CHEMICAL CONTROL Effiy of insetiides on Tut solut (Meyrik) nd other pests in pole tomto An t o n i o Ce s r d o s S n t o s, Re g i n e Cristin Oliveir d e Fr e i t s Bu e n o, Si m o n e Si lv Vieir, Ad e n e y d e Fr e i t s Bu e n o Dow AgroSienes reserher, Ru Alexndre Dums, 7, Al B, Chár Snto Antônio, CEP 77-9, São Pulo, SP. Brzil. sntos@dow.om Post Dotorl Student, Cpes PNPD sholrship, University of Rio Verde (FESURV), Rio Verde County, Stte of Goiás, 79-97, Brzil. reginerisoliveir@gmil.om Snt Ctrin Stte University/UDESC. 9 Luiz de Cmões Ave, Cont Dinheiro Distrit, Lges County, Stte of Snt Ctrin, 88-, Brzil. simonesilv@yhoo.om.r Current Address: Emrp Soyen, P.O. Box, Londrin County, Stte of Prná, 8-97, Brzil. deney@npso.emrp.r BioAssy: : () Efiái de insetiids em Tut solut (Meyrik) e outrs prgs em tomteiro envrdo RESUMO - Experimentos de mpo em e form onduzidos pr determinr efiái de diversos insetiids no ontrole d Tut solut e o impto desse ontrole n oorrêni ds demis prgs do tomteiro. Os insetiids testdos ssim omo s respetivs doses por litros de águ form: espinosde,8;,; 7, g. i.. om e sem Brek Thru,% v/v; lorfenpir, g. i..; emmetin, g i.. om Joint Oil, % v/v e indoxre,8 g i.. om Joint Oil, % v/v. O delinemento experimentl foi de loos o so om repetições por trtmento sendo vlido o omplexo de prgs semnlmente. Todos os produtos testdos, om exeção do espinosde sem Brek Thru, form efiientes no ontrole d T. solut. Considerndo-se o omplexo de prgs, espinosde + Brek Thru mostrou-se ser o melhor trtmento no mnejo d mos-mindor Liriomyz spp. Plvrs-hve: Lyopersion esulentum Mill., ontrole químio, mnejo integrdo de prgs. ABSTRACT - Field studies were onduted on nd to determine the effetiveness of severl insetiides in ontrolling Tut solut nd the impt of this ontrol on the ourrene of other pests on tomto. The tested insetiides with their respetive rtes per liters of wter were: spinosd.8,., 7. g..i. with nd without Brek Thru.% v/v; hlorfenpyr. g..i., emmetin. g..i. with Joint Oil. % v/v e indoxr.8 g..i. with Joint Oil. % v/v. The experiment ws designed s rndomized omplete lok with replitions per tretment. Trils were evluted on weekly sis. All tested tretments, exept spinosd without Brek Thru, were effetive to ontrol T. solut. Considering the pest omplex, spinosd + Brek Thru ws the est tretment minly euse of the est overll performne on the serpentine lefminer Liriomyz spp. Keywords: Lyopersion esulentum Mill., hemil ontrol, integrted pest mngement. INTRODUCTION Tomto rops re normlly ttked y gret vriety of insets inluding the tomto lefminer, Tut solut (Meyrik), onsidered the most importnt tomto pest (Medeiros et l., ). Both yield nd fruit qulity n e signifintly redued y the diret feeding of T. solut nd seondry pthogens tht my enter through the wounds mde y the inset. Different strtegies might e pplied in n Integrted Pest Mngement (IPM) progrm to ontrol T. solut outreks inluding insetiides nd iologil ontrol nd the ssoition of oth. Studies hve eing done on the use of syntheti sex pheromones in order to monitor popultion levels nd trigger pplitions of hemils on the right moment (Mihereff Filho et l., ; Gomide et l., ; Sls, ). Chemil ontrol hs een the min method of ontrol used ginst T. solut nd growers normlly hoose the insetiide in diversity of options Soiedde Entomológi do Brsil www.iossy.org.r
BioAssy : () offiilly registered nd reommended (Frnç et l., ). The effetiveness of insetiides lone might e sometimes impired euse of the mine-feeding ehvior of lrve or defiient sprying tehnology (Lietti et l., ). Usully, severl spryings re required per growing seson nd it is noted derese of the effiy of produts used ginst T. solut sine the 98s in tomto rops. Resistne to some tive ingredients hs een reported in severl ountries, for exmple to metin, rtp nd permethrin in Brzil (Siqueir et l., ). This reinfores the importne of using sound hemil ontrol to the suess of the IPM progrm in tomto where less noxious insetiides re hosen nd pplied only when neessry voiding the side effets on the enefiil rthropods nd environment. However, it is importnt to point out tht tomto lefminer is not the only pest found injuring tomto plnts. Other importnt pests tht lso normlly ttk tomto re the serpentine lefminer, Liriomyz spp., nd the smll tomto orer, Neoleuinodes elegntlis (Guenée). Serpentine lefminers re polyphgous insets whih worldwide feed on vrious rops inluding tomto (Prrell, 987). Puntures used y femles during the feeding nd oviposition proesses n result in stippled pperne on folige, espeilly t the lef tip nd long the lef mrgins (Prrell et l., 98). However, the mjor form of dmge is the mining of leves y lrve, whih results in destrution of lef mesophyll. Both lef mining nd stippling n gretly depress the level of photosynthesis in the plnt (Johnson et l., 98). Extensive mining lso uses premture lef drop, whih n result in lk of shding nd sun slding of fruit. Wounding of the folige lso llows entry of teril nd fungl diseses. The smll tomto orer, N. elegntlis is lso n importnt pest in tomto, nd redution in tomto yield due to its ttk might reh.8 tons/h (Loos et l., ). Sine most of time these pests our together in the tomto fields, the rod-spetrum feture of insetiides turns to e very importnt. Therefore, this reserh ws rried out iming to evlute the effiy of insetiides pplied ginst Tut solut on the tomto-pest omplex in order to know the most effiient produt to e used when more the one pest speie re ourring. MATERIAL AND METHODS Two trils were rried out in different importnt regions of tomto rops (Gois nd São Pulo Sttes) nd oth trils were initited t the eginning of looming stge. One preliminry field tril ws estlished in Sumré, SP, Brzil in iming to study the enefits of mixing Brek Thru.% v/v with different spinosd rtes esides ompring spinosd with hlorfenpyr. The experiment ws onduted t ommeril field, with Jumo vriety, where ll growers prties (fungiide nd weed ontrol ording to the needs) were used. The experiment ws onduted from August// to Septemer// in Rndomize Complete Blok design (RCB) with 8 tretments nd replitions ( meters lrge x 7 meters long eh). The tretments were:. Spinosd.8 g.i./ L of wter (Trer ml/ L of wter);. Spinosd. g.i./ L of wter (Trer. ml/ L of wter);. Spinosd 7. g.i./ L of wter (Trer ml/ L of wter);. Spinosd.8 g.i./ L of wter (Trer ml/ L of wter) + Brek Thru.% v/v;. Spinosd. g.i./ L of wter (Trer. ml/ L of wter) + Brek Thru.% v/v;. Spinosd 7. g.i./ L of wter (Trer ml/ L of wter) + Brek Thru.% v/v; 7. Chlorfenpyr. g i/ L of wter (Citrex ml/ L of wter); 8.Untreted. Exluding tretments numer 7 (hlorfenpyr), n ftoril nlysis ( x ) ws lso run with spinosd rtes (.8; nd 7. g i/ L of wter) nd Brek Thru rtes ( nd.% v/v) in order to verify the enefits of dding, or not, Brek Thru to tomto pest omplex ontrol. In the one other field experiments ws rried out t Hidrolândi, GO, Brzil from Septemer/7/ to Novemer//. Agin, the experiment ws onduted t ommeril field, with Red Sugr vriety, where ll growers prties (fungiide nd weed ontrol ording to the needs) were used. The experiment ws onduted in Rndomize Complete Blok design (RCB) with 8 tretments nd replitions ( meters lrge x 7 meters long eh). The tretments were:. Spinosd. g.i./ L of wter (Trer. ml/ L of wter);. Spinosd 7. g.i./ L of wter (Trer ml/ L of wter);. Spinosd. g.i./ L of wter (Trer. ml/ L of wter) + Brek Thru.% v/v;. Spinosd 7. g.i./ L of wter (Trer ml/ L of wter) + Brek Thru.% v/v;. Chlorfenpyr. g i/ L of wter (Pirte ml/ L of wter);. Emmetin g i/ L of wter (Prolim g/ L of wter) + Joint Oil.% v/v; 7. Indoxr.8 g i/ L of wter (Rumo GDA g/ L of wter) + Joint Oil.% v/v; 8.Untreted. Tretments were pplied using CO kpk spryer in rodst pplition using the hollow one, solid spry tip type of nozzle (TXVK-). The equipment ws set to deliver L/h, following growers usul prtie. Applitions were done on weekly sis strting in the eginning of nturl T. solut infesttion (when plnts were eginning to loom). Six rodst pplitions were done. The experiments were evluted nd 7 dys fter eh pplition (DAA). The prmeters evluted were: numer of mines / omplete leflets/replition (seprting mines done y Liriomyz nd T. solut), % of terminls ttked y T. solut (ounting in terminls per plot), nd % of dmged fruits (seprting T. solut nd N. elegntlis dmge). For the numer of mined leves the sum of mines of ll evlution dtes fter eh pplition ws summed nd nlysis ws then run on the sum. For the % of plnt terminls injuried, the verge ws done of ll evlutions. Dt were then trnsformed into x +. when neessry ording to Brtlett s Homogeneity Vrine Test to sttistil nlysis. Results were sumitted to Anov nd tretment mens seprted y Tukey s test (P =.). Tretments effiy were lulted y Aot Formul (Aott, 9). RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Results showed tht the djuvnt Brek-Thru t.% dded to spinosd inresed the insetiide performne on T. solut ontrol offering sttistilly lower perentge of dmged terminls nd fruits (Figures A nd B). The www.iossy.org.r Soiedde Entomológi do Brsil
Chemil ontrol of the Tut solut Sntos et l. Dmged terminls (%) 7 Dmged terminls (%) spinosd without Brek Thru C spinosd + BT.%* spinosd 7. + BT.%* spinosd spinosd 7. spinosd with Brek Thru hlorfenpyr. emmetin. + J.O..%* indoxr.8 + J.O..%* Untreted A Figure. Men ± SE of different insetiides (grms of.i./ L of wter) used to prevent T. solut dmge on tomto terminls. (A) Ftoril nlysis, verge of 7 dys fter pplition, Sumré, SP,. (B) Dmged terminls (Men±SE), verge of 7 dys fter pplition, Sumré, SP,. (C) Dmged terminls (Men±SE), verge of dys fter pplition, Hidrolândi,GO,. (D) Dmged terminls (Men±SE), verge of 7 dys fter pplition, Hidrolândi,GO,. Mens followed y the sme letter re sttistilly similr y Tukey s test (P=.). Sttistis done on trnsformed dt in x +. Dmged terminls (%) spinosd.8 spinosd D spinosd + BT.%* spinosd 7. spinosd + BT.%* spinosd.8 + BT.%* spinosd 7. + BT.%* spinosd spinosd 7. spinosd 7. + BT.%* *Brek Thru (BT) nd Joint Oil (J.O.) were dded to some tretments ording to desription Dmged terminls (%) hlorfenpyr. hlorfenpyr. emmetin. + J.O..%* untreted indoxr.8 + J.O..%* Untreted B djuvnt ws responsile for round % less plnts terminls (Figure A) nd tomto fruits (Figure B) dmged y T. solut. Brek-Thru lso helped to protet the leves from T. solut mining. Spinosd with the djuvnt hd lwys numerilly or sttistilly lesser mines thn the sme rtes without the djuvnt (Tle ). In ddition, this djuvnt helped on Liriomyz spp. ontrol s it is lerly shown on the results rehed y spinosd low rtes (.8 nd g i/l of wter) with Brek-Thru when ompred to sme rtes without the enefit of the djuvnt (Figure C). Advnes in spry tnk dditives, suh s Brek-Thru, offer new opportunities to improve pestiide performne through etter wetting, spreding nd plnt penetrtion. Brek-Thru is new genertion surftnt with % tive ingredient, non-ioni, orgno-silione surftnt sed on orgno-modified siloxne tehnology for use with wter-sed pestiide formultions. It promotes superior wetting, spreding nd penetrtion in rops like tomto, inresing the mount of spry mix tht spreds ross plnt surfes nd penetrtes hrd-to-reh res where lef miners re found, wht improved the spinosd results. Regrding to the omprison mong the different tive ingredients ginst T. solut the results from tril rried out in Sumré, SP with ultivr Jumo hd higher infesttion of T. solut ttking the leves when ompred to experiment rried out in Hidrolândi, GO with the ultivr Red Sugr s it might e sw through the untreted plots tht hd 9. ±. nd 9. ±. mines in leves 7 dys fter pplition in Sumré nd Hidrolândi trils, respetively (Tle ). However, oth trils onduted t very different onditions showed similr results. At the Sumré tril () with higher infesttion, hlorfenpyr ws numerilly the est tretment offering 99.% ontrol, sttistilly similr to spinosd with Brek-Thru t ll tested rtes nd lso similr to the higher rte of spinosd lone, ll rehing 88% ontrol or more, regrding to the numer of T. solut mines (Tle ). Similrly, t the Hidrolândi tril (), indoxr nd hlorfenpyr were numerilly the est tretments rehing respetively 9.% nd 9.% ontrol t dys fter pplition nd respetively 9.% nd 9.% ontrol t 7 dys fter pplition. These tretments were numerilly followed y spinosd with Brek-Thru, ll rehing more thn 8% ontrol t oth nd 7 dys fter pplition (Tle ). Considering the % of plnt with dmged terminls y this inset, the results were very similr to the oserved with numer of mines in the leves. With the exeption of the Soiedde Entomológi do Brsil www.iossy.org.r
BioAssy : ()... A B.8... spinosd without Brek Thru spinosd with Brek Thru spinosd without Brek Thru spinosd with Brek Thru % dmged fruits C spinosd.8 spinosd spinosd 7. spinosd.8 + BT.%* spinosd + BT.%* spinosd 7. + BT.%* hlorfenpyr. untreted 9 8 7 D spinosd.8 spinosd spinosd 7. spinosd + BT.%* spinosd.8 + BT.%* spinosd 7. + BT.%* hlorfenpyr. untreted 8 8 E spinosd + BT.%* spinosd 7. + BT.%* *Brek Thru (BT) nd Joint Oil (J.O.) were dded to some tretments ording to desription spinosd spinosd 7. hlorfenpyr. emmetin. + J.O..%* indoxr.8 + J.O..%* Untreted Figure. Different insetiides (grms of.i./ L of wter) used to prevent T. solut dmge on tomto fruits. (A) Ftoril nlysis, 7 dys fter th pplition, Sumré, SP,. (B) Ftoril nlysis, 7 dys fter th pplition, Sumré,SP,. (C) Dmged fruits (Men±SE), 7 dys fter th pplition, Sumré,SP,. (D) Dmged fruits (Men±SE), 7 dys fter th pplition, Sumré,SP,. (E) Dmged fruits (Men±SE), 7 dys fter th pplition, Hidrolândi,GO,. (F) Dmged fruits (Men±SE), 7 dys fter th pplition, Hidrolândi,GO,. Mens followed y the sme letter re sttistilly similr y Tukey s test (P=.). Sttistis done on trnsformed dt in x +.. 8 8 F spinosd + BT.%* spinosd 7. + BT.%* spinosd spinosd 7. hlorfenpyr. emmetin. + J.O..%* indoxr.8 + J.O..%* Untreted tril rried out in Sumré () tht differently from the numer of mines in the leves presented lower perentge of dmged terminls tht tril rried out in Hidrolândi, GO. At Sumré () ll tretments hd n exellent performne inluding spinosd without Brek-Thru (Figure B), even thought spinosd sttistilly improved the performne s demonstrted y the ftoril nlysis (Figure A). At tril rried out in Hidrolândi () similr trends from Sumré might e oserved, however, hlofenpyr, indoxr, nd spinosd with Brek-Thru ws lerly etter www.iossy.org.r Soiedde Entomológi do Brsil
Chemil ontrol of the Tut solut Sntos et l. Tle. Men ± SE of Tut solut mines on tomto leves (totl). Ten leves were evluted/plot fter eh pplition ( pplitions). Tretment (g.i./ L of wter) Sumré, SP () Hidrolândi, GO () 7 DAA DAA 7 DAA # mines E (%) # mines E (%) # mines E (%) spinosd.8 8. ±. 77.9 - - - - spinosd.. ±. 7.. ±.7 7.. ±. 7. spinosd 7.. ±. 88.. ±.8 7.. ±. 7.8 spinosd.8 + Brek Thru. % v/v spinosd. + Brek Thru. % v/v spinosd 7. + Brek Thru. % v/v.8 ±. 9. - - - -.8 ±.8 9..7 ±.89 de 89.. ±. 8.9. ±. 97..7 ±.8 d 8. 8.7 ±.99 8.7 hlorfenpyr..8 ±. 99.. ±. de 9.. ±.8 9. emmetin. + Joint Oil.% v/v indoxr.8 + Joint Oil.% v/v - - 9. ±.8 de 8.. ±. 8. - -. ±.9 e 9. 9. ±. 9. Untreted 9. ±. -. ±.8-9. ±. - CV 7.8-7.7 -.8 - Dys fter pplition; Effiieny lulted y Aott (9); Sttistis done on trnsformed dt in x +.. Mens followed y the sme letter in the olumn re sttistilly similr y Tukey s test (P=.). thn spinosd without the djuvnt on preventing dmge of T. solut on plnt terminls (Figure C nd D). Even though ontrolling T. solut dmging leves nd plnt terminls, this pest uses muh worse dmge tht is direting oring the fruits. The spinosd ontrol of T. solut s fruit orer ws lso improved y the ddition of Brek- Thru (Figure B) ut overll ll tretments provided good ontrol t ll trils (Figures C, D, E, nd F). Even thought normlly T. solut is the pest to trigger the insetiide sprying, this inset normlly ours together with other pests suh N. elegntlis nd Liriomyz spp., mking importnt the insetiide ontrol of these pests s well. Liriomyz ws present with T. solut t oth trils. Evluting the numer of mines fter pplition, when infesttion ws higher, there ws no differene mong the insetiides (Figures A nd B), however t lower infesttion it might e oserved tht spinosd with Brek-Thru t ll rtes were sttistilly the est tretment (Figure C). It hppened proly euse t higher infesttion the pest outrek ws too high to e ontrolled y the insetiide rte used wht did not ourred t lower pest infesttion. At Sumré tril () it ws possile to evlute lso the insetiide effiy on N. elegntlis. Even thought the tretments did not differ mong themselves, spinosd t higher rte (7. g i/ L of wter) with nd without Brek-Thru were numerilly the est tretments (Figure D). For this pest, spinosd effiy seemed to e not ffeted y the djuvnt dding. In onlusion, the results show tht ll tested insetiide, exept spinosd without Brek Thru, were effetive to ontrol T. solut nd might e used to ontrol this pest outreks. Considering the serpentine lefminer, Liriomyz spp. spinosd + Brek Thru ws overll the est tretment showing similr performne to the other insetiide on the experiment ut etter performne on the experiment wht might e n dvntge in using this insetiide when oth pests re ourring t the sme time. LITERATURE Aott, W.S. 9. A method of omputing the effetiveness of insetiide. Journl of Eonomi Entomolgy, 8: -7. FRANÇA, F.H.; VILLAS BÔAS, G.L.; CASTELO BRANCO, M.; MEDEIROS, M.A.. In: Mnejo integrdo de prgs. SILVA J.B.C.; GIORDANO L.B. Tomte pr proessmento industril, Brsíli, Emrp SPI, -7. GOMIDE, E.V.A.; VILELA, E.F.; PICANÇO, M.. Comprção de proedimentos de mostrgem de Tut solut (Meyrik) (Lepidópter: Gelehiide) em tomteiro estquedo. Neotropil Entomology, : 97-7. JOHNSON, M.W.; WELTER, S.C.; TOSCANO, N.C.; TING, I.P.; TRUMBLE, J.T. 98. Redution of tomto leflet photosynthesis rtes y mining tivity of Liriomyz stive (Dipter: Agromyzide). Journl of Eonomi Entomology, 7: -. Soiedde Entomológi do Brsil www.iossy.org.r
BioAssy : () Liriomyz sp. mines Liriomyz sp. mines 8 spinosd + BT.%* spinosd.8 spinosd 7. + BT.%* spinosd C A *Brek Thru (BT) nd Joint Oil (J.O.) were dded to some tretments ording to desription spinosd spinosd 7. spinosd 7. spinosd + BT.% spinosd.8 + BT.% hlorfenpyr. emmetin. + J.O..%* indoxr.8 + J.O..%* Untreted spinosd 7. + BT.% hlorfenpyr. untreted dmged fruits.... spinosd + BT.%* spinosd 7. + BT.%* spinosd.8 D B spinosd spinosd spinosd 7. spinosd 7. spinosd + BT.%* spinosd.8 + BT.%* hlorfenpyr. emmetin. + J.O..%* indoxr.8 + J.O..%* spinosd 7. + BT.%* hlorfenpyr. Figure. Results of different insetiides (grms of tive ingredient/ L of wter) pplied fousing Tut solut on different pests tht were ourring together. (A) Men (±SE) Liriomyz mines on tomto leves (totl), dys fter eh pplition, Hidrolândi, GO,. (B) Men (±SE) Liriomyz mines on tomto leves (totl) 7 dys fter eh pplition, Hidrolândi, GO,. (C) Men (±SE) Liriomyz mines on tomto leves (totl) 7 dys fter eh pplition, Sumré, SP,. (D) Numer of dmged fruits (Men±SE) y Neoleuinodes elegntlis in unhes/plot, dys fter lst pplition, Sumré, SP,. Mens followed y the sme letter re sttistilly similr y Tukey s test (P=.). Liriomyz sp. mines Untreted untreted LIETTI, M.M.M.; BOTTO, E.; ALZOGARAY, R.A.. Insetiide Resistne in Argentine popultions of Tut solut (Meyrik) (Lepidopter: Gelehiide). Neotropil Entomology, : -99. LOOS, R.A.; SILVA, D.J.H.; FONTES, P.C.R.; PICANÇO, M.C.; GONTIJO, L.M.; SILVA, E.M.; SEMEÃO, A.A.. Identifição e quntifição dos omponentes de perds de produção do tomteiro. Hortiultur Brsileir, : 8-. MEDEIROS, M.A.; VILLAS BOAS, G.L.; CARRIJO, O.A.; MAKISHIMA, N.; VILELA, N.J.. Mnejo integrdo d trç-do-tomteiro em miente protegido. Emrp hortliçs, Cirulr Téni n., p. MICHEREFF FILHO, M.; VILELA, E.F.; ATTYGALLE, A.B.; MEINWALD, J.; SVATOS, A.; JHAM, G.N.. Field trpping of tomto moth, Tut solut with pheromone trps. Journl of Chemil Eology, : 87-88. PARRELLA, M.P. 987. Biology of Liriomyz. Annuls Review of Entomology, : -. PARRELLA, M.P.; JONES, V.P.; YOUNGMAN, R..; LEBECK, L.M. 98. Effet of lef mining nd lef stippling of Liriomyz spp. on photosyntheti rtes of Chrysnthemum. Annuls Entomology Soiety Amerin, 78: 9-9. SALAS, J.. Cpture of Tut solut in trps ited with its sex pheromone. Revist Colomin de Entomologí, : 7 78 (in Spnish). SIQUEIRA, H.Q.A.; GUEDES, R.N.C.; PICANCO, M.C.. Insetiide resistne in popultions of Tut solut. Agriulturl nd Forest Entomology, 7. Reeived: /III/ Aepted: 8/XII/ Pulished: /V/ Aville online: www.iossy.org.r/ojs/index.php/iossy/rtile/view/8 www.iossy.org.r Soiedde Entomológi do Brsil