EXAME DE PROFICIÊNCIAEM LEITURA DELÍNGUA ESTRANGEIRA E MATERNADO CENID-IFTM (PROLIF) LÍNGUA ESTRANGEIRA: LÍNGUA INGLESA

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1 EXAME DE PROFICIÊNCIAEM LEITURA DELÍNGUA ESTRANGEIRA E MATERNADO CENID-IFTM (PROLIF) LÍNGUA ESTRANGEIRA: LÍNGUA INGLESA ÁREA DO CONHECIMENTO: LETRAS E LINGUÍSTICA INSTRUÇÕES 1- Não é permitida a identificação nas folhas de respostas. 2- As respostas para as questões discursivas devem ser em LÍNGUA PORTUGUESA. 3- É permitido o uso de dicionário impresso para consulta durante a realização da prova. Não é permitido o empréstimo de dicionários ou o uso de dicionários ou tradutores eletrônicos ou de quaisquer outros equipamentos eletrônicos durante a realização dos exames. 4- O exame terá a duração mínima de 1 hora e máxima de 3 horas, improrrogáveis. O candidato somente poderá entregar a prova e se retirar da sala após 1 hora do início da aplicação. 5- As respostas devem ser escritas em tinta azul ou preta. Os rascunhos produzidos durante o exame deverão ser entregues aos examinadores, junto com as respostas oficiais. 6-O prazo para interposição de recursos será de 48 (quarenta e oito) horas, a contar do dia e horário da divulgação do resultado preliminar. Em nenhuma hipótese, serão recebidos recursos após esse período. 7 - As respostas devem estar sempre de acordo com o texto anexo e não devem conter traduções diretas, interpretações subjetivas ou comentários do candidato, nem apresentar exemplos buscados fora do texto. Boa prova!

2 EXAME DE PROFICIÊNCIAEM LEITURA DELÍNGUA ESTRANGEIRA E MATERNADO CENID-IFTM (PROLIF) LÍNGUA ESTRANGEIRA: LÍNGUA INGLESA ÁREA DO CONHECIMENTO: LETRAS E LINGUÍSTICA CORPUS LINGUISTICS AN INTRODUCTION Friederike Müller and Birgit Waibel What is a corpus? A corpus (plural corpora, German das Korpus, not der ) is a collection of texts used for linguistic analyses, usually stored in an electronic database so that the data can be accessed easily by means of a computer. Corpus texts usually consist of thousands or millions of words and are not made up of the linguist s or a native speaker s invented examples but on authentic (naturally occurring) spoken and written language. The majority of present-day corpora are balanced or systematic. This means that the texts are collected ( compiled ) according to specific principles, such as different genres, registers or styles of English (e.g. written or spoken English, newspaper editorials or technical writing); these sampling principles do not follow languageinternal but language-external criteria. For example, the texts for a corpus are not selected because of their high number of relative clauses but because they are instances of a predefined text type, say broadcast English in a hypothetical corpus of Australian British English. Examples of balanced corpora are the International Corpus of English (ICE), the British National Corpus (BNC), or the Brown and Lancaster-Oslo/Bergen (LOB) corpora and their Freiburg updates (Frown and F-LOB). A corpus is thus a systematic, computerised collection of authentic language used for linguistic analysis.

3 What is corpus linguistics and why is it useful? Based on the above definition of a corpus, corpus linguistics is the study of language by means of naturally occurring language samples; analyses are usually carried out with specialised software programmes on a computer. Corpus linguistics is thus a method to obtain and analyse data quantitatively and qualitatively rather than a theory of language or even a separate branch of linguistics on a par with e.g. sociolinguistics or applied linguistics. The corpus-linguistic approach can be used to describe language features and to test hypotheses formulated in various linguistic frameworks. To name but a few examples, corpora recording different stages of learner language (beginners, intermediate, and advanced learners) can provide information for foreign language acquisition research; by means of historical corpora it is possible to track the development of specific features in the history of English like the emergence of the modal verbs gonna and wanna; or sociolinguistic markers of specific age groups such as the use of like as a discourse marker can be investigated for purposes of sociolinguistic or discourse-analytical research. The great advantage of the corpus-linguistic method is that language researchers do not have to rely on their own or other native speakers intuition or even on made-up examples. Rather, they can draw on a large amount of authentic, naturally occurring language data produced by a variety of speakers or writers in order to confirm or refute their own hypotheses about specific language features on the basis of an empirical foundation. What types of corpora are there? In the following, a list of some of the most common types of corpora is provided. - General corpora, such as the British National Corpus or the Bank of English, contain a large variety of both written and spoken language, as well as different text types, by speakers of different ages, from different regions and from different social classes. - Synchronic corpora, such as F-LOB and Frown, record language data collected for one specific point in time, e.g. written British and American English of the early 1990s.

4 - Historical corpora, such as ARCHER and the Helsinki corpus, consist of corpus texts from earlier periods of time. They usually span several decades or centuries, thus providing diachronic coverage of earlier stages of language. - Learner corpora, such as the International Corpus of Learner English and the Cambridge Learner Corpus, are collections of data produced by foreign language learners, such as essays or written exams. - Corpora for the study of varieties, such as the International Corpus of English and the Freiburg English Dialect Corpus, represent different regional varieties of a language. There is also a large variety of specialized corpora, e.g. Michigan Corpus of Academic Spoken English (MICASE), useful for various types of research (cf. e.g. It should be pointed out that the above listed types of corpora are not necessarily mutually exclusive F-LOB and Frown, for example, are both synchronic and regional corpora, and even become historical when paired with their 1960s counterparts LOB and Brown. Full text available at: Questão 1: Por que, segundo os autores, a maior parte dos corpora atuais é sistemática? Questão 2:Discorra sobre 3 (três) exemplos de uso da abordagem da Linguística de Corpus. Questão 3:De acordo com os autores, qual é a grande vantagem da Linguística de Corpus, para pesquisadores(as) da língua? Questão 4: Mencione 4 (quatro) tipos de corpora citados no texto e explique em que consistem.

5 Questão 5:Explique a observação final que os autores fazem sobre os tipos de corpora mencionados no texto.