesquisa gerou um contingente de quase 100 artigos, julgou-se pertinente a criação de uma lista superior ao top 20 inicialmente demandado. Assim, também foi incluída a categoria clássicos para bons textos de referência que tivessem, no geral, 10 anos ou mais da publicação e a categoria livros incluindo todos livros autorais e coletâneas que julgamos de boa qualidade na área. Finalmente, a lista foi revisada na presença dos outros integrantes do grupo de pesquisa e do coordenador do grupo e as sugestões foram incluídas. Novas sugestões ou dúvidas enviar para cardososampaio@gmail.com. Essa listagem estará sempre disponível no site do CEADD no link: http://www.ceadd.com.br/top-20-democracia-digital/. 1 Foram pesquisados: e-democracy, Electronic Democracy, Digital Democracy, Virtual Democracy e Online Democracy. As pesquisas foram realizadas nas bases de pesquisa Ciências Sociais Aplicadas, Ciências Humanas e Multidisciplinares no portal de periódicos da CAPES. 3

TOP 20 Os estudos que não podem faltar. Toda revisão de literatura do campo para estudos e artigos deve partir desses textos apontados como essenciais ao campo. Como tal, compreende estudos mais antigos e outros bem recentes, assim como revisões de literatura. 1. COLEMAN, S.; SPILLER, J. Exploring New Media Effects on Representative Democracy. In: The Journal of Legislative Studies, vol. 09, number 3, 2003. 2. CHADWICK, Andrew. Bringing E-Democracy Back In: Why It Matters for Future Research on E-Governance. Social Science Computer Review, Vol. 21 No. 4, W inter 2003 443-455, 2003. 3. DAHLBERG, Lincoln. Re-constructing digital democracy: An outline of four positions. New Media & Society, V. 13, N. 6, p. 855 872, 2011. 4. DAHLGREN, Peter. The Internet, Public Spheres, and Political Communication: Dispersion and Deliberation. Political Communication, 22:147 162, 2005. 5. FERBER, Paul; FOLTZ, Franz; PUGLIESE, Rudy. Cyberdemocracy and online politics: a new model of interactivity. Bulletin of Science, Technology and Society, vol. 27, n. 5, p. 391-400, 2007. 6. GRÖNLUND, ÅKe. Emerging Electronic Infrastructures: Exploring Democratic Components. Social Science Computer Review, 21, p. 55-72, 2003. 7. KAKABADSE, A.; KAKABADSE, N.K.; KOUZMIN, A. Reinventing the Democratic Governance Project through Information Technology? A Growing Agenda for Debate. Public Administration Review, 63(1), p.44-60, 2003. 8. JENSEN, Michael J.; VENKATESH, Alladi. Government Websites and Political Engagement: Facilitating Citizen Entry Into the policy process. In: Center for research on information technology and organizations, paper 399. Irvine: University of California, 2007. 4

9. NORRIS, P. Preaching To the Converted? Pluralism, Participation and Party Websites. Party Politics 9(1), p. 21-45, 2003. 10. POLAT, K.R. The internet and political participation: exploring the explanatory links. European Journal of Communication, 20 (4): 435-459. 2005 11. SÆBØ, Øystein; ROSE, Jeremy; FLAK, Leif Skiftenes. The shape of eparticipation: Characterizing an emerging research area. Government Information Quarterly, v. 25, n.3, p. 400 428, 2008. 12. SALTER Lee. Structure and Forms of Use. A contribution to understanding the effects of the Internet on deliberative democracy. Information, Communication & Society, Vol. 7, No. 2, June 2004, pp. 185 206, 2004. 13. VEDEL, Thierry. The Idea of Electronic Democracy: Origins, Visions and Questions. Parliamentary Affairs Vol. 59 No. 2, p. 226 235, 2006. 14. WRIGHT, Scott. Electrifying Democracy? 10 Years of Policy and Practice. Parliamentary Affairs Vol. 59 No. 2, p. 236 249, 2006. 15. CHADWICK, Andrew. 2009. Web 2.0: New Challenges for the Study of E-Democracy in an Era of Informational Exuberance. I/S: a journal of law and policy for the information society, p. 9-42. 16. DAHLBERG, Lincoln. (2007). Rethinking the fragmentation of the cyberpublic: from consensus to contestation. New Media Society, 9, pp. 827-847. 17. Wright, Scott. (2012). Politics as usual? Revolution, normalization and a new agenda for online deliberation. New Media Society, 14(2) 244 261. 18. Medaglia, R. (2012). eparticipation research: Moving characterization forward (2006 2011). Government Information Quarterly, 29(3), 346 360. 19. ÅSTRÖM, Joachim; GRÖNLUND, Åke. (2012), Online Consultations in Local Government: What Works, When, and Why?, In: COLEMAN, S.; SHANE, P.M. (Orgs.). Connecting Democracy: Online Consultation and the Flow of Political Communication. Massachusetts: The MIT Press, 2012, p. 75-96. 20. SUSHA, Iryna; GRÖNLUND, Åke. (2012). eparticipation research: Systematizing the field. Government information Quarterly, 29(3). 5

CLÁSSICOS São estudos e artigos que provavelmente apareceriam entre os 20 mais importantes dessa lista, mas que tem, geralmente, 10 ou mais anos desde sua publicação original. Assim, não devem, salvo exceções, ser utilizados na revisão de literatura de artigos ou estudos menores, mas apenas em documentos maiores, como relatórios, dissertações e teses. AGRE Philip E. Real-Time Politics: The Internet and the Political Process. The Information Society, 18:311 331, 2002. BABER, Z. New Media, New Politics? The Internet and the Prospects for Digital Democracy. Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society, 23(2):125-128, 2003. BARNETT, Steven. New Media, Old Problems: New Technology and the Political Process. European Journal of Communication, 12(2), 1997: 193 218. BIMBER, Bruce. Information and Political Engagement in America: The Search for Effects of Information Technology at the Individual Level. In: Political Research Quarterly, Vol. 54, No. 1. 2001. BUCHSTEIN, Hubertus. Bytes that Bite: The Internet and deliberative Democracy. Constellations, Londres, v. 4, n. 2, p. 248-263, Outubro1997. BUCY, E.P.; GREGSON, K.S. Media Participation: a legitimizing mechanism of mass democracy. In: New Media & Society, Vol (3):357-380, 2000. COLEMAN, S. Can the New Media Invigorate Democracy?. The Political Quarterly, 70 (1), p. 16-22, 1999. DELLI CARPINI, M. Gen.com: youth, civic engagement, and the new information environment. Political Communication 17:341-349. 2000. DAHLBERG, Lincoln. Democracy via cyberespace: mapping the rhetorics and practices of three prominent camps. New media & society, (3) 2, p. 157-177, 2001. 6

DAHLBERG, Lincoln. Extending the public sphere through cyberspace: The case of Minnesota E-Democracy. First Monday. (6) 3, 147-163, 2001. DEAN, Jodi. Why the Net is not a Public Sphere. Constellations, 10(1), 2003, p. 95-112. DAHLGREN, Peter. The Public Sphere and the Net: Structure, Space, and Communication in W. Lance Bennett e Robert M. Entman (eds). Mediated Politics, Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2001, pp. 33-55. FERBER, Paul; FOLTZ, Franz; PUGLIESE, Rudy. The Politics of State Legislature Web Sites: Making E-Government More Participatory. Bulletin of Science Technology Society, 23, 2003, p. 157-167. FERBER, Paul; FOLTZ, Franz; PUGLIESE, Rudy. The Internet and Public Participation: State Legislature Web Sites and the Many Definitions of Interactivity. Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society, 25, 85-93, 2005. GIMMLER, A. Deliberative Democracy, the Public Sphere and the Internet. Philosophy & Social Criticism, 27 (4), p.21 39, 2001. HOWARD, P. Review Essays: Can Technology Enhance Democracy? The Doubter s Answer. The Journal of Politics, 63(3), p.949-955, 2001. JANSSEN, Davy; KIES, Raphael. Online Forums and Deliberative Democracy. Acta Politica, 40, p. 317 335, 2005. MACINTOSH, Ann; WHYTE, Angus. Towards an evaluation framework for eparticipation. Transforming Government: People, Process and Policy, Vol. 2 No. 1, 2008, pp. 16-30. MARCHE, S.; MCNIVEN, J.D. E-government and e-governance: The future isn't what it used to be. Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences, 20(1), p.74-86, 2003. MITRA, Ananda. Marginal voices in Cyberspace. new media & society, 3 (1), p. 29 48, 2001. MUSSO Juliet; WEARE Christopher; HALE Matt. Designing Web Technologies for Local Governance Reform: Good Management or Good Democracy? Political Communication, 17:1 19, 2000. PAPACHARISSI, Zazi.T he virtual sphere: The internet as a public sphere. New Media & Society, 4(1), 2002, p. 9-27. 7

SANFORD, Clive, ROSE, Jeremy. Characterizing eparticipation. International Journal of Information Management, N. 27 p. 406 421, 2007. SCHOLOSBERG, David; DRYZEK, John S. Digital democracy: authentic or virtual? Organization & Environment, v.15, n.3, p.332-335, 2002. SCHEUFELE, Dietram A.; NISBET, Matthew C. Being a Citizen Online: New Opportunities and Dead Ends. Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics, 7, p. 55 75, 2002. STREET, John. Remote Control? Politics, Technology and 'Electric Democracy'. European Journal of Communication, 12, p. 27-42, 1997. STROMER-GALLEY, J. On-Line Interaction and Why Candidates Avoid It. Journal of Communication, 50, 4 p. 111. 2000. TAMBINI, D. (1999). New media and democracy: The civic networking movement. New Media and Society, 10, 305-329. THOMAS, Julian. Liberal Machines. American Behavioral Scientist, 43, 2000, p. 1548-1560. WELLMAN, Barry; et al. Does the Internet Increase, Decrease, or Supplement Social Capital? Social Networks, Participation, and Community Commitment. American Behavioral Scientist, 45(3), 2001, p.436-455. LIVROS: CHADWICK, A.; HOWARD, P. (Orgs.) Routledge Handbook of Internet Politics. 2009. CHADWICK, Andrew. Internet Politics: States, citizens, and new communication technologies. Nova York e Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006. COLEMAN, S.; BLUMLER, J.G. The Internet and Democratic Citizenship: theory, practice and policy. Cambridge University Press. 2009. COLEMAN, S.; Gøtze, J. Bowling together: online public engagement in public deliberation. Londres: Hansard Society, 2002. COLEMAN, S.; SHANE, P.M. (Eds.). Connecting Democracy: Online Consultation and the Flow of Political Communication. Massachusetts: The MIT Press, 2012. DAHLBERG, Lincoln; SIAPERA, Eugenia (org.). Radical Democracy and the Internet: interrogating Theory and Practice. Palgrave Macmillan, 2007. 8

DAHLGREN, Peter. Media and Political Engagement: Citizens, Communication and Democracy (Communication, Society and Politics). Cambridge University Press; 1 edition (February 23, 2009). DAHLGREN, Peter (lrg.). Young Citizens and New Media: Learning for Democratic Participation. Routledge, 2007. DAVIS, Richard. Politics Online: Blogs, Chatrooms and Discussion Groups in American Democracy, Routledge, London and New York, 2005. HINDMAN, Matthew Scott. The Myth of Digital Democracy. Princeton University Press, 2008. JENKINS, Hernry; THORBURN, David (Org.). Democracy and New Media. Cambridge: The MIT Press, 2003. LATHROP,Daniel; RUMA, Laurel. Open Government: Collaboration, Transparency, and Participation in Practice. O'Reilly Media; 1 edition, 2010. LOADER, Brian (org.). Young Citizens in the Digital Age: Political Engagement, Young People and New Media. Routledge, 2007. MARGOLIS, Michael; MORENO, Gerson. The Prospect of Internet Democracy. Ashgate; Har/Ele edition (2009). MARGOLIS, Michael and RESNICK, David. (2000), Politics as usual, New York: Sage Publications (2000). MOSSBERGER, Karen. Digital Citizenship: The Internet, Society, and Participation. The MIT Press (October 12, 2007). NORRIS, P. Digital divide: Civic engagement, information poverty, and the Internet worldwide. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001. NOVECK, Beth Simone. Wiki Government: How Technology Can Make Government Better, Democracy Stronger, and Citizens More Powerful. Brookings Institution Press; Reprint edition (November 2, 2010). PAPACHARISSI, Zizi. A Private Sphere: Democracy in a Digital Age (Digital Media and Society). Polity; 1 edition (September 7, 2010). SHANE, Peter M. (Org.) Democracy Online: the prospects for political Renewal through the Internet. Nova York: Routledge, 2004, p. 21 34 SHARK, Alan. Beyond e-government & e-democracy: A Global Perspective. BookSurge Publishing (June 16, 2008). 9

SMITH, Graham. Democratic Innovations: Designing Institutions for Citizen Participation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009a. SUNSTEIN, Cass. Republic.com Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001. WILHELM, A. Democracy in the Digital Age: Challenges to Political Life in Cyberspace. New York: Routledge, 2000. WOLTON, Dominique. E depois da Internet? Para uma teoria crítica dos novos médias. Algés, Portugal: Difel, 2001. 10