Alguns estudos sobre evasão

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1 Algun ud br vã prên d udn K Squr d Fr Ph.D. m Admnrçã d Eduçã Pó-durd m Edunl Admnrn Th Pnnylvn S Unvry; Prfr pqudr d Mrd m Plí S Cddn UCSAL. Slvdr BA [Brl] kf@ufb.br N rg, dum- lgun rblh qu rm d vã d prên d udn n m dunl prnl dân. A pqu mnnd frm rlzd m vár pí, m Inglrr, Ed Und, C R, Vnzul, Ugnd Brl. N prmr pr d x, prnm- m ud rlzd n m prnl, n gund, pqu rlzd n m dân, m pfmn, n f ndrd d prmr gund grçõ d duçã dân. N rg, vrf- qu nuçõ dun pdm dvm mplmnr rvç d p udn pr prvnr vã judá-l r u dunl. Plvr-hv: Eduçã dân. Evã d udn. Prên. A r g ES Rv. Cn., Sã Pul, v. 11, n. 1, p , jn./jun

2 Algun ud br vã prên d udn 1 Inrduçã E S R v C n í f Nnguém m duvd d mér qu duçã d b quldd umprmn d ud frm fvmn êm n mgnár d ddã, n mund d rblh d rlçõ, u mlhr, m d p d dd. A um lvd d bm-udd dmmn rp d dd ã ngáv. Cnud, m d mund, b pr d qu ngrm n m frml d nn nã ngu umprr m u bjv m n: prndr nv mnh nlu, nhr níf nmn u mp d nr r dplm m frm d rnhmn l d u frç, lém d nrr n mrd d rblh u ulzr- m prduçã d nhmn. Um nfndd d vr m d pnd pr pqudr dêm lg m bául qu mpdm vnç n ud frm má. Enr mu mv rlnd m dên fr dunl d udn ã p rlnd m mplxdd d vd pl, fmlr, fnnr lbrl. Além d, xm nuçõ rpnáv pl duçã plí ml mplmnd, qu nm mpr ndm à ndd d udn prmn dxm vdr, m qur dmnrr nr m nr dnfr u vrfr é pívl vr vã. Vár êm d pqu br m vã prên d udn. E m, um frmr, é ã ng qun l prnl frmlmn nuíd. Pqu br l vlumrm pó Sgund Grnd Gurr Mundl. M rnmn, m dvn d duçã dân, pqu ud br rzõ d vã m uprá-l nnurm r m mprn, nd m v qu vã m ur prgrm dân vm uplnnd d ur prn m d nív. 248 ES Rv. Cn., Sã Pul, v. 11, n. 1, p , jn./jun

3 FREITAS, K. S. d A rlvân prnên d ndrr vr qu pm judr mn ppulçã d lun d pn udn, d d fx ár, r dmmn bm-udd ã ngáv. Evr umn d númr d xluíd d m d nn é um dvr d d qu ngum dnvlvr rég hbldd nár bm dmpnh dunl. O mprm nnl Td pl Eduçã nã pd dxr qu vã d udn nnu rrr n prprçã. Afnl, plí nn nrnn rmndm d n l, m dxr um ó udn fr d nuçõ d nn. Cnud, nr-l n m dunl nã grn qu prmnrã u qu rã u dêm. Urg, p, durm ud qu pm ubdr plí dun qu nhm pdd d pr udn lng d u mnhd. Cndrnd quõ pnnd m nrbur m pqudr ud br m, rgm, n rg, lgun d ud rlzd pr n d durd pqu dnvlvd n príd d pó-durmn. 2 F d pqu A r g Durn mu n, f d pqu br vã d udn nnru- n rzõ pl qu jvn bndnm m frml d duçã. M rnmn, há um ndên pr qu p d ud xmn m udn pdm r nrjd prr n vd lr, pnd- nfzr prvnçã d vã prmnên d udn, u j, m mulá-l prmnr n m d nn m u. N fm d n 1980, urg um nv ndên, vld pr publçõ qu prnm d u d lun nuçõ d nn, m nu d mulr mb ngr bn ruld. ES Rv. Cn., Sã Pul, v. 11, n. 1, p , jn./jun

4 Algun ud br vã prên d udn E S R v C n í f Cp (1980) dvd pqu br prmnên d udn m gr d rd m f prnpl. A prmr rrpnd príd nrr à Sgund Grnd Gurr Mundl, qund ud rm brud drv. N gund, nr Sgund Grnd Gurr ní d n 1950, ud rm lrgmn prdv. N rr, n fm d n , prupçã r m dquçã d udn à nuçõ d nn. N qur, durn n fm d n d 1960, flzvm- plg d udn vdd u xprên n l. N qun, d m úlm n n d 1970, nfzvm- vráv nun. A x, qu br n d gund md d 1970, nnrv, m pfmn, m m nuçõ vlrzvm u nnvvm udn mplr u ur. Du- lrgmn n d udn qu prvm mprrmn u rnfrm- à prur d m fçã m ud. N ém úlm, dv- ênf n gun p: quldd d nrçã nr prfr udn, p d dplm d rfd frd n fnl d ur jud fnnr bl d ud frd. M rnmn, ndên é umnr lqu d ud ndrr m mplmn f d plí n mnh dn d pn udn (rnç, jvn, dul d) qu, pr vluçã d nd d mprân dd à duçã n pln, êm dr, m d ud, xpv d pdr udr durn d vd m qulqur runân lugr (m, n hpl, n prã.) m p d mdlg d duçã dân. Cm mp, frm lbrd ud qu brdvm vár d p, p pqu prm ndr qu, n mr d vz, há um mbnçã d vráv qu fm dã d udn d nnur ud n mm nuçã, m rnfrr- pr ur nuçã, vdr- nã vlr udr vdr- vlr udr n mm ur u m ur dfrn. Enfm, pbldd prm r dvr, p ru númr d pçõ qu udn m d ur 250 ES Rv. Cn., Sã Pul, v. 11, n. 1, p , jn./jun

5 FREITAS, K. S. d nuçõ d nn públ prvd, m m d ud prn u dân. Crrm ud m fr fundmnçã ór, m m mpír, pqudr prm xmnr múlpl fr. 3 Cnár d ud A rvã d lrur nd qu mr d pqu br vã prmnên d udn m- nrd n vár nív d nn d m prnl rdnl, qu dnfd m m frml d nn qu v d pré-l à pó-grduçã. Cnud, ud br vã n duçã nfnl 1, rh pré-l pdm r ndrd rr mprd m prfuã d pqu n dm nív d nn. N nár nrnnl, pdm r lgun ud dd déd d 1960 qu vrm mp n lrur ddbrmn mprn. O prmr, qu rvm d vã m ur d duçã dân, vrvm br vã m ur, v: 1 N <hp://rnd lr.ul.m.br/ r g/889344>, há um rg nrn nuld Evã n Eduçã Infnl: dvlrzçã, qu nvém r ld pr qum m nr n un. A r g ) rrpndên, m d Clrk (1968), Brn (1972), Cr Gurny (1977); b) rád, m d Knynju (1977), Spn ( 1977) Sl ( 1977); ) lvã, m d Glrw Duby ( 1976); d) mulméd, m rblh d Mlughln (1973) f) unvrdd d duçã dân, m pqu d Squr d Fr, rlzd n fm d 1989 rnd públ m A lrur mpr míd lrôn rgrm vár ud br m. Algun ã rlnd m duçã bá, m ES Rv. Cn., Sã Pul, v. 11, n. 1, p , jn./jun

6 Algun ud br vã prên d udn 2 A Unvrdd Nnl Abr d Vnzul f mp mpír d mnh pqu br vã d udn. rblh d Ellg T (1981), Rumbrgr (1981), Pl Lw (1981). Já ur pqu ã vld pr duçã uprr, m d Gry, Hunr Klmn (1981) d Dnky Judg (1981). N príd, pdm nnrr lgun ud br vã prmnên d udn m ur uprr dân, mr rlnd m Unvrdd Abr d Inglrr (Opn Unvry), m l bm mnr, lgun pu m Unvrdd Nnl Abr d Vnzul 2. 4 Rfrnl ór E S R v C n í f Tn Spdy (1970) qun Tn (1975) hmrm nçã d pqudr pr ndd d ud ór qu rpldm pqu br m m pu. El nfzrm mprân d b ór qu ndr um mulvrdd d dnh d fr qu pudm r ubmd rmn í. Pr Bn (1981, p. 2), mdl d xplçã lóg d pr d vã, lbrd pr Spdy n déd d 1970, f, m vrdd, prmr mdl ór. Spdy mu pr b dnh d ud d Éml Durkhm br uíd. El nnd vã m ruld d um pr lngudnl, pr nlg m ud d Éml Durkhm, rd qu ndvídu qu mprlh vlr m grup l m mg qu pm prn mn ndên d qu qul qu nã mm vlr d grup l nm m p d mg. Su mdl mbnv dvr vráv, m vlr, n bd, ngruên nrmv p d lg mg qu nrbuím pr ngrçã l. E p prp, n u vã, m mprmmn m nuçã m grup, dmnund prbbldd d udn vdrm. Já lgum vráv rlnd m u prfl 252 ES Rv. Cn., Sã Pul, v. 11, n. 1, p , jn./jun

7 FREITAS, K. S. d fmlr, nôm dêm pdrm umnr pbldd d vã. Sgund Bn (1981), lgum vráv, n mdl d Spdy, ã dfí d prnlzr m pqu ud. Spdy plu u mdl d pqu m um ud n Unvrdd d Chg, m 1971, qu vrv br nrçã nr rrí d udn mpu unvrár. Hkmn Dyngr (1970) dnfrm qu udn d nn uprr, m mprmmn mdrd l, m m lvd dmpnh dêm, êm mn ndên à vã. Já m bx mprmmn m nuçã l dmpnh dêm ndm rnfrr- pr ur u prm mprrmn d udr, pr rngrr, prrmn, qund rdrm n mlhr d ndçõ nun. Pr ur ld, ndên d udn m l mprmmn nunl bx dmpnh dêm é prr é qu jm frçd dxr nuçã, nqun qul qu prnm bx dmpnh dêm pu mprmmn m nuçã ndm vdr- m m frquên nã rrnr l. Our hd nrn d Hkmn Dyngr (1970) ndm qu, huvr ngruên nr ndd d udn pdd d nuçã m ndr u bjv, drrá mprân d mprmmn nunl d lun m nuçã, qu ndm prr. N nn, m qu hj nnr nr bjv p ndmn pl nuçã, prbbldd mr é qu udn vdm. Sb runân, bx mprmmn m l lv à vã. Sgund mm lnh d rín, Kmn (1971) mn qu nuçã pd frlr mprmmn qu, pr u vz, umn prên d udn n blmn d nn. Vár ud publçõ pdm r d n hp:// prr d qul lbrm Qudr 1. A r g ES Rv. Cn., Sã Pul, v. 11, n. 1, p , jn./jun

8 Algun ud br vã prên d udn Aur / n / r F d dnh d ud Cmnár An (1977, 1985) r d nvlvmn. Qund m nvlvd m nuçã, mr prbbldd d prmnên. A fçã é um fr vrávl m f pv n prên. E S Bn (1980, 1983) r rgnznl br fl vã d rblhdr pld à duçã. U n d ud rgnzn br fl d rblhdr mprg u vã. Exmn m rbu d rgnzçõ dun ruur d rmpn fm fçã prên d udn. Su dnh d pqu bl um fr rlçã nr fçã prên d udn rblhdr. R v C n í f Bn Mznr (1985) vã d udn nã rdn. Cnnu Fr mbn êm m mp n dã d lun dul d dxr d udr d qu vráv dêm. Eudn nã rdn ã qul qu êm rrí dn d d rdn pdm r m d fx ár rgulrmn ndrd dqud nívl udd. 254 ES Rv. Cn., Sã Pul, v. 11, n. 1, p , jn./jun

9 FREITAS, K. S. d Cnnuçã d Qudr 1 Pr (1977) vã d rblhdr n ndúr. S vráv b nrl d rgnzçã: ngrçã l n mprg, pgmn, prpçã n md d dõ, rn d rblh, nhmn d qu dvr fzr n rblh rmn ju. Adpd mu ud m duçã. Kmn (1971, 1974) mnh d nuçã. MNly (1973) dên d udn d nn uprr. Dd mul-nun pr dmnrr m nuçõ d nn uprr d grnd pr mplxdd êm, mprvmn, mnr x d vã. Múlpl fr, nluv mp d ur é grduçã, qund rr vã mp d mnh d nuçã. A r g Spdy (1970) nrçã. Inrçã nr rrí d udn mbn nunl. Cnnu ES Rv. Cn., Sã Pul, v. 11, n. 1, p , jn./jun

10 Algun ud br vã prên d udn Summrkll (1962) rbu p. Tn (1975, 1993) ngrçã l dêm. Rlçã d rbu p rzõ pr vdr. Ingrçã dêm l frml nfrml m mb m dêm l d nuçã duv. Mdl lrgmn ud n pqu br duçã prnl dân. Qudr 1: Sín d f d lgun d ud ór rlnd m prên u vã d udn n m prnl dân. Príd Fn: A ur. E S R v C n í f 3 <hp://www1.wrldbnk.rg/ dd/thng/dgn/kn-01. hml>. A m 8 m O nár d duçã dân Pr Ckn 3 du runân qu lvm udn, m nuçõ d duçã dân, prr mplr ur lhd. Su ud bu dnfr vráv m f pv n prên d udn, d r qu nuçõ d nn pm rfrçá-l mulá-l, fugnd d rgéd d vã d udn. El prn lrg rvã d lrur mprn pr mp d ud. Clrk (1968) rpr um xprên m ur pr rrpndên m Ugnd. El pnu m mprn ndd d vdd d udn rm d mrd pr r nrgu, qu v prrnçã ã mum n ur v duçã dân. Em 1976, Dvd Glrw Pul Duby rlzrm um ud prdv br vã d udn m qur ur, v lvã, frd pl Unvrdd d Chg. E ud nh m bjv dnfr, du- 256 ES Rv. Cn., Sã Pul, v. 11, n. 1, p , jn./jun

11 FREITAS, K. S. d rn mríul nl, fr qu pdrm ndr rém-mruld prr d jud xr pr mplr ur. O udn, dnfd m pív d vã, rm nd rbm nrjmn mnrmn pr mplr ur dd mmn m qu pívl prblm r dd. MLughln (1973) nduzu um pqu br ur Evlun f Md-Bd Cur, Dvlpd Pyhlgy, frd pl Ryrn Opn Cllg, n Cndá, uj x d vã r uprr 40% d mríul rgnl. E pqu nfzu gun vráv: dd, x, mprg, nívl dunl nrr à mríul n ur rfrd u nôm. Frm nluíd mbém ur vráv, m pnã d udn br vdd ld durn ur, duõ v rád lur d mgm, v TV. O ruld frm rrlnd m rrí dmgráf d udn ndrm qu é pívl umnr prên d udn m ur mulmíd, brvnd- lgun p, m rlnr núd d ur m xprên d vd d udn dul; nfzr duõ m grup v rád lvã, p flm prndzgm; prmvr, pr lfn, nfrên m ur; prduzr mrl ddá m r rnçõ br vdd rm rlzd du-l n rád. Além d, d rnmõ dvrm r rumd n fnl d ul mulmíd, udn dvrm r à f dm grvçõ d ul, rnçõ br mprân d mp m prrzá-l pr ud. A Brh Opn Unvry (BOU), u j, Unvrdd Abr d Inglrr, m d nár d mu nn pqu mprn br vã prên d udn. E unvrdd prmu ngr d lun rblhdr m réd rdnlmn rqurd pl m unvrár nglê. D md, xpv d dêm m rdn nrár à mudnç r qu vã d udn r grnd, quldd d ur, fr. Cnud, pqu qu A r g ES Rv. Cn., Sã Pul, v. 11, n. 1, p , jn./jun

12 Algun ud br vã prên d udn E S R v C n í f 4 <hp:// ERICWbPrl/um/prl/rrdDl/dlmn. jp?_nfpb=ru&_&eric ExSrh_SrhVlu_0 = E D & E R I C E x S rh_srhtyp_0=n& n=ed188521>. A m gurm ndrm qu, mbr huv grnd d d prn, ruld frm fvmn pv fvráv à nnuçã d BOU, qu, m pr d mp, v f mpn m d dm nv d duçã dân, m m n duçã prnl qu nrpru lmn d mdlg dân. O ruld d mr d pqu n BOU ruxrm luz pr ur nuçõ d duçã dân ã lrgmn ud n m prnl rdnl d nn 4. Vjm lgun ud. Hwkrdg (1973) frm qu, n grl, x d u n BOU r bm mr d qu pdr pnr nlmn. Pr Kk (1973), u v rlnd à mvçã d rblhdr dul qu mrulvm n ur. Knndy Pwll (1976) dnfrm qu vã d udn nã v drmn rlnd m bx nívl dunl nrr à mrul n BOU, m nrm qu hv m vã n gmn d qu nr qu nhm nívl dêm m lvd. Fr mprn drmnn d vã d dul ã nmmn vnuld m prõ d rblh rpnbldd fmlr, qu pdm nrfrr n mp pívl pr ddr ud, nã gnfnd nrmn fl d hbldd nlul. Hrn, Clrk, Fldmr, Gbr S (1974) rlrm qu, n ud mplmnd pl Edunl Tng Srv br mvçã d udn mruld n Opn Unvry d Mrylnd, udn hvm frmd qu lhr ngrr n ur dân d nuçã d nn uprr r nã r d r ul prn mnón brrd. Já M (1980) dnfu qu l x d vã d udn n ur d duçã dân n Unvrdd d C R v rlnd à runân à rrí d p d ur, vráv rlnd à prên rm mp dpnívl ddçã ud rqurmn dêm d ur. 258 ES Rv. Cn., Sã Pul, v. 11, n. 1, p , jn./jun

13 FREITAS, K. S. d A pqu dnvlvd pr Squr d Fr (1982), n Unvrdd Nnl Abr d Vnzul (Qudr 2), dnf qu uvr udn Aur / n / r Squr d Fr (1982) prpçã n plnjmn. M (1980) mp. Glrw Duby (1976) vráv nrvnn n pr d vã d udn m ur lvnd. Knndy Pwll (1976) hbldd nlul prõ fmlr. Hwkrdg (1973) udd p udn. Kk (1973) mvnl. MLughln (1973) rrí p d udn fm dmpnh. Clrk (1968) d dfnd pr nrg d rblh. Hrn, Clrk, Fldmr, Gbr S (1974) mvçã. F d dnh d ud Envlvmn d udn n plnjmn p d rndr qu judm ur bm mp umnm pbldd d prr. Tmp ddd ud Prvnr vã m ur, v lvã. Our fr, lém d rzõ dêm. A x d u n BOU r bm mr d qu pdr r nlmn pnd. Al nívl d mvçã xpl prên m u. Cnúd d ur rlnd m xprên d vd d udn dul; duõ m grup. Evr prrnçã. Mvçã pr mrulr. A r g Qudr 2: Elbrd m b m pqu br ur xprên m duçã dân Príd: Fn: A ur. ES Rv. Cn., Sã Pul, v. 11, n. 1, p , jn./jun

14 Algun ud br vã prên d udn nvlvê-l n plnjmn d vdd dêm lrg hn d prên m u, p nvlvmn mprmmn d udn m nuçã m u bjv umnm gnfvmn. 6 Cndrçõ fn E S R v C n í f A mr d ud br vã prên d udn u dnh d pqu qu xmnm vráv nun, br qu rgnzçã m nrl, nã nun, nã nrld drmn pl nuçã, m qu pdm rbr lgum p dl. E ud, rlzd n n nár d duçã dân qun n d duçã prnl rdnl, um mplmn, m b, dnh d Vnn Tn. Grnd pr d pqu m vrd br vráv qu pdm prdzr prbbldd d udn vdr- u r u dêm, m m d umnr hn d nlur ud n mp dfnd m r. Enr um mpl lqu d vráv, m mumn pqud ã rlnd m dd x d udn, nívl d ud nrr à mríul, ndçã d mprg, prõ fmlr, nívl ulurl, u nôm, mvçã, dpln d ud, mp ddd à vdd dêm, rvç frd pl nuçõ d nn, ndçõ mbn d nuçõ, nrçã nr nuçã udn d prfr m udn mprmmn d udn m nuçã. M rnmn, ud nlum fldd nlóg fmlrdd m nlg. Eud pqu br vã prên d udn, rlzd n nár d duçã dân n d duçã prnl rdnl, êm rzd mu nfrmçã br mlhr mnr d nuçõ duv rgnzrm pr frr duçã d quldd mpívl m 260 ES Rv. Cn., Sã Pul, v. 11, n. 1, p , jn./jun

15 FREITAS, K. S. d rrí d udn jvn, dul rblhdr. Cnud, dvulgçã plçã d ruld d pqu prm r lrgd pr umnr pbldd d u u. Em num príd plí dmrá fvrávl à dvulgçã à mplmnçã d çõ qu pm fvrr mu udn pr qu mplm u ud m quldd n prz dl, m rpên. A rlvân d ud dpn qulqur mnár, p d nd dn nhr nuçõ d lun nã frm md dvd prvdên pr qu prên m u j mnd nnvd. É pr qu hj rzõ fv pr udn prn pn u fuur nndrm rdrm qu há m prbbldd d prên m u dêm d qu m fr. É pr qu d mprndm qu vl pn ngrr prmnr n m dunl prnl u dân, qu dân já nã xm qu dfrnç nr prnl dân já á uplnd, p n um qun ur um én má mu mlhn. Embr pqu prnd jm rlnd m m prmr gund grçã d duçã dân, u ruld ã pláv mbém à rr mu êm nrbuíd pr qu fz ulmn m bjv d vr vã d udn. E rg nã v prnã d rlzr um grnd rvã d lrur, mm prqu r mpívl xurr d nhmn prduzd br m. A nnçã é, m um vz, hmr nçã pr nhmn qu prduzu pr mprân d u u n dn d plnjdr dun. A r g Sm ud n udn rn nd prn Th rl du m rrh n udn rn nd prn n prnl nd dn dunl ym. Th ld ES Rv. Cn., Sã Pul, v. 11, n. 1, p , jn./jun

16 Algun ud br vã prên d udn rrh wr ndud n vrl unr, uh Englnd, h Und S f Amr, C R, Vnzul, Ugnd, Brzl, nd hr. Th fr pr prn ud ndud n f--f dunl ym nd h nd pr ddrd wrd ud ndud n dn dunl ym plly h h ndrd fr nd nd gnrn f dn dunl ym. Th rl nd h dunl nun mu mplmn udn uppr rv n rdr prvn rn nd fr dunl u. Ky wrd: Dn dun. Prn. Sudn rn. Rfrên E S R v C n í f BEAN, J. P. Sudn rn, nrn, nd nfdn: nrn ff n ph mdl, Pr II. Tn vrbl mdl. Ppr prnd h Annul Mng f h Amrn Edunl Rrh An. L Angl, C. Aprl, BRITTAIN, C. V. Rrh n rrpndn dun USAL. Unpublhd ppr prprd fr h 9 h Wrl Cnfrn, ICCE, My, CONVERGENCE, 5, 2,89-90, CASTRO, C.; GUARANYES, L. O. O nn pr rrpndên: um rég d dnvlvmn dunl n Brl.. R d Jnr: Mnur nã publd, CLARKE, Crrpndn dun hrugh nnl nwppr. Ugnd, Kmpl: Mkrr Unvry Cllg, Cnr fr Cnnung Edun, CONVERGENCE, 5, 2, p , COPE, R. G. F. In P. E. Bll; L. N. Wh wrk n udn rnn. Th rpr f jn prj f h Amrn Cllg Tng Prgrm nd h Nnl Cnr fr Hghr Edun Mngmn Sym. Buldr lrd: h Amrn Tng Prgrm nd Nnl Cnr fr Hghr Edun Mngmn Sym, 1980, pp.v-v. DONSKY, A. P.; JUDGE, Jr., A. L. Adm nd nndm hrr f prdr f prn n n dgr nurng prgrm. Ppr prnd h 1981 Amrn Edun Rrh An Annul Mng n L Angl, C. Aprl, ES Rv. Cn., Sã Pul, v. 11, n. 1, p , jn./jun

17 FREITAS, K. S. d ELLIGETT, J. K.; TOCCO, T. S. Mdl fr mplmnn nd vlun f prmnl/rnn ply, Pnll Cuny Shl, GILTROW, D. R.; DUBY, P. B. Prdng udn whdrwl n pn lrnng ur. Ppr prnd h Nnl An brdr. Chg, Illn: Obr 26, GRESTY, S. A.; HUNTER, W. K.; KLEIMAN, L. S. Nnrurnng udn udy. Ppr prnd h 1981 Amrn Edun Rrh An Annul Mng n L Angl, C. Aprl, HACKMAN, J. R.; DYSINGER, W. S. Cmmmn llg fr n udn rn. Slgy f dun, 43, p , KAMENS, D. H. Th llg hrr nd llg z: ff n upnl h nd rn. Slgy f dun, 44, p , KINYANJUI, P. E. Srv rnng f hr hrugh rd nd rrpndn n Kny. Rd fr dun nd dvlpmn: ud. Wrld Bnk Sff Wrkng Ppr # 268, v. I, p , My MASIAS, M. B. Sm d udn n l p d: Admn, mrul, rfn y bnr. Unvrdd El Dn C R. Ppr prnd durn L Cnfrn Ln Amrn d duón dn IX mnr d ldón unvrár. Sn Jé, C R, d mrz d MLAUGHLIN, G. H. Evlun f md-bd ur, Dvlpmnl Pylgy ffrd by Ryn Opn Cllg. Rpr nº 35. Cnd, Onr Edunl mmunn Auhry, Trn. Rrh nd Plnnng Brnh. Augu, 1973, ( ERIC Dumn Rprdun Srv Nº ED ). A r g POOLE, M. ; LAW, B. C. Wh y? Wh lv? N xmnn f x dffrn n yng nd lvng. Mqur Unvry, Sdny, Aurl, RUMBERGER, R. W. Why kd drp u f hgh hl. Inu fr rrh n Edunl Fnnn: Shl f Edun. Snfrd Unvry. Prgrm Rpr, 81-81, SIQUEIRA DE FREITAS, K. Sudn Arn n h nrdury ur f h Nnl Opn Unvry f Vnzul. Drl drn. Th Pnnylvn S Unvry, USA, ES Rv. Cn., Sã Pul, v. 11, n. 1, p , jn./jun

18 Algun ud br vã prên d udn SOTELO, S.S. Th rd hl f h Trhur, Mx: n vlun. Rd fr dun nd dvlpmn: udy. Wrld Bnk Sff Wrkng Ppr, n. 266, I, 33-68, My, SPADY, W. Drpu frm hghr dun: n nrdplnry rvw nd ynh. Inrhng, 1970, 1, SPAIN, P.L. Th Mxn rdprmr prj. Rd fr dun nd dvlpmn: udy. Wrld Bnk Sff Wrkng Ppr, n. 266, I, , My, TINTO, V. Drpu frm hghr dun: hrl ynh f rn rrh. Rvw f Edunl Rrh, n. 45, p , E S R v C n í f Rbd m 13 br / prvd m 2 m Pr rfrnr x FREITAS, K. S. d. Algun ud br vã prên d udn. ES, Sã Pul, v. 11, n. 1, p , jn./jun ES Rv. Cn., Sã Pul, v. 11, n. 1, p , jn./jun