POLITICAL-ADMINISTRATIVE EVOLUTION OF RIO DE JANEIRO STATE: A CARTOGRAPHIC-HISTORICAL APPROACH

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1 POLITICAL-ADMINISTRATIVE EVOLUTION OF RIO DE JANEIRO STATE: A CARTOGRAPHIC-HISTORICAL APPROACH ABSTRACT Paulo Márcio Leal de Menezes, Bruno Fontoura Costa, Alline Colli Dias, Verônica Martins Goulart Lepore Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Instituto Militar de Engenharia Agência Nacional de Petróleo Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro This paper presents a research, developed by the Laboratory of Cartography, of the Geography Department of Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, which works with the reversal cartographic evolution, i.e., the Rio de Janeiro State cartographic involution, linked to the political-administrative divisions of Rio de Janeiro State as far as time is concerned. This research aims to establish the reversal digital cartography of Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, in its municipal divisions on a time basis. This would generate digital and analogical cartographic maps in levels and accuracy, compatible several applications. The historical names of cities, small towns, villages and others, are been researched too, linked to the real names, establishing a link with the position in time of each one. A space-time data base structure is developed to permit the implement of the research in a SIG. The maps of the State, was built between the dates of 1565 and 2003, dates of foundation of the first and the last county. It was developed 47 temporal maps and others 38 linked to the toponimic study. 1) INTRODUCTION The Laboratory of Cartography, GeoCart, of the Geography Department of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, (UFRJ), acting mainly in the researches areas of Digital Cartography, Cartographic support and Thematic Cartography, identified problems and difficulties, not only in works, researches and projects developed by the Laboratory itself, relating to the support of temporal data on the State of Rio de Janeiro demanded, but also by the users them selves, through doubts and consultations made to the Laboratory, on possible political administrative divisions of the State. These problems, most of the times, comprehend data acquisition as well as the making of maps, which concern and are linked to the temporal data included, mainly when the need of interlinking socio-economic data map and temporality is asked. Most of the demands are former times maps in digital formats, for associations to Geographical Information Systems (GIS). The problem above mentioned associated to the State of Rio de Janeiro, one of the 26 States of the Federative Republic of Brazil, presents a picture of political administrative evolution rather interesting: in the year 2001, the last municipality was created totalizing 92 municipalities. From 2001 to 1565, data of foundation of the City of Rio de Janeiro (first municipality), 47 changes took place as it can be seen in graph 1. Thus one can realize that, in principle, 47 maps should exist showing the political administrative evolution of the State. However different names over the same space show new maps, asking for a study on the evolution over the toponimy. As an example The municipality of had the following names: Maxambomba, Yguassu, Iguassu, Nova Iguassu and.

2 Graph 1: Municipalities established between Evolução da malha municipal do E stado do Rio de Janeiro, no período de 1565 a 1810 N º d e M un icípio s an o a no an o an o an o Ano Graph 2: Municipalities established between Evo lução da m alha m unicipal do Estado do R io de Janeiro, no perío do de 1820 a 2001 Nº de M unicípios Ano Legenda Colônia Reino Unido 1º Reinado Regências 2º Reinado República Velha Estado Novo República Nova Regime Militar Nova República Illustration 1 - Legend of graphs 1 and 2 Graphs 1 and 2 show the evolution of the municipalities linked to the different political national moments. One can observe facts as the stability of divisions during the military government, f. i., as well as an increase occurred soon after which shows a demand which could be restrained during this period of time. Chart 1 show the years of creation of the different municipalities. Chart 1 - dates of the creation of the municipalities of the State of Rio de Janeiro Epoch Nº Epoch Nº Epoch Nº Epoch Nº / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /

3 1986 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / Source: Território, CIDE1998 The Research aims at the making of a study of the reverse cartographic evolution, that is, the cartographic involution of the State of Rio de Janeiro, associated to the administrative divisions of the States of Rio de Janeiro. The word involution was created to distinguish from evolution which only took place rebuilding the political divisions. After the involution, it was possible to recreate the evolution related to the State of Rio de Janeiro. On the other side, the main aim of the research was the establishment of the reverse cartography of the State of Rio de Janeiro in its different political and administrative divisions, at municipal level, creating digital and analogical cartographic bases, in scales and accuracies in agreement with thematic applications. Figure 2 shows the involution scheme of the work. Figure 3 shows the creation dates of the municipalities of the State of Rio de Janeiro. Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Capitania de São Tomé (Cabo Frio) Tempo Paralelo - 22 o 38' Capitania de São Vicente Figure 2 involution scheme of the work Reverse Cartography Estado do Rio de Janeiro Mapa de Involução Cartográfica Porciúncula Varre e Sai Natividade Bom Jesus do Itabapoana Itaperuna Laje do Muriaé Miracema São José de Ubá Cambuci Italva São Francisco de Itabapoana Santo Antônio de Pádua Cardoso Moreira Aperibé Itaocara São Fidélis Campos dos Goytacazes São João da Barra Carmo Cantagalo São Sebastião do Alto Santa Maria Madalena Valença Macuco Sapucaia Duas Barras Comendador Levy Gasparian Cordeiro Quissamã Três Rios Sumidouro Traj de Morais Rio das Flores Conceição de Macabu Paraíba do Sul São José do Vale do Rio Preto Bom Jardim Carapebus Areal Macaé Teresópolis No va Friburgo Parati Quatis Vassouras Patydo Alferes Petrópolis Barra do Piraí Itatiaia Resende Porto Real Casimiro de Abreu Rio das Ostras Barra Mansa Volta Redonda Engenheiro Pinheiral Mendes Paulo Miguel de Frontin Pereira Cachoeiras de Macacu Silva Jardim Guapimirim Paracambi Magé Duque de Caxias Piraí Japeri Queimados Belford Roxo Rio Bonito Seropédica Itaboraí Araruama Cabo Frio Rio Claro São João de Meriti Tanguá São Pedro da Armação Aldeia dos Búzios Itaguaí Mesquita Nilópolis São Gonçalo Iguaba Grande Saquarema Niterói Maricá Rio de Janeiro Arraial do Cabo Ang ra dos Reis Mangaratiba Escala Gráfica Scale in Kilometers Legenda Figure 3 Dates of the creation of the municipalities of the State of Rio de Janeiro

4 2 METHODOLOGY The project is developed in different phases interlinked among themselves. In several, all research will be synthesize in the following phases, characterizing the methodology witch will be applied to the project: Phase 1 Bibliographical research and Data Acquisition Phase 2 Cataloguing and ordering of the collected material Phase 3 Development of the cartographic bases Phase 4 - Treatment and data cartographic representativeness Phase 5 Validation of the final results and availability in the net Phase 6 Partial reports Phase 7 Final report Description of Phases Phase 1: Bibliographic Research and Data Acquisition It means the search of up-dated bibliography, at national and international levels, though contact with universities journals, researches, researchers, libraries, newspapers, specialized magazines and internet. Governmental and no governmental organizations on the subject of the undergoing research subject Phase 2: Cataloging and Ordering of the Collected Material; This phase comprehends the ordering and cataloging of the selected and acquired material for the research. Due to the amount of material which can appear, a temporal and spatial cataloging of all material must take place Phase 3: Development of the Cartographic Bases Once the material is temporarily ordered, the period of time to be reached for the establishment of the cartographic bases is defined. True sub-phases are also foreseen in order to respond to the aims of the phases Phase 4: Treatment and Data Cartographic Representativeness It means the creation and elaboration of charts and associations to the data banks, which will the no-graphic material linked to the thematic data discussed by the project Phase 5: Validation of the Final Results and Availability in the NET It aims at the final checking of all the material created. Once validated a homepage on the project will be created aiming at is dissemination and its own availability to the users Phases 6 and 7: Partial and Final Reports They aim at the follow-up of the project, through reports, which allow the establishment of the researches associated to the project, progress achieved, human resources formation, works, thesis and monographies generated and presented. 3 - DESCRIPTION OF SOME PROCEDURES OF ELIMINATION AND CONSTRUCTING OF MUNICIPAL BOUNDARIES The political administrative maps of the States of Rio de Janeiro shared to be built from the IBGE (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics) 2001 digital base in dxf. shape. In this map the 92 municipalities, which today from the political net of the State are shown, being the most up-dated and complete one. From 2001 to 1962, the procedure took place only by the elimination of boundaries (the boundary between the municipality and emancipated district was eliminated) making possible in a very simple way a new map. In the 1956 map there is the specific case of the Paracambi municipality. This municipality, created in 1962, is originated from two other municipalities (Vassouras and Itagauí) and not only from one as the others. This it was necessary a bibliographic research to discover how much territory was taken from Vassouras and Itaguaí. As the official newspaper of the States is from 1944, and at that time Paracambi didn t exist, one could find the detailed description between Vassouras and Itaguaí. As the boundary was described through physical features one had to use the digital base of the topographic map of Paracambi in dgn format, to discover the boundary according to obtained date. From the digital map one followed this boundary drawing precisely a line in accordance with the information described at the official newspaper.

5 However, as the boundaries were taken out of a topographic map, in UTM coordinate system, and in research the maps were produced in the latitude/longitude coordinate system, it was necessary to make a conversion. After establishing the boundary, and after having transformed it to mentioned coordinate system, this could be integrated to the 1956 map, allowing the progression of the involution procedure of the States of Rio de Janeiro. Figure 4 3 presents the elimination of the boundaries between Vassouras and Itaguaí for the creation of Paracambi. Limite entre Vassouras e Itaguaí Mapa: 1960 / 1962 Figure 4 Period 1960/62 Municipality of Paracambí The same thing also happened with the municipality of Niterói. This municipality had a territory incorporated to São Gonçalo in 1943 that will this year had not exit to the sea as can be seen in figure 5. Niterói São Gonçalo Mapa: Atual Mapa: 1939 / 1943 Figure 5 Example of Municipalities of Niterói and São Gonçalo It was also formed this boundary in documents and as the prevision case it was possible to build it following the same steps. The big difference between these two cases was that in the first one it was a phenomenon of municipal emancipation and is the other one it was a case of incorporation of territory. The conclusion of these two case is that the building of lines in map makes the work much more complex once they must be drawn according to the historical documents, or starting of evidences of boundaries old maps.

6 4 GENEALOGY OF MUNICIPALITIES The genealogy of the municipalities of the States of Rio de Janeiro is rather complex due to the fact that several municipalities were created from the fusion of other municipalities. Thus the research work must be very careful in order not to have doubts about the areas taken from each one of there aiming at the creating of the final municipality. The figures 6, 7 and 8, show below, partial trees of the creation of the municipalities, not only will the spatial division of each one of them. Figure 9 shows an example of what is possible to present for the municipality. Angra dos Reis 1608 Itaguaí 1818 Parati 1667 Seropédica 1998 Mangaratiba 1831 Paracambi 1960 Resende 1749 Porto Real 1998 Valença 1823 Rio Claro 1849 Itatiaia 1988 Barra Mansa 1832 Piraí 1837 Paraíba do Sul 1833 Barra do Piraí 1890 Rio Das Flores 1890 Volta Redonda 1954 Quatis 1991 Três Rios 1938 Sapucaia 1874 Mendes 1952 Barra do Piraí 1890 Areal 1992 Comendador Levy Gasparian 1991 Figure 6 - Municipalities created from Angra dos Reis Cabo Frio 1615 Armação Maricá 1814 dos Búzios 1997 Silva Jardim 1841 Rio Bonito 1846 Carapebus 1997 Araruama 1859 Arraial do Cabo 1985 São Pedro da Aldeia 1890 São João da Barra 1673 Macaé 1813 Saquarema 1841 Iguaba Grande 1997 Quissamã 1997 Rio Bonito 1846 São Francisco de Itabapoana 1997 Casimiro de Abreu 1846 Conceição de Macabu 1952 Rio das Ostras 1993 Figure 7 Municipalities created from Cabo Frio Nova Iguaçú 1833 Mesquita 2001 Nilópolis 1947 Belford Roxo 1990 Duque de Caxias 1943 Queimados 1990 Japeri 1991 São João de Meriti 1947 Figura 8 Municipalities created from

7 Exemplo de Estudo Involutivo Aplicado à Queimados Japeri Belford Roxo Mesquita Duque de Caxias Nilópolis São João de Meriti Figure 9 - Involution of, according to the presented genealogy Figures 10, 11 and 12 present some of the maps made till now showing the behavior of the municipal divisions inside each period of time. Figure 10 Maps from 2001 to 1955

8 Figure 11 Maps from 1943 to 1874 Figure 12 Maps from 1850 to 1666

9 5 CONCLUSIONS AND PRESENT DAY RESULTS The project is still in process existing a substantial amount of work to be done mainly in relation to the organization of data which will be incorporated to the database. In relation to the temporal aspects of the maps three different periods of time are being characterized. The first one of political division assured, defined and determined by the law of the creation of the municipalities of 1943 represents the first series. The second temporal series is defined by the existence of documentation, written or cartographic, which allows the establishment of the non-proved boundaries but very near to reality. This series was called the probable series. It is limited by the publishing of the Atlas of Imperio de C. Mendes, from The third one, however, will translate a connect temporal information, but under a spatial vision just estimated due to the impossibility of establishing correct boundaries. This series corresponds to the final period of time, from This division in series, nevertheless, will not impeach a clear vision of the involution or of the reverse cartography of the administration division of the State. Till now all data which allow the evaluation of the periods were already gathered and 47 maps of the proposed period of time were created. The study of the associated toponimy allow the elaboration of new maps from periods in which even when there was no spatial change, there was change in the toponimy of the municipalities, being necessary a new temporal division. Due away mention the case of period when the municipality of Bom Jardim was called Vergel and afterwards Bom Jardim again. Thus, it is necessary to have three maps which show the changes of toponimies. It is assumed that the amount of maps will increase in at least 85% of the existing maps. In the end of the work it will be established all the methodology for the treatment of the ^cartographic involutions^ which can be applied to the other states of country as well as to specific towns which allow this type of applied research. One must emphasize, however, that for urban states the work will be much bigger once some have more municipalities than the state of Rio de Janeiro. 6 BIBLIOGRAPHY BERTIN, J., Semiology of Graphics: Diagrams, Networks, Maps.. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin BOARD, C., Report of the Working Group on Cartographic Definitions, Cartographic Journal, 29, pp CARTWRIGHT, W. Development of Multimidia. In: CARTWRIGHT, W.; PETERSON, M. P.; GARTNER, G. Multimedia Cartography. 1 a ed. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1999, 343 p., p CARTWRIGHT, W. New Media and their Application to the Production of Map Products. Computers & Geosciences, v.23, n.4, p , CARTWRIGHT, W.; PETERSON, M. P. Multimedia Cartography. In: CARTWRIGHT, W.; PETERSON, M. P.; GARTNER, G. Multimedia Cartography. 1 a ed. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1999, 343 p., p CROMLEY, R. G., Digital Cartography. Englewood Cliffs, NJ, Prentice Hall, 1992, 317 pp. ESCOBAR, I. Formação dos Estados Brasileiros. Rio de Janeiro: A Noite, 19[..]. HARRIS, J. Lexicon technicum: or, an universal English dictionary of arts and sciences, London., HARVEY, D., Explanation in Geography. Edward Arnold, London, IBGE. Cidades@. Disponível em < IBGE. Síntese da Documentação Histórica-Administrativa e Geográfica dos Estados do Brasil Rio de Janeiro; FIBGE, Rio de janeiro, 1995 IBGE. Enciclopédia dos Municípios Brasileiros; FIBGE, Rio de Janeiro, 1960 KRAAK M. J. & ORMELING F. J., Cartography-Visualization of Spatial Data, Addison Wesley Longman Limited, Essex, England, 222 pp KRAAK, M. J., BROWN, A., WEB Cartography, Taylor & Francis, England, MacEACHREN, A. M.; KRAAK, M. J. Exploratory cartographic visualization: advancing the agenda. Computers & Geosciences, v.23, n.4, p , MENEZES, P. M. L., Notas de Aula de Cartografia e Cartografia Temática, Não publicadas, Curso de Graduação em Geografia, Dep de Geografia, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ. 1996a. MENEZES, P. M. L., Notas de Aula de Cartografia Temática, Não publicadas, Curso de Graduação em Geografia, Dep de Geografia, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ. 1996a.

10 MENEZES, P. M. L., A Interface Cartografia-Geoecologia nos Estudos Diagnósticos e Prognósticos da Paisagem: Um Modelo de Avaliação de Procedimentos Analítico-Integrativos. Orientadora: Ana Luiza Coelho Neto. Rio de Janeiro: UFRJ/ Pós-Graduação em Geografia, p. Tese de Doutorado OLIVEIRA, C., Dicionário Cartográfico, IBGE, Rio de Janeiro, RJ PETERSON, M. P. Interactive and Animated Cartography, Prentice Hall, NY, 464 pp, RHIND, D. H., Computer Assisted Cartography, Transactions, Institute of British Geographers, 2, ROBBI, C.Um sistema para visualização de informações cartográficas para planejamento urb. Tese de doutorado apresentada ao Curso de Computação Aplicada INPE. São José dos Campos, 2000, 395 p. ROBINSON, A. H., MORRISON, J. L., MUEHRCKE, P. C., KIMERLING, A. J. and GUPTILL, S. C., Elements of Cartography 6th Ed, 544 pp, New York, John Willey & Sons SLOCUM, T. Thematic Cartography and Visualization. 1.ed. Prentice-Hall, THROWER, J.W. N., Maps and civilization: cartography in culture and society, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, p BIOGRAPHY Name: Paulo Márcio Leal de Menezes Birth date: 07/ 23/ 1948 Nativeness: Rio de Janeiro, RJ Nationality: Brazilian Position: Geodesy and Topography Engineer, Academical Professor, Retired Colonel of Engineers Corps of Brazilian Army PROFESSIONAL FORMATION Doctor in Sciences in Geography - Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Master of Sciences: Computational Systems - Automated Cartography - Military Institute of Engineering Topography and Geodesy Engineer - Military Institute of Engineering Official of Engineer Corps - Military Academy of Agulhas Negras PUBLISHED PAPERS 64 (sixty four) papers published in Congress, Seminars and several participations. DIDACTIC ACTIVITIES - Professor in Commission of the Military Institute of Engineering: Undergraduation in Cartographic Engineering: from 1980 to 1993; Undergraduation in Engineering of Computation: from 1987 to 1989; Graduation in Cartographic Enginneering: 1987 to 1993 and 1996 up to Assistant Professor of Federal University of Rio de Janeiro: undergraduation in Geography: 1994 to 2000; - Senior Professor of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro: undergraduation and graduation in Geography - Head of Cartography Laboratory of Geography Department - UFRJ - Advisor of 11 (eleven) doctorate theses; 25 (twenty five) master's degree theses; 32 (third three) monographs of undergraduated Geography course RESEARCH LINES Digital Cartography; GIS; Historical Cartography; Multimidia and WEB Cartography; Thematic Cartography PARTICIPATION IN CONGRESS, SEMINARS - Participation in 41 (forty one) several events ADMINISTRATIVE POSITIONS - Engineer Geographical Army Service Coordinator of undergraduation course of Cartographic Engineering; Coordinator of graduation course Automated Cartography; Coordinator of graduation course of Computational Systems Military Institute of Engineering Head of the Laboratory of Cartography; Head of the Laboratory of Computer science; Coordinator of graduation Course of Geography Federal University of Rio de Janeiro - Brazilian Society of Cartography President of the Technical Commission of Geographical Information Systems; Member of the Deliberative Council; Vice-president technical scientific affairs Executive Vice President PRIZES AND DISTINCTIONS - Military medal of Silver; Medal of the Pacifier; Medal of Cartographic Merit degree of Oficial