PROVA E CHAVE DE RESPOSTAS

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1 UFES / CCHN / DLL CENTRO DE LÍNGUAS CERTIFICAÇÃO DE PROFICIÊNCIA EM LÍNGUA ESTRANGEIRA - INGLÊS CIÊNCIAS BIOLÓGICAS, CIÊNCIAS AGRÁRIAS E CIÊNCIAS DA SAÚDE PROVA E CHAVE DE RESPOSTAS Texto 1 WHO: Ebola Outbreak in West Africa an International Health Emergency (CNN) -- Global health experts on Friday declared the Ebola epidemic ravaging West Africa an international health emergency that requires a coordinated global approach. Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone are battling the Ebola virus, which has also spread to Nigeria. The virus has killed 961 people from the start of the outbreak this year through Wednesday, the World Health Organization said. "The possible consequences of further international spread are particularly serious in view of the virulence of the virus, the intensive community and health facility transmission patterns, and the weak health systems in the currently affected and most at-risk countries," WHO said Friday after two days of emergency meetings. The U.N. health agency described it as the worst outbreak in the four-decade history of tracking the disease. "A coordinated international response is deemed essential to stop and reverse the international spread of Ebola," WHO said. Medical aid groups applauded the designation but said that it alone won't reduce fatalities. "Declaring Ebola an international public health emergency shows how seriously WHO is taking the current outbreak, but statements won't save lives," said Dr. Bart Janssens, director of operations for Doctors Without Borders, a humanitarian organization. "For weeks, MSF has been repeating that a massive medical, epidemiological and public health response is desperately needed to save lives and reverse the course of the epidemic," said Janssens, using the initials for his organization's French name, Medecins Sans Frontieres. "Lives are being lost because the response is too slow." The agency said it has nearly 700 staff responding to the crisis in the affected countries. "All our Ebola experts are mobilized, we simply cannot do more," Janssens said. Meanwhile, a WHO official said bogus information is adding to the rapid spread of the disease. "Perhaps one of the most important factors contributing to this is fear and misinformation," said Dr. Keiji Fukuda, assistant director for health security. "This is critical to understand, because what it is doing is that it helps foster suspicion and anxiety in communities, and when that happens we see a situation where people are reluctant to go to health facilities or maybe reluctant 1

2 to bring their family members there." Though infectious, Ebola "is not mysterious" and can be contained, Fukuda said. Liberian President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf said the fast-spreading disease has overwhelmed her nation's health care system. "The scope and scale of the epidemic... now exceed the capacity and statutory responsibility of any one government agency or ministry," she said. The Liberian leader declared a 90-day state of emergency this week, which will allow her government to set up a series of measures to prevent the spread of the disease. Ebola spreads through contact with organs and bodily fluids such as blood, saliva, urine and other secretions of infected people. It has no known cure. The most common treatment requires supporting organ functions and maintaining bodily fluids such as blood and water long enough for the body to fight off the infection. Fonte: Adaptado de: Karimi, Faith; Gigova, Radina. WHO: Ebola outbreak in West Africa an international health emergency. Disponível em: (último acesso em 18/08/2014) RESPONDA ÀS QUESTÕES CONFORME INFORMAÇÕES CONTIDAS NO TEXTO. QUESTÃO 1 Sobre o surto atual do vírus Ebola, todas as afirmativas estão corretas, EXCETO (A) É o pior já registrado nos últimos 40 anos. (B) Sua disseminação, até o momento, concentra-se em um único continente. (C) Causou sobrecarga no sistema de saúde liberiano. (D) Seu aspecto misterioso dificulta sua contenção. QUESTÃO 2 Analise as afirmativas abaixo sobre os fatores que contribuem para a disseminação do vírus Ebola: I. não há investimento financeiro suficiente para prover tratamento. II. a resposta dos programas de saúde pública para o tratamento do virus é lenta. III. informações equivocadas afastam os pacientes das unidades de saúde. São verdadeiras: (A) apenas I e II. (B) apenas II e III. (C) apenas I e III. (D) I, II e III. 2

3 QUESTÃO 3 O pronome demonstrativo this, em negrito no 6º parágrafo, refere-se (A) ao representante da OMS (B) ao medo e à desinformação (C) à disseminação rápida da doença (D) ao Dr. Keiji Fukuda QUESTÃO 4 Quais são os três fatores que tornam a possibilidade de uma propagação internacional do Ebola mais preocupante? Os três fatores são a virulência do vírus, os padrões intensos de transmissão na comunidade e nas unidades de saúde, e os fracos sistemas de saúde nos países atualmente afetados e naqueles com alto risco de contaminação. QUESTÃO 5 Justifique a frase do Dr. Bart Janssens, but statements won't save lives, (4º parágrafo). Dr. Janssens está se referindo à declaração feita pelos especialistas de saúde de que a epidemia do Ebola na África Ocidental deve ser considerada uma emergência de saúde de preocupação internacional. Dr. Bart defende que apenas esse reconhecimento/essa declaração não é suficiente para conter o avanço do vírus, é necessária uma intensa resposta da saúde pública, epidemiológica e médica para evitar mais mortes. Texto 2 Pests Worm Their Way into Genetically Modified Maize Even with biotech crops, farmers still need to make use of age-old practices such as crop rotation to fight insect pests. That s the lesson to be drawn from the latest discovery of resistance to the pest-fighting toxins added to maize also known as corn. According to a team led by Aaron Gassmann, an entomologist at Iowa State University in Ames, in some Iowa fields a type of beetle called the western corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte) has developed resistance to two of the three types of Bacillus thurinigiensis (Bt) toxin produced by genetically modified maize. Resistance to one type of Bt toxin has cropped up in the worms in recent years, but now there is a twist the researchers have found that resistance to that type of Bt toxin also confers protection against another, more recently 3

4 introduced type. Their work appears in this week's Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. That s two of the three toxins on the market now, says Gassmann. It s a substantial part of the available technology. Genetically modified (GM) maize producing the Bt toxin Cry3Bb1, which provided protection against pests such as rootworm, was first approved for use in the United States in By 2009, farmers had started to see rootworm damage in their GM crops. In 2011, that damage had spread to GM maize containing a second toxin, mcry3a. In lab tests, Gassmann showed that this was a case of cross-resistance worms that had become resistant to Cry3Bb1 were also resistant to mcry3a, possibly because the toxins share structural similarities and some binding sites in the insect s gut. Part of the problem is that rootworms are tough, and the Bt maize does not produce enough toxin to fully control them. The Bt toxins used against pests such as the European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis) kill more than 99.99% of their targets, whereas more than 2% of rootworms can survive Bt maize. Resistance in the worms can evolve rapidly in fields where the same kind of maize is grown every year in Iowa it showed up after an average of 3.6 years. Nicholas Storer, a global science-policy leader for biotechnology at Dow AgroSciences in Washington DC, says that the study illustrates that if GM crops are not used as part of an integrated pest-management policy, resistance can develop quickly in an individual field. Agricultural biotechnology companies such as Dow are now pyramiding their seeds so that they produce two different Bt toxins to attack the rootworm. For example, Dow has teamed up with Monsanto of St Louis, Missouri, to sell seeds that combine Cry3Bb1 with Cry34/35Ab1, a toxin that has so far not seen any resistance develop. Gassmann says that the pyramiding of toxins is an important way to delay the development of resistance, but that the combination is less effective once resistance arises to one of the toxins. So farmers should not rely exclusively on technology to fight pests, and should instead periodically change the crop grown on a field to help disrupt the pest s life cycle. The rootworm can t survive if the corn is not there, Gassmann says. Storer agrees that even the best technologies will always need to be combined with the old methods. Crop rotation was the primary tool to combat rootworm before Bt came along, he says. We need to keep it up. Fonte: Adaptado de: Owens, Brian; Pests worm their way into genetically modified maize. Disponível em: (último acesso em 20/08/2014) 4

5 QUESTÃO 6 Qual das frases abaixo sintetiza a ideia central do texto? (A) Os insetos resistentes ao Cry3Bb1 também apresentaram resistência ao mcry3a. (B) O milho Bt não produz toxina suficiente para resistir aos crisomelídeos. (C) A resistência do crisomelídeo às toxinas indica a importância da rotação de culturas. (D) As toxinas Bt demonstram mais eficácia no combate à variante europeia da broca do milho. QUESTÃO 7 De acordo com Aaron Gassmann, (A) As pragas do milho são resistentes a todas as toxinas existentes no mercado atualmente. (B) A resistência dos insetos às toxinas Cry3Bb1 e mcry3a apresentam origens diferentes. (C) As culturas GM devem fazer parte de uma política de manejo integrado de pragas. (D) A estratégia da pirâmide pode ser eficaz para retardar a evolução da resistência. QUESTÃO 8 O marcador de discurso whereas, em negrito no 5º parágrafo, expressa a ideia de (A) contraste (B) ênfase (C) condição (D) conclusão QUESTÃO 9 Descreva os acontecimentos citados no 3º parágrafo para os anos de 2003 Ano em que foi aprovado, nos Estados Unidos, o uso de milho geneticamente modificado produzindo a toxina Bt Cry3Bb1 que oferecia proteção contra pragas como o crisomelídeo. By 2009 aproximadamente, o ano em que os agricultores tinham começado a ver os danos do crisomelídeo em suas plantações geneticamente modificadas ano em que o dano havia se espalhado para o milho geneticamente modificado contendo uma segunda toxina, mcry3a. 5

6 QUESTÃO 10 Como Gassmann e Storer veem o uso da tecnologia no combate de pragas? Que sugestões são oferecidas? Ambos concordam que o uso da tecnologia no combate às pragas deve ser combinado com métodos antigos. Gassmann e Storer sugerem que a rotação de culturas para interromper o ciclo da praga precisa ser mantida, e ainda, o uso da estratégia da pirâmide para adiar a evolução da resistência às toxinas. 6