Estratégias. Projecto. Avaliação. Caso PO. Requisitos. Manuel Duarte Pinheiro. Estratégias. Projecto. Avaliação. Caso PO. Manuel Duarte Pinheiro

Transcrição

1 Construção Sustentável Perspectivas, Prática e Sistemas para e Engº do Ambiente (DECivil Gab 3.6) AMBIENTE URBANO E ESPAÇOS CONSTRUÍDOS 003/004 manuel.pinheiro@ipa.pt 5 Sistemas de Apoio à Construção Sustentável (5) Tópicos Abordados: 1. Construção Sustentável - Zonas/Edifícios. Sistemas de e Apoio ao de Edifícios Sustentáveis 3. Introdução ao Caso do Estudo Construção Sustentável Orientações e Princípios Agenda 1,... Construção Sustentável Zona / Edifício Aplicação e ajustamento às Escala: Espacial Temporal Recursos Disponíveis 1

2 Escalas e Diferentes Abordagens de Intervenção GAIA /BIOMA REGIÃO CIDADE VIZINHANÇA/ZONA PROJECTO MORADIA HOMEM FERRAMENTAS ÁTOMO Região Município Cidades Zonas Edifícios Materiais... Integrar a Construção Sustentável (da Região à Zona) Plano Regional de Ordenamento do Território Gestão dos Recursos e Mobilidade PDM e Plano de Ambiente Plano de Pormenor Proposta de Implantação (conceito e condicionantes) Regulamento (orientações e/ou especificações) Caso Ecological Building Criteria for Vikki, Helsinquia, Filândia SISTEMAS PARA APOIO AO PROJECTO E AVALIAÇÃO DE EDIFICIOS DE CONSTRUÇÃO SUSTENTÁVEL Diferentes Aproximações a nível da Europa Alemanha e Áustria, desde os anos 0, adoptaram aproximação empírica Reino Unido, Estados Unidos, França e Países Nórdicos, desenvolveram instrumentos para medir o desempenho ambiental e da sustentabilidade contra uma gama de objectivos definidos Instrumentos de Tipos de instrumentos Instrumentos computacionais de planeamento Instrumentos computacionais de avaliação Certificação (p.e. certificação energética, certificação dos edificios, hierarquização dos edificios) Auditoria (certificação) Catálogo Guias Informação de produtos/processos

3 Instrumentos de Limitações excessiva simplificação dificuldade na atribuição de pesos aos critérios custo da avaliação e aspectos práticos participação no processo de avaliação Recomendações Integração com outros aspectos do projecto e limitações importantes uso de resultados da avaliação para melhorias Sistemas Formais Por vezes em Processos de de Impacte Ambiental (197/1990/000) Sistemas de Gestão Ambiental: ISO (1996) e ISO 14031:1999 Sistemas de e Apoio na Construção Sustentável (1990, 1996,199, 00,...) "It's not easy being green." - Kermit the Frog, 197. Sistemas de da Construção Sustentável Sistemas de Apoio e da Construção Sustentável - Edifícios Sistema de Voluntário com programa de rotulagem /certificação, vai potencialmente criar mercado, surge nos anos 90 com o BREEAM Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method. Estabelece objectivos e meios para os atingir avaliando um vasto conjunto de áreas ambientais face a um critério explicito e oferecem um sumário do desempenho ambiental global. A área da avaliação ambiental dos edifícios tem crescido rapidamente na década passado e muitos países dispõe actualmente de sistemas no terreno ou estão activamente explorando a possibilidade de os introduzir. No geral, o sistema de avaliação ambiental dos edificios, é uma forma de avaliar o seu desempenho ambiental face a um conjunto de critérios explicitos, tipicamente dispondo de três tipos de componentes: Conjunto declarado de critérios de desempenho ambiental organizado de modo lógico numa estrutura apelativa. Atribuição de um número de critérios os pontos por cada desempenho ao atingir um determinado nível pontuação. Modo de demonstrar a pontuação total através do desempenho ambiental do edificio ou unidade Output. Definição Raymond Cole, 003 3

4 Caso do Sistema LEED, Estados Unidos da América,... Leadership in Energy & Environmental Design Sistemas de Edificios Múltiplos Instrumentos para Ambiental dos Edifícios BREEAM (Reino Unido) LEED (Estados Unidos da América) HQE (França) Ecoprofile (Noruega), Environmental Status (Suécia), Promise (Finland), EcoQuantum (Holanda), NABERS (Australia), Green Leaf (Canada), TQ (Austria), CASBE (Japan), GB Tool (GB C), mais de 0 Países, Sistema para desenho, construção e certificação dos edificios ecológicos mundiais. Normas ISO ISO 14040; ISO 1400;ISO 14001; ISO ADA dos Edifícios (ISO TC 59/SC3) CD1 Buildings and constructed assets Sustainability in building Framework for assessment of environmental performance of buildings Sistemas de BREEAM - UK Building Research Establishment BRE, 1990 Environmental Assessment Method Produção de serviços e edificios global issues local issues indoor issues management issues Gestão e operação de edificios environmental policy global issues and use of resources local issues indoor issues Modelo para métodos similares (p.e. BREEAM no Canadá e Austrália) Feilden Clegg of Bath, Edifício BRE - Reino Unido Sistemas de LEED Green Building Rating System by US Green Building Council Leadership in Energy & Environmental Design Áreas: sustainable sites water efficiency energy and atmosphere materials and resources indoor environmental quality Créditos de inovação USGBC 1993 GBTool Sistemas de GBC (Green Building Challenge) para 19 países Área consideradas: resource consumption (R) environmental loadings (L) indoor environmental quality (Q) quality of service (S) economics (E) pre-operations management (M) architectural quality (? Não incluidas) GBC199 4

5 Instituição de Desenvolvimento Primeira Versão Exemplos de Sistemas BREEAM LEED GBTool Building Research Establishment (Reino Unido) BREEAM para escritórios (1990) Encorajar a utilização das Desenvolver um padrão melhores práticas que melhore o ambientais em todas as desempenho ambiental e fases dos edifícios económico dos edifícios Distinguir edifícios com Funcionar como um guia reduzido impacte ambiental para o desenho verde no mercado sustentável dos edifícios Principais objectivos Sistema de primeira geração A aplicação diferentes regiões é difícil Principais diferenças U.S. Green Building Council (Estados Unidos da América) LEED TM.0 (1999) Sistema de primeira geração Estrutura simples Natural Resources Canada (Canadá) GBTool 1.3 (1996) Permitir a avaliação de qualquer tipo de edifício (residencial, comercial, etc.), em qualquer fase Funcionar como um guia no sentido de melhorar o desempenho do edifício Sistema de segunda geração Ajustável a várias regiões Eco-Home (BREEAM) Categorias Principais 1.Energia.Transporte 3.Poluição 4.Materiais 5.Água 6.Ecologia e uso do solo 7.Saúde e bem estar LEED (.0) Áreas de Verificação: 1. Locais Sustentáveis.Eficiência de água 3.Energia e atmosfera 4.Materiais e recursos 5.Qualidade do ar interior 6.Inovação e Desenho 7. global GBTool (V1.0) Principais Áreas 1. Consumo de recursos.cargas Ambientais 3. Qualidade do Ar Interior 4.Qualidade do serviço 5.Economia 6. Gestão pré operações 7. Transporte 5

6 CASO Viikki, Helsinquia, Filândia Critérios Ecológicos na Construção English/Helsinki-FI-english.pdf Texto 1

7 CRITÉRIOS PIMWAG Vikki Método de PIMWAG Poluição (10) Recursos Naturais () Salubridade () Biodiversidade (4) Produção Alimentar (3) 43 pontos Máximo

8 3

9 4

10 5

11 6

12 7 IMAGENS

13 Here is an example of an environmental profile for a proposed block. This block gets 4.3 points from reducing pollution,. points from efficient use of resources,.3 points from healthiness, 1 point from sustaining biodiversity and 1.4 points from possibilities to grow food. 11. eco-points together tell that the block is an ecologically excellent scheme, but doesn't have any exceptional innovations. The best blocks in the area exceeded some 1 points. In this comparison the maximum possible number of points is 34 Aerial view of Viikki The Biocentre of the Science Park The Viikinoja after completion of restoration work. Ilmakuva Viikin yli, etualalla Viikin ekorakentamiskohteet rakenteilla, taaempana Tiedepuisto. Kuva Kiinteistövirasto/ Kaupunkimittausosasto. Oldagriculturallandwiththe Viikki experimental farm in the background Plan of the Science Park and Latokartano areas

14

15

16 Texto

17

18 INTRODUÇÃO AO SISTEMA LEED Exº SISTEMA DE RECONHECIMENTO DE BOAS PRÁTICAS NA CONSTRUÇÃO (EDIFICIOS) Leadership in Energy & Environmental Design Sistema para desenho, construção e certificação dos edificios ecológicos mundiais. DESENVOLVIMENTO USGBC Que é Eco - Desenho ou Desenho Verde? Práticas de construção e desenho que reduzem ou eliminam significativamente os impactes negativos dos edificios no ambiente em cinco grandes áreas: Planeamento Sustentável dos Locais Sustainable site planning Salvaguarda de Água e Eficiência de Água Organização Nacional (EUA) Não lucrativa ada no consenso ~,500 membros Vocacionada elevado desempenho Safeguarding water and water efficiency Energias Renováveis e Eficiência Energética Energy efficiency and renewable energy Conservação dos Materiais e Recursos Conservation of materials and resources Qualidade Ambiental Interior Indoor environmental quality Beneficios do Eco-Desenho Porque foi o LEED TM Desenvolvido? Ambientais Reduz impactos no consumo dos recursos naturais Económicos Melhora custos construção e operação Aumenta valor dos edificios Segurança e Saúde Melhora o conforto e segurança dos habitantes Beneficios Sociais Minimiza a pressão sobre as infraestruturas locais e melhora a qualidade de vida Guia de eco-desenho ; Reconhecer lideres; Estimular competição ecológica; Estabelecer um mercado de valor ambiental com uma marca reconhecida; Aumentar sensibilização dos consumidores; Transformar o mercado! 1

19 Sim? Não Sim? Não Sim? Não Sim? Não Crédito 1 Selecção do local 1 Crédito 1 Crédito 3 1 Crédito 4.1 Transporte Alternativo, Acessos a transportes públicos 1 Crédito 4. 1 Crédito 4.3 Transporte Alternativo, Estações alternativas para abastecimento de combustíveis 1 Crédito 4.4 Transporte Alternativo, Capacidade do Parque 1 Crédito Crédito 5. 1 Crédito Crédito 6. 1 Crédito 7.1 Paisagem & Design exterior para reduzir zonas localizadas de calor, Superfícies sem cobertura exterior 1 Crédito 7. Paisagem & Design exterior para reduzir zonas localizadas de calor, Superfícies cobertas 1 Crédito Redução da saída de radiação de luz directa, do local do edifício 1 Crédito Crédito 1. 1 Crédito Tecnologias inovadoras de tratamento, no local, dos efluentes do edifício. 1 Crédito3.1 Redução na utilização de água, Redução em 0% 1 Crédito 3. Redução na utilização de água, Redução em 30% 1 Crédito 1.1 Crédito 1. Crédito 1.3 Crédito1.4 Crédito 1.5 Crédito.1 Energias renováveis, Contribuição em 5% 1 Crédito. Energias renováveis, Contribuição em 10% 1 Crédito.3 Energias renováveis, Contribuição em 0% 1 Crédito 3 Instruções adicionais 1 Crédito 4 Deplecção da Camada do Ozono 1 Crédito 5 Medição & Verificação 1 Crédito 6 Energia Verde (fontes de energia renováveis) 1 Crédito1.1 Reutilização do Edifício, Manutenção de 75% das linhas gerais de estrutura do edifício. 1 Crédito 1. Reutilização do Edifício, Manutenção de 100% das linhas gerais de estrutura do edifício. 1 Aspectos Técnicos LEED TM LEED TM.0 Sistema de ponderação ecológica para edificios institucionais, comerciais e residencias (qualidade), para construções novas e renovação; Tecnologias comprovadas e existentes; Avaliar e reconhecer desempenho em categorias ecológicas aceites; OBJECTIVO: Guia para o desenho ambiental e sustentável dos edifícios comerciais e de escritório AVALIAÇÃO: Lista de Pré-requisitos obrigatórios Créditos pontuáveis Sistemas de LEED 3.0 inclui edificios existentes, edificios multiplos, interior e exterior. Classificação final = Soma dos pontos correspondentes a cada Crédito verificado LEED TM - Distribuição de Pontos Qualidade Ambiental Interior 3% Locais Sustentáveis % : - Critérios e Guias; Lista de Verificação do Locais Sustentáveis 14 Pontos S Prereq 1 Erosão & Controlo da Sedimentação Requisito Redesenvolvimento Urbano (Cálculo da evolução da densidade tanto para a área do projecto como para a sua área envolvente.) Redesenvolvimento de locais ambientalmente contaminados por actividades outrora aí existentes (Brownfield site é a classificação atribuída pela EPA a este tipo de locais.) Transporte Alternativo, Infraestruturas específicas para bicicletas & Infraestruturas para troca de roupa / equipamento Redução dos distúrbios provocados pela construção do projecto no local, sobretudo zonas verdes, Protecção e Recuperação de Espaços Abertos Redução dos distúrbios provocados pela construção do projecto no local, Desenvolvimento da Pegada Ecológica do edifício Gestão de Situações de Mau Tempo, com chuva forte. Taxa e Quantidade (Plano de redução de fluxo de água em terrenos significativamente permeáveis > 50%) Gestão de Situações de Mau Tempo, com chuva forte. Tratamento (Boas práticas para remoção dos sólidos suspensos totais e de fósforo total.) Materiais e Recursos 0% Uso Eficiente da Água % Energia e Atmosfera 7% Cinco Categorias de Critérios s - Profissionais Certificados. Eficiência na utilização de Água Eficiência na utilização de Água, Redução em 50% (elevada eficiência do equipamento de irrigação e redução do consumo de água potável para irrigação) Eficiência na utilização de Água, Não utilizar água potável (e.g. utilizar um sistema de captura de água da chuva) ou não efectuar irrigação. 5 Pontos Energia & Atmosfera 17 Pontos S Prereq 1 Instruções fundamentais dos sistemas do edifício. Requisito S Prereq Desempenho energético mínimo (de acordo com a regulamentação). Requisito S Prereq 3 Redução de CFC's no equipamento do sistema de ar condicionado e ventilação. Requisito Desempenho energético optmizado, Redução de 0% para edifícios novos e de 10% para edifícios existentes (relativamente às normas ASHRAE/IESNA , secção 11). Desempenho energético optmizado, Redução de 30% para edifícios novos e de 0% para edifícios existentes (relativamente às normas ASHRAE/IESNA , secção 11). Desempenho energético optmizado, Redução de 40% para edifícios novos e de 30% para edifícios existentes (relativamente às normas ASHRAE/IESNA , secção 11). Desempenho energético optmizado, Redução de 50% para edifícios novos e de 40% para edifícios existentes (relativamente às normas ASHRAE/IESNA , secção 11). Desempenho energético optmizado, Redução de 60% para edifícios novos e de 50% para edifícios existentes (relativamente às normas ASHRAE/IESNA , secção 11). Materiais & Recursos 13 Pontos S Prereq 1 Recolha & Armazenamento de Materiais Recicláveis (locais específicos para) Requisito Aspectos Técnicos LEED LEED TM.0 Níveis de Certificação Abordagem global ao edificio fomenta e guia desenho integrado e processos de construção; Optimiza factores económicos e ambientais; Quatro níveis de reconhecimento. LEED Certified 6-3 points Silver Level 33-3 points Gold Level points Platinum Level 5+ points (69 possible) Viridian Place Certificado (6 3 pontos) DEP Cambria Office Building Ouro (39 51 pontos) PNC Firstside Center Prata (33 3 pontos) Phillip Merrill Platina (5 69 pontos) FONTE das imagens:

20 Structure Sustainable Sites Water Efficiency Energy & Atmosphere Materials & Resources Indoor Environmental Quality List PDF Aplicar ESPECIFICAÇÕES LEED Tipologia de Edifício Pré- e Critérios LEED Green Building Rating System Version.0 Sections of the Program Sustainable Sites 14 Points Water Efficiency 5 Points Energy & Atmosphere 17 Points Materials & Resources 13 Points Indoor Environmental Quality 15 Points TOTAL CORE LEED POINTS 64 Points + COMO APLICAR Especificações Existentes e em Desenvolvimento: New construction and major renovation projects (LEED-NC) Existing building operations (LEED-EB, Pilot version) Commercial interiors projects (LEED-CI, Pilot version) Core and shell projects (LEED-CS, Pilot version) Homes (LEED-H) Passos: Como aplicar 1) Análise da Elegibilidade (atingir pelo menos 5 Critérios) ) Registo 3) e Preparar Documentação 4) Clarificar a Interpretação dos Créditos 5) Certificação Entrega da Candidatura Confirmação das Evidências / Certificação 6) Revisão Técnica (Novas Especificações) Phillip Merrill Environmental Center Headquarters Annapolis, Maryland LEED 1.0 Certification: PLATINUM Owner: Chesapeake Bay Foundation Project Team: Architect: SmithGroup, Inc. Engineer: SmithGroup, Inc. P.Manager: Synthesis, Inc. Contractor: Clark Construction Group Consultant: Janet Harrison, Architect Building Statistics: Completion Date: November, 000 Cost: $6.36 M Size: 30,600 gross square feet Footprint: 1,000 square feet Construction Type: 3B, Two Stories over Open Parking Use Group: Business(B), Assembly(A-3), Storage(S- ) Lot Size: 33 acres Annual Energy Use: 3 kbtu/sf/year Occupancy: 90 Staff Notes from the Project Team: LEED TM was instrumental in conveying the importance of the sustainable elements of the design to CBF s Board of Trustees. Eficiência Gestão da Água Captação da Água da Chuva & Reutilização para Lavagem & Irrigação Sustainable Sites Phillip Merrill Environmental Site Selection: Erected in Smart Growth Funding Area Center Headquarters on footprint of existing structure. 6.6 acres remain undisturbed in Land Trust. Annapolis, Maryland Educational Model: Interpretive trails & demonstrations for public visitors Storm/Waste Water: All Composting Toilets & Bioretention/Wetland Resource Protection: Woodland, Wetland, & Tidal Water Restoration Water Efficiency Water: Rainwater Catchment & Reuse for Hand Washing & Irrigation Energy and Atmosphere Domestic Hot Water: Thermomax-Solar Technology LEED 1.0 Certification: PLATINUM Energy: Exceeds ASHRAE/IES Standard by 50% HVAC: Natural Ventilation and Desiccant Owner: Chesapeake Bay Foundation Dehumidification & Heat Recovery Controls/Monitoring: Building Energy management Project Team: Architect: SmithGroup, Inc. System, Green Light notifies staff to open windows Engineer: SmithGroup, Inc. when outside conditions comply P.Manager: Synthesis, Inc. Power Source: 30% Renewable with Geo-Exchange & Contractor: Clark Construction Group Photovoltaics Consultant: Janet Harrison, Architect Lighting: Daylight Harvesting and time clock lighting controls Building Statistics: Rapidly Renewable: Bamboo, cork and linoleum Completion Date: November, 000 floorings Cost: $6.36 M Recycled Content: Metal roofing and siding, acoustic Size: 30,600 gross square feet ceiling, ceramic tile, and MDF cabinetry Footprint: 1,000 square feet Construction Type: 3B, Two Stories over Open Parking Materials and Resources Truss Structure: system Rapidly Renewable-Paralam Post, Beam, and Use Group: Business(B), Assembly(A-3), Storage(S-) Lot Size: 33 acres Envelope: Structural Insulated Panels (SIP) R-0 walls, Annual Energy Use: 3 kbtu/sf/year R-30 roof Occupancy: 90 Staff Indoor Environmental Quality Indoor Environmental Quality: CO and VOC monitors. Notes from the Project Team: LEED TM was instrumental in conveying Furniture: Small, open offices allow for communal the importance of the sustainable elements of the design to CBF s Board space. Systems furniture allows flexible layout to of Trustees. accommodate churn 3

21 Implementação do LEED SITUAÇÃO >5 diferentes tipos de edificios 50 estados and 11 países 000 profissionais treinados efectuaram exame acreditado Million sq. ft LEED Área Registada 0 Projects: 710 New Construction; 110 Pilots YTD 50 Certified Projects 15 EB/CI Pilots 1,0% 16,0% 14,0% 1,0% 10,0%,0% 6,0% 4,0%,0% 0,0% 00 LEED % por Sectores 4,0% 1,1% 1,7%,0% 16,5% 9,5%,3% 9,9% Commercial Manufacturing Educational Health Public Miscellaneous Whole non-residential market Top 5% target market 1000 Evidence from LEED Certified Projects Cost / Performance - It Depends CUSTOS VS BENEFICIOS Cost $/sq ft Certified Silver Gold Platinum

22 Environmental Value Engineering Comparison of Building Costs Annual* $/sq.ft ,1 1,53 1,37 Salaries Rent Total Electricity O & M Energy * 1991 Source: BOMA, EPRI, Statistical Abstract in RMI "Greening the Building and the Bottom Line, 1994 LEED Resources Website: General information & Reference Guide Project & Workshop Registration Credit interpretations EXEMPLOS or Exemplos Platina Phillip Merrill Chesapeake Bay Foundation LEED 1.0 Donald Bren School of Environmental Science & Management University of California, Santa Barbara LEED 1.0 Audubon Center at Debs Park Audubon Society LA, LEED.0 Pottery Barn Williams-Sonoma, Inc., San Francisco, California 1,000 gsf Retail Store CII-Sohrabji Godrej Green Business Centre Confederation of Indian Industry Hyderabad LEED.0 5

23 GESTÃO DOS 11/00 Leadership in Energy & Environmental Design Sistema para desenho, construção e certificação dos edificios ecológicos mundiais. GESTÃO DOS 11/00 Phillip Merrill Environmental Center Headquarters Annapolis, Maryland 1

24 GESTÃO DOS 11/00 GESTÃO DOS 11/00 Phillip Merrill Center is the headquarters of the Chesapeake Bay Foundation

25 GESTÃO DOS 11/00 SUSTENTABILIDADE DOS LOCAIS GESTÃO DOS 11/00 Built using the "footprint" of the existing Bay Ridge Inn, the Phillip Merrill Center did not create additional impervious surface in its creation. Furthermore, the building's grounds are low maintenance - taking advantage of natural flora. This simple approach helps water filter into the bay and ground water table and improves conditions for wildlife. Though a transportation plan, including loaner bikes and incentives for electric vehicles and ride-sharing, is in effect, there is still need for a parking lot. But, the design of the CBF Parking lot helps reduce its impact on the local environment. The design includes: grassy islands, an unpaved surface and the lot is sloped to direct runoff into a bio-retention structure. These features encourage rainwater flow into the ground where it can be naturally filtered. 3

26 GESTÃO DOS 11/00 Smart Growth is a concept that protects open spaces from over-development. The idea behind this is to build around existing sewer and water systems, roads, schools, and other public services. This philosophy concentrates development in towns and cities rather than encouraging sprawling suburban and ex-urban development that destroys ecologically fragile areas. Within the Bay watershed, woods, fields and wetlands serve as natural filters for ground water. They absorb and transform pollutants, trap sediment, and slow the rate at which water runs into streams, all of which improve water quality. Protecting these natural filters is a key part of the plans to save the Bay. The Smart Growth idea has become law in Maryland and other states are considering similar legislation GESTÃO DOS The first consideration in creating a green office is to choose a place where it will have the least impact on the environment. That means building on as little undeveloped land as possible in a place that is close to shops and homes. CBF wanted a site that met Maryland's Smart Growth criteria. Site 11/00 Selection & Redevelopment In line with Smart Growth principles, CBF sited the Merrill Center on the footprint of the old Bay Ridge Inn's pool and poolhouse. Original buildings were removed and their parts recycled. Some of the parking was put under the building. As a result, the site has less impervious surface after construction than it had before. Improved Habitats Over time, CBF will restore habitats on the site by planting thousands of native trees and bushes, building wetlands, planting underwater grasses, and creating an oyster reef. During construction of the driveway, workers cut only eight trees, and planted 130. Alternative Transportation CBF developed a total traffic management plan to cut down on air pollution, especially oxides of nitrogen that rain washes into the Bay, where they dissolve into nutrients that cause excess algae growth. The plan involves: Incentives for staff to bike to work and facilities such as bike racks, showers and changing rooms Making bikes available for errands to a nearby commercial center Encouraging the use of electric vehicles by providing free battery charging Incentives for carpooling A low-emission hybrid technology staff car Videoconferencing and telecommuting connections to reduce the need to travel Breakfast and lunch services on site Storm Water Management Environmental Impervious Center surfaces such as roads, driveways and parking lots increase the volume and velocity of potentially polluted rainwater runoff. The Merrill Center catches and reuses rainwater, and filters runoff from the parking lot to reduce pollution. Gravel used on the parking lot allows water to seep through and be filtered by neighboring wetlands. A bioretention filter, strategically located at the bottom of the carefully graded driveway and gravel parking lot, treats oil and other vehicle-related toxins in stormwater runoff. Landscaping with native plants and trees helps absorb and treat rainwater without the need for fertilizers, pesticides and watering. Reducing Heat Islands "Heat islands," such as a large dark-surfaced parking lot, alter the environment around them. At the Merrill Center, materials that prevent heat build-up were chosen and trees planted around the building help cool the area. Reducing Light Pollution Building and parking area lights are equipped with timers and go out at night to reduce light pollution. 4

27 GESTÃO DOS 11/00 MATERIAIS (E RECURSOS) GESTÃO DOS 11/00 Building materials for the Phillip Merrill Center were chosen in terms of recycled and reused content and sustainability, as well as, cost. A majority of the materials were produced and shipped from a distance of less than three hundred miles. Some materials - such as, concrete - were reused from the old Bay Ridge Inn which previously occupied the CBF site. In addition, growth and harvest methods of products were taken into consideration. For instance, bamboo, a quick growing, easily regenerable wood and cork stripped from living trees were chosen. Also, recycled products like ceiling tile made from paper, "green" certified plywood and galvanized steel siding and roofing were used. As far as performance, the steel siding and roofinghelpkeepthebuildingcoolby reflecting heat away. Also used were Parallam posts, beams and trusses made from wood that wouldnormallybewastedisstronger and more efficient than traditional options. The building is well insulated using R-3 in most walls 5

28 GESTÃO DOS 11/00 The building's beams are parallel strand lumber constructed from new growth, regenerable wood. All beams weresizedandcutatthe lumberyard and scrap materials from the cuts were recycled into the next beam. At a distance these beams look like regular wood. However, they are manufactured by pressing and gluing strips of wood together. Cutting strips of wood reduces the amount of scrap normally generated by carving beams out of logs. Any scrap is collected and put back into the vat to create another beam. GESTÃO DOS 11/00 Set-backs and trellis framing provide a sun-filled walkway along the south façade. All wood comes from forests managed according to the standards set by the Forest Stewardship Council. 6

29 GESTÃO DOS 11/00 ENERGIA (E ATMOSFERA) GESTÃO DOS 11/00 The Phillip Merrill Center conserves energy by supplementing their needs with passive solar lighting and heating. In addition, building orientation promotes sun shading during the summer when needed most. Cooling is further aided by windows that open and vents - some thermostatically controlled to open automatically. Photovoltaic cells contribute some electric energy for the building - the addition of more panels is planned. To utilize geothermal energy, water for heating andcoolingiskeptbelow frost line at a temperature near 50 degrees F. 7

30 GESTÃO DOS 11/00 Parede Envidraçada voltada a Sul GESTÃO DOS 11/00 The structure of the building is purposely exposed, as are the photovoltaic panels, mounted where they both catch the sun and create shade below. Also visible are the window louvers made from the wood of recycled pickle barrels.

31 GESTÃO DOS 11/00 The building uses Structural Insulated Panels (SIPs) for its walls and ceiling, which improves its envelope performance and reduces energy demands. ENERGIA GESTÃO The Merrill DOS Center building features many energy-saving technologies. These include both passive and active solar energy, and geothermal energy from the earth itself. The efficient use of energy lowers the need for electricity, and thus for nonrenewable fossil fuels in the region's power plants. It also lessens the air pollutants produced by those plants. Fewer pollutants in the air means less pollution "washed" from the air into 11/00 the Bay by rain. All told, the Merrill Center uses two thirds less energy than a typical office. One-third of the building's energy comes from renewable resources. Optimizing Energy Performance To reduce the Merrill Center's need for electricity, the architects placed the building carefully on its site to achieve both southern exposure and the proper angle to take advantage of prevailing winds for natural lighting and ventilation. Insulation The walls and roof are constructed of thermally efficient Structural Insulated Panels (SIP's), providing a tight building envelope that further reduces energy consumption. The panels used in the Merrill Center were manufactured without CFC's or HCFC's in the foam. Green Power In the basement, geothermal wells drilled into the earth to reach below the frost line take advantage of the constant temperature there (about 50 degrees F.) to assist in cooling the Center's interior in warm weather and heating it in cold weather. A desiccant dehumidification system reduces the need for mechanical air conditioning by removing moisture from the air. Renewable Energy Photovoltaic (solar energy) panels on the south wall produce renewable electric power to reduce the Center's dependence on commercially generated electricity. Meanwhile, roof-mounted solar panels connected to a heat exchanger provide hot water for the building, cutting the need to operate a conventional electric water heater. Energy Measurement & Control A total energy management system monitors the Center's energy use and controls it for maximum efficiency. The system maintains a comfortable and remarkably uniform temperature (plus or minus degrees F.) throughout the building. Operable windows When conditions are right, the building will be cooled and ventilated through the timeless technique of opening the windows. When the total energy management system determines that conditions are right, signs will alert the staff to open the windows. Non-accessible windows will open automatically. 9

32 GESTÃO DOS 11/00 ÁGUA GESTÃO DOS 11/00 Conservation of water and reduction of sewage outflow are important priorities at the Phillip Merrill Center. And, these goals are especially appropriate considering the facilitie's location on the Chesapeake Bay and the CBF's larger mission. Rain water captured by the building's roof is collected in holding tanks and used for nondrinking needs. The use of nonflush toilets also helps conserve water use. A staggeringly low amount of water - around one hundred gallons per day - is used at the Phillip Merrill Center. The building is connected to public sewer lines but only uses this service as a supplement to its internal waste treatment system - namely, composting toilets. Only sixty gallons of waste water per day are sent to the public sewage treatment plant. While approximately every two years useful composted waste material is collected from the Clivus-Multrum composting toilets. 10

33 GESTÃO DOS 11/00 Cisterns capture rainwater for use in the building, significantly reducing the need to draw from wells and public water sources. GESTÃO DOS 11/00 11

34 Water conservation involves both reducing and reusing. Reducing water use means cutting GESTÃO the amount DOS of wastewater flowing to the local sewage treatment plant. The reduction improves the operating efficiency of the plant, meaning that its discharge to the Bay is cleaner. Reusing rainwater reduces the need to draw from groundwater wells or from municipal water systems. How 11/00 does CBF accomplish these goals? There are no flush toilets in the. In their place are waterless composting toilets that convert human waste into fertile garden soil over the course of three years. CBF has successfully used toilets like these at its education centers for twenty years. They are major factors in the Center's ultra-low water usage level, which is less than 10 percent that of a conventional office building. Reducing water use means cutting the amount of wastewater flowing to the local sewage treatment plant. The reduction improves the efficiency of the plant, meaning that its discharge to the Bay is cleaner. To decrease water use further, a catchment system captures rainwater for reuse in fire suppression, hand washing, mop sinks, the climate control system, and washing equipment. Reusing rainwater reduces the need to draw from groundwater wells or municipal water systems. It also decreases runoff to the Bay and Black Walnut Creek. Innovative Wastewater Technologies There are no flush toilets in the Merrill Center! Instead, our waterless composting toilets convert human waste into fertile garden soil. This reduces the load on local sewage treatment facilities. A rainwater catchment system captures rainwater for reuse in fire suppression, hand washing, mop sinks, the climate control system, irrigation, and washing equipment. In line with the Center's efforts to buy locally and conserve and materials, the system is built of barrels recycled from a pickle factory on the Eastern Shore's Nanticoke River. Water Efficient Landscaping Natural landscaping with native plants and trees improves the absorbency of the soil and reduces the need for watering GESTÃO DOS 11/00 QUALIDADE DO AR AMBIENTE 1

35 GESTÃO DOS 11/00 Ducts and pipes are often exposed minimizing the need for finishing materials. An open cubicle arrangement was chosen over private offices, all oriented toward the light and views. Though not lavish, the interiors provide warmth and familiarity. GESTÃO DOS 11/00 An indoor energy management system monitors the condition of the air inside the building. Temperaure and humidity control, as well as, the relative lack of harmful chemicals from the building's materials increase productivity, comfort and health of the Phillip Merrill Center's occupants 13

36 GESTÃO DOS 11/00 Open office planning allows both natural and mechanical ventilation to move air more freely through the building GESTÃO DOS 11/00 The windows are a key element in the passive solar design; low partitions bring in as much light as possible. All overhead lighting is on dimmers sensitive to the amount of natural daylight. 14

37 GESTÃO DOS 11/00 DESENHO E INOVAÇÃO GESTÃO DOS 11/00 Design e Inovação The is a microcosm of the Chesapeake Bay Foundation and its efforts to reduce pollution, restore habitat, and replenish the watershed's fish stocks. It is also an offshoot of CBF's desire to put its Annapolis staff in a Bay-friendly work environment--one that enhances the creativity, productivity and teamwork that are hallmarks of CBF's work to Save the Bay. The Merrill Center demonstrates the benefits of a holistic, integrated approach to office building design and construction that minimizes impacts on the ecosystem and enhances job performance 15

38 GESTÃO DOS 11/00 Set up on piers and inspired by the Chesapeake Bay fishing industry, the is the new home to the Chesapeake Bay Foundation, designed by the SmithGroup. GESTÃO DOS 11/00 16

39 GESTÃO DOS 11/00 Though not the primary objective for CBF, the Phillip Merrill Center is a perfectly suited model of how buildings can be designed. Throughout the building are explanations of how the building's functions and the complementary natural cycles of the Earth blend together. Phillip Merrill Environmental GESTÃO Center DOS Headquarters Annapolis, Maryland 11/00 Owner: Chesapeake Bay Foundation Project Team: Architect: SmithGroup, Inc. Engineer: SmithGroup, Inc. P.Manager: Synthesis, Inc. Contractor: Consultant: Clark Construction Group Janet Harrison, Architect Building Statistics: Completion Date: November, 000 Cost: $6.36 M Size: 30,600 gross square feet Footprint: 1,000 square feet Construction Type: 3B, Two Stories over Open Parking Use Group: Business(B), Assembly(A-3), Storage(S-) Lot Size: 33 acres Annual Energy Use: 3 kbtu/sf/year Occupancy: 90 Staff Notes from the Project Team: LEED TM was instrumental in conveying the importance of the sustainable elements of the design to CBF s Board of Trustees. LEED 1.0 Certification: PLATINUM Sustainable Sites Site Selection: Erected in Smart Growth Funding Area on footprint of existing structure. 6.6 acres remain undisturbed in Land Trust. Educational Model: Interpretive trails & demonstrations for public visitors Storm/Waste Water: All Composting Toilets & Bioretention/Wetland Resource Protection: Woodland, Wetland, & Tidal Water Restoration Water Efficiency Water: Rainwater Catchment & Reuse for Hand Washing & Irrigation Energy and Atmosphere Domestic Hot Water: Thermomax-Solar Technology Energy: Exceeds ASHRAE/IES Standard by 50% HVAC: Natural Ventilation and Desiccant Dehumidification & Heat Recovery Controls/Monitoring: Building Energy management System, Green Light notifies staff to open windows when outside conditions comply Power Source: 30% Renewable with Geo-Exchange & Photovoltaics Lighting: Daylight Harvesting and time clock lighting controls Rapidly Renewable: Bamboo, cork and linoleum floorings Recycled Content: Metal roofing and siding, acoustic ceiling, ceramic tile, and MDF cabinetry Materials and Resources Structure: Rapidly Renewable-Paralam Post, Beam, and Truss system Envelope: Structural Insulated Panels (SIP) R-0 walls, R-30 roof Indoor Environmental Quality Indoor Environmental Quality: CO and VOC monitors. Furniture: Small, open offices allow for communal space. Systems furniture allows flexible layout to accommodate churn 17

40 GESTÃO DOS 11/00 Located on 31 acres of Chesapeake Bay shoreline, the features a dramatic roof line that drains rainwater into catchment cisterns. The foundation spent $1.5 million to green the design of the building, costs estimated to be recovered over the next 10 years. Photo 001 Prakash Patel Located on 31 acres of Chesapeake Bay shoreline, the features a dramatic roof line that drains rainwater into catchment cisterns. The foundation spent $1.5 million to green the design of the building, costs estimated to be recovered over the next 10 years. Photo 001 Prakash Patel Chesapeake Bay Foundation used a workshop design process involving design professionals, energy analysts, government experts, and other interested individuals. Photo 001 Prakash Patel 1