COMPÊNDIO COMUNICAÇÕES AERONÁUTICAS

Transcrição

1 S. R. MINISTÉRIO DA DEFESA NACIONAL FORÇA AÉREA PORTUGUESA CENTRO DE FORMAÇÃO MILITAR E TÉCNICA Curso de Formação de Oficiais - RC Curso de Formação de Sargentos - QP Curso de Formação de Praças - RC COMPÊNDIO COMUNICAÇÕES AERONÁUTICAS EPR: SAJ António Paiva CCF Julho 2008

2

3 S. R. MINISTÉRIO DA DEFESA NACIONAL FORÇA AÉREA PORTUGUESA CENTRO DE FORMAÇÃO MILITAR E TÉCNICA CARTA DE PROMULGAÇÃO JULHO O Compêndio de é uma Publicação NÃO CLASSIFICADA. 2. Esta publicação entra em vigor logo que recebida. 3. É permitido copiar ou fazer extractos desta publicação sem autorização da entidade promulgadora. O COMANDANTE Vítor Manuel Alves Francisco COR/PILAV

4

5 REGISTO DE ALTERAÇÕES IDENTIFICAÇÃO DA ALTERAÇÃO, Nº DE REGISTO, DATA DATA DE INTRODUÇÃO DATA DE ENTRADA EM VIGOR ASSINATURA, POSTO E UNIDADE DE QUEM INTRODUZIU A ALTERAÇÃO

6

7 Cursos: Curso de Formação de Oficiais RC Curso de Formação de Sargentos QP Curso de Formação de Praças - RC Nome do Compêndio: Disciplina: Data de elaboração: Julho 2008 Elaborado Por: SAJ/ OPCART António Paiva Verificado Por: Gabinete da Qualidade da Formação Comando G. Formação: TCOR/ ENGAER José da Saúde Director de Área: MAJ/ TODCI João Morgado Director de Curso: CAP/ TOCART Paulo Rodrigues Formador: SAJ/OPCART António Paiva ATENÇÃO: Esta publicação destina-se a apoiar os formandos a frequentarem os Cursos de Formação de Oficiais, Sargentos e Praças na disciplina de. Não pretendendo ser uma publicação exaustiva do curso em questão, apresenta-se como uma ferramenta de consulta quer durante a duração do curso, quer após a sua conclusão

8

9 ÍNDICE AERONAUTICAL TELECOMMUNICATION SERVICES... 7 INTRODUCTION... 7 AERONAUTICAL FIXED SERVICE... 7 AERONAUTICAL MOBILE SERVICE... 9 AERONAUTICAL RADIO NAVIGATION SERVICE COMMUNICATION METHODS THE AERODROME INTRODUCTION THE MOST COMMON TERMS AND EXPRESSIONS THE AIRCRAFT INTRODUCTION TYPE AND MISSION OF AIRCRAFT GENERAL TERMS AND DEFINITIONS VISUAL FLIGHT INTRODUCTION STANDARD TERMS AND EXPRESSIONS RADIO COMMUNICATIONS INTRODUCTION GENERAL OPERATING PROCEDURES TRANSMITTING TECHNIQUE TRANSMISSION OF LETTERS TRANSMISSION OF NUMBERS TRANSMISSION OF TIME STANDARD WORDS AND PHRASES NAVIGATION AIDS AND FLIGHT PROCEDURES INTRODUCTION TERMS AND DEFINITIONS VHF FREQUENCIES SPACING (25KHZ/8,33KHZ) ACAS/TCAS AERONAUTICAL METEOROLOGY AND WEATHER REPORTS INTRODUCTION TERMS AND DEFINITIONS

10 OTHER TERMS AND ABBREVIATIONS...46 METEOROLOGICAL INSTRUMENTS...47 METAR AND SPECI...47 FORECASTS...48 ATIS (AUTOMATIC TERMINAL INFORMATION SERVICE)...48 CALL SIGNS, ABBREVIATIONS AND MESSAGES...51 INTRODUCTION...51 RADIOTELEPHONY CALL SIGNS FOR AERONAUTICAL STATIONS...51 REGISTRATION AND RADIOTELEPHONY CALL SIGNS FOR AIRCRAFT...51 TEST PROCEDURES AND READABILITY SCALE...53 READ-BACK...54 COMMUNICATIONS FAILURE...55 DISTRESS AND URGENCY PROCEDURES...56 DISTRESS MESSAGES...56 IMPOSITION OF SILENCE...57 TERMINATION OF DISTRESS AND SILENCE...57 URGENCY MESSAGES...57 EMERGENCY DESCEND...58 CPDLC CONTROLLER PILOT DATA LINK COMMUNICATIONS...59 ABBREVIATIONS AND TERMS TO BE TRANSMITTED AS SPOKEN WORDS...59 ABBREVIATIONS AND TERMS TO BE TRANSMITTED USING THE INDIVIDUAL LETTERS IN NON-PHONETIC FORM...60 OTHER ABBREVIATIONS USED IN GENERAL...62 CONTROL TOWER, GENERAL OPERATION PROCEDURES AND VFR TRAFFIC PATTERNS...65 INTRODUCTION...65 CONTROL TOWER (TOWER CAB)...65 AERODROME BEACON...66 RECORDERS...66 LIGHT GUN...67 COORDINATION BETWEEN ATS UNITS...67 VEHICLES...68 ISSUE OF CLEARANCE...69 TERMS USED FOR AIRCRAFT ON THE GROUND...69 VFR TRAFFIC PATTERNS...69 APPROACH AND DEPARTURE PROCEDURES...69 INTRODUCTION...69 IFR DEPARTURES...69 IFR ARRIVALS...69 APPROACH PROCEDURES

11 SPECIAL VFR FLIGHTS BIBLIOGRAFIA GLOSSARY DEFINITIONS COMMONLY USED ABBREVIATIONS LISTA DE PÁGINAS EM VIGOR... LPV-1-5 -

12

13 AERONAUTICAL TELECOMMUNICATION SERVICES INTRODUCTION The object of the international aeronautical telecommunication service is to ensure the telecommunications and radio aids to air navigation necessary for the safety, regularity and efficiency of international air navigation. The Communication Procedures are to be used in conjunction with the Abbreviations and Codes of Doc and with such other codes and abbreviations that may be approved by ICAO for use in communications. Abbreviations and codes shall be used in the international aeronautical telecommunication service whenever they are appropriate and their use will shorten or otherwise facilitate communications. The international aeronautical telecommunication service shall be divided into three parts: Aeronautical fixed service; Aeronautical mobile service; Aeronautical radio navigation service. AERONAUTICAL FIXED SERVICE A telecommunication service between specified fixed points provided primarily for the safety of air navigation and for the regular, efficient and economical operation of air services. A station forming part of the aeronautical fixed service is an Aeronautical Fixed Station. The aeronautical fixed service shall comprise the following systems and applications that are used for ground-ground communications: ATS direct speech circuits and networks. Mainly composed by telephone circuits, for direct exchange of information between air traffic services (ATS) units. Meteorological operational circuits and network systems. Services and offices existing to provide meteorological information to operators, flight crew members, air traffic services units, search and rescue services units and others concerned with the conduct of air traffic. Aeronautical Fixed Telecommunications Network - AFTN. A worldwide system of aeronautical fixed circuits provided, as part of the aeronautical fixed service, for the exchange of messages and/or digital data between aeronautical fixed stations having the same or compatible communications characteristics

14 AFTN station. A station forming part of the aeronautical fixed telecommunication network (AFTN) and operating as such under the authority or control of a state. Air traffic services reporting office (ARO). A unit established for the purpose of receiving and transmitting reports concerning air traffic services and flight plans submitted before departure. Flight Plan. Detailed information of the aircraft intended flight or portion of a flight. Flight Advisory. Information related to a flight that will not leave the CTR or CTA. It will fly only in the vicinity of the aerodrome. Communication Centre. An aeronautical fixed station, which relays or retransmits telecommunication traffic from or to a number of other aeronautical fixed stations directly connected to it. Societé Internationale des Telecommunications Aeronautiques (SITA). A worldwide system providing global network services, information and telecommunication solutions to airlines, airports, organizations involved in aircraft design, maintenance, communication and logistics organizations. Air traffic message handling services. Aeronautical Information Services (AIS). Services existing to ensure the flow of information necessary for the safety, regularity and efficiency of international aviation. European Ais Database (EAD). The aim is to improve and harmonize the procedures and delivery of the aeronautical data in Europe. Eurocontrol member states have decided to establish one Central European AIS database. This centralized database will provide clients with validated dynamic and static aeronautical data. The objective is the delivery of high-quality aeronautical information to the European aviation community and the National air traffic services providers. The EAD will contribute to safety, economics, uniformity and quality. Data users are: Aircraft Operators, Data Providers, International Organizations, Private pilots, Commercial users, and Members of the general public. The EAD provides data Users with world wide processed messages (NOTAM, SNOWTAM, BIRDTAM, ASHTAM, etc), PIB (Pre-flight information bulletin), static data, AIP and charts from ECAC states. Text messages must be filled in accordance with rules and directions defined and using the appropriate characters. The following characters are allowed in text messages: Letters A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z - 8 -

15 Figures Other signs: apostrophe ( ) brackets : colon, comma = equal sign. full stop or decimal point - hyphen + plus sign? question mark / slash Other characters than those listed above shall not be used in messages unless absolutely necessary for understanding of the text. Roman numerals shall not be employed. AERONAUTICAL MOBILE SERVICE A mobile service between aeronautical stations and aircraft or between aircraft in which survival equipment may be included. The aeronautical mobile service shall comprise the following units and applications that are used for communications: All type of aircraft. Aeronautical Stations. Stations on the ground that provide any type of air traffic control service. In certain instances, an aeronautical station may be located, for example, on a board of ship or on a platform at sea. Mobile Surface Station. A station in the aeronautical telecommunication service, other than an aircraft station, intended to be used while in motion or during halts at unspecified points. Any survival equipment, such as emergency position-indicating radio beacon (ELT) to use on designated distress and emergency frequencies. Messages originated in the aeronautical mobile service by an aircraft in flight and which require transmission over the aeronautical fixed telecommunication network to effect delivery, shall be reprocessed by the aeronautical telecommunication station into the appropriate message format

16 AERONAUTICAL RADIO NAVIGATION SERVICE The aeronautical radio navigation service shall comprise all types and systems of radio navigation aids. COMMUNICATION METHODS AIR-GROUND COMMUNICATION. Two way communication between aircraft and stations or locations on the surface of the earth. AIR-TO-GROUND COMMUNICATION. One way communication from aircraft to stations or locations on the surface of the earth. BLIND TRANSMISSION. A transmission from one station to another station in circumstances where two-way communication cannot be established but where it is believed that the called station is able to receive the transmission. BLOCKED. Term used in phraseology to indicate that a radio transmission has been distorted or interrupted due to multiple simultaneous radio transmissions. BROADCAST. A transmission of information relating to air navigation that is not addressed to a specific station or stations. DUPLEX. A method in which telecommunication between two stations can take place in both directions simultaneously. FEEDBACK. The transfer of a portion of the energy from the output circuit to the input circuit that normally causes an unpleasant high noise heard in the reception.(loudspeaker or other device). GROUND-TO-AIR COMMUNICATION. One way communication from stations or locations on the surface of the earth to aircraft. INTERPILOT AIR-TO-AIR COMMUNICATION. Two way communications on the designated air-toair channel to enable aircraft engaged in flights over remote and oceanic areas out of range of VHF ground stations to exchange necessary operational information and to facilitate the resolution of operational problems. RADIOTELEPHONY. A form of radio communication primarily intended for the exchange of information in the form of speech. SIMPLEX. A method in which telecommunication between two stations takes place in one direction at a time

17 RELAY. To receive and pass a message from one station to another station

18

19 THE AERODROME INTRODUCTION The knowledge of all different services, equipments, parts of an aerodrome and manoeuvres involving aircraft are very important for the safe and expeditious flow of all traffic (aircraft and vehicles) in the movement area. THE MOST COMMON TERMS AND EXPRESSIONS AIRCRAFT STAND. A designated area on an apron prepared to be used for parking an aircraft. ALTERNATE AERODROME. An aerodrome specified in the flight plan to which a flight may proceed when it becomes inadvisable to land at the intended destination. An alternate aerodrome may be the departure aerodrome or airport. APRON. A defined area, on a land aerodrome, intended to accommodate aircraft for purposes of

20 loading or unloading passengers or cargo, refueling, parking or maintenance. AQUAPLANING. The condition where, due to presence of water on a runway, the available friction is reduced because water can t be completely squeezed out between the tire and the runway, and as a result, there is only partial contact with the runway by the tire. ARRESTING GEAR / BARRIER. Devices used to stop an aircraft and prevent it from going off the runway, when the aircraft can t stop after landing or during an aborted takeoff. Different arresting systems are used depending on the type of aircraft using the runways. AUXILIARY POWER UNIT (APU). Any supplemental power equipment, either inside or outside the aircraft, which provides additional source of hydraulic, air or electrical power. APUs can be used to provide the necessary power for the aircraft systems when aircraft are on the ground with the engines stopped. APU s which are located outside the aircraft are often referred as External Power Units. BASE OPERATIONS. Facility existing at each military airfield, where the status of pilots, aircraft and other personnel and equipment related to the air traffic are available and updated. BRAKING ACTION. A report of conditions existing on a runway, that may be reported in terms of GOOD, MEDIUM (fair), POOR or NIL. Pilots should be prepared to provide a descriptive runway condition report to Controllers after landing. CHOCK/WHEEL CHOCK. A device used to prevent movement of parked aircraft. It is placed against the wheels. CONTROL TOWER. A high structure or building located next to parking areas for aircraft, taxiways, runways and hangars, which is used by personnel related with aircraft and contains equipment related with the control of aircraft. FIRE FIGHTING SERVICE. A structure composed of a building, fire cars, firefighting equipment and fireman properly equipped to assist any problem, emergencies or accidents with aircraft, or other situations related to the aerodrome. Also known as Fire Department, Fire Brigade or Fire Station. FLIGHT LINE. That part of an aerodrome intended to be used by a specific type of aircraft, which includes one or more hangars, apron and the squadron operations. HANGAR. A large building for housing and or repairing aircraft. HELIPAD (NATO term). A prepared area designated and used for take-off and landing of helicopters

21 HELIPORT. An airfield or a defined area on a structure intended to be used wholly or in part for arrival, departure and surface movement of helicopters. HOLDING BAY. A defined area where aircraft can be held or bypassed, to facilitate efficient surface movement of aircraft. HOLDING POSITION. A designated position at which taxiing aircraft shall stop and hold to protect the traffic on the runway, unless otherwise authorized by the aerodrome Control Tower. MARSHAL (SIGNALMAN). A person with the knowledge of directing and guiding aircraft, by using specific signals for parking them. OVER RUN (v). To run or roll beyond the end of the runway during take-off or landing. STOPWAY. A defined area on the ground beyond the runway, prepared to support aircraft during an aborted take-off or a landing, without causing structural damage to aircraft. PUSHBACK. The act of pushing an aircraft with a vehicle prepared to engage in the strut of the nose wheel. RAPID EXIT TAXIWAY. A taxiway connected to a runway at an acute angle and designed to allow landing airplanes to turn-off at higher speeds that are not achieved on other exit taxiways, thereby minimizing runway occupancy time. REFUEL / REFUELLING. To fill or to be filled up with fuel. RUN UP. To increase the engine speed while the aircraft is standing still to check or to warm up the engine. Ex: Mira Tower, Ronco 32 will maintain holding position for two minutes for engine run up. RUNWAY IN USE. Any runway currently being used for takeoff and landing. DEPARTURE END. Is the extremity or end of the runway used for take-off. APPROACH END. That part or area on the ground where runway begins and aircraft can touch the surface. This expression is only used for aircraft approaching the runway for landing. RUNWAY RWY: LENGTH; WIDTH; STRENGTH

22 RUNWAY SURFACE CONDITIONS: DRY; DAMP. The surface shows a change of colour due to moisture; WET. The surface is soaked but there is no standing water; WATER PATCHES. Significant patches of standing water are visible; FLOODED. Extensive standing water is visible; SLIPPERY; SIGNAL AREA. An area on an aerodrome used for the display of ground signals. LANDING DIRECTION INDICATOR. LDI; WIND DIRECTION INDICATOR. WDI (as shown in picture). STAND TAXILANE. A portion of an apron designated as a taxiway and intended to provide access to aircraft stands only. TAXIWAY. TWY. TIE/TIE DOWN. A piece of rope or sting used to fasten the wings of aircraft to the ground./ To fasten the aircraft to the ground. TOW/TO TOW. A vehicle prepared to pull aircraft. / The act of pulling an aircraft. Some expressions and words are useful to use with standard phraseology in the Air Traffic Services. Some of those are listed below with the correspondent meaning in Portuguese. AERODROME BEACON. Farol de aeródromo; AIRCRAFT STAND. Posição de estacionamento; CARGO HANDLING FACILITIES. Facilidades de carga; CONSTRUCTION MACHINERY. Maquinaria de construção; CRACK. Fenda; CRANE. Grua, guindaste; DEBRIS. Pedaços, fragmentos;

23 DIGGING. Trabalhos de escavação; FORK LIFT. Monta-cargas; HAZARD. Perigo; MAINTENANCE. Manutenção; SURFACE. Superfície; TO DIG. Escavar; TO HANDLE. Manobrar, manejar, manusear; UNSERVICEABLE. Não está em condições de ser usado; WEIGHT. Peso

24

25 THE AIRCRAFT INTRODUCTION Aircraft are designed and constructed to perform several and different tasks in accordance to the various demands around the world. It s important and necessary for pilots and controllers not only know the technical words and terminology related to the main parts and controls of aircraft, but also know the different types and their mission. TYPE AND MISSION OF AIRCRAFT Aircraft are designed and constructed to perform several and different tasks in accordance to the various demands around the world. They can be classified taking in account their mission, number of engines and weight. Type of aircraft. AIRSHIP; AMPHIBIAN; BALLOON; DELTA-WING; GLIDER / MOTORIZED GLIDER; GYROCOPTER (GYROPLANE), following picture; HELICOPTER; ULTRA-LIGHT AIRCRAFT; ULTRA-LIGHT HELICOPTER. Mission. AIRLINER. It carries passengers for long distances. The airliner is a civilian aircraft. ATTACK. Aircraft prepared to attack, equipped with sophisticated electronic systems. It isn t a very large aircraft that performs air tactical missions supporting ground and/or maritime forces that are fighting against enemy forces

26 BOMBER. It can be as large as an airliner, and it carries bombs. A strategic bomber is a large aircraft which flies into enemy territory and destroys the war-making capacity of a country. There are also smaller aircraft whose mission is similar but the range is shorter. CARGO. Its mission is to carry goods or passengers. A cargo is sometimes called a transport aircraft. FIGHTER. Its basic mission is air-to-air combat. Some aircraft have more than one capability. If an aircraft has ability, we can modify its basic mission. The RF-4C was a fighter whose basic mission has been modified; it s now a reconnaissance aircraft. These type of aircraft usually use cameras and electronic equipment to get information about the enemy. Modifications may be made on the aircraft without changing its basic mission. For example, the F-16A and F-16B are upgraded types of the F-16 (Picture below). Some fighters may be called interceptors. These are fighters that meet and destroy enemy aircraft that come into friendly airspace. INTERCEPTOR (SCRAMBLE AIRCRAFT). RECONNAISSANCE. PATROL. Aircraft normally adapted for surveillance and detection. It would report important information about position and installations of enemy forces. Other functions may be established to these type of aircraft. TANKER. It s a large transport plane that carries fuel for refueling other aircraft in flight

27 TRAINER. Aircraft used to teach future pilots how to fly. GENERAL TERMS AND DEFINITIONS AILERON. A moveable control surface attached to the rear edge of the wing, near the wing tip, that controls the rolling motion of aircraft. The ailerons are controlled by left or right movement of the control stick or yoke. The word derives from the French word aile meaning wing. BICYCLE LANDING GEAR. Two sets of main wheels, one behind the other. Also referred as TANDEM LANDING GEAR. CANOPY. Made of clear glass or plastic, forms the covering for the cockpit. The canopy is transparent to provide good visibility, and in most fighter aircraft, is the only means of entering or leaving the cockpit. COCKPIT. The place where the pilot sits to fly the aircraft; it contains the controls and instruments. CONVENTIONAL LANDING GEAR. Two main wheels in the front and a smaller wheel supporting the tail. DRAG. The force created by the friction of air flowing over the aircraft. The aircraft surface, landing gear, shape of wings, etc all cause drag, which increases as airspeed increases. ELEVATOR. A primary control surface attached to the Horizontal Stabilizer. EMPENNAGE. The tail section at the rear of the aircraft which consists of the VERTICAL STABILIZER and RUDDER, HORIZONTAL STABILIZER and ELEVATOR. Also referred as the TAIL. FLAPS. Devices near the rear of the wing, which can be lowered to create more lift. Flaps are located between the aileron and the fuselage. They are used to increase lift at reduced airspeeds ( during takeoff and landings). FRAME (MAIN SPAR). A structure made of metal to which all other components are attached. FUSELAGE. The main body of an aircraft that holds the crew, passengers and cargo. GRAVITY. The force that pulls the aircraft to the earth s surface. JETTISON. To release or cast off Stores from an aircraft in flight (other than for normal attacks) this is generally done to lighten the aircrafts load in response to an existing or potential emergency. For example, fuel tanks or bombs can be jettisoned either because an in flight emergency, to prepare

28 for combat, or in same cases for safety s sake prior to landing. To forcibly open or remove an aircraft door or canopy by activating a gas-pressurized propulsion device; Jettison the canopy The crew doors can be jettisoned by pulling the yellow handles. LANDING GEAR. The struts, wheels (right side picture) or skids of an aircraft, which support it on land or water. LEADING EDGE. The front edge of a wing over which the airflow passes first. LIFT. The upward force acting on an aircraft caused by the flow of air over the wings. PITCH. The rotation of an aircraft about its Lateral Axis (nose up or nose down). ROLL. The movement of an aircraft about its Longitudinal Axis. RUDDER. A moveable control surface attached to the tail s Vertical Stabilizer. SLAT(S). A moveable airfoil on the leading edge of a wing. The SLAT remains closed during normal flight, but extends at high angles of attack to create a gap that allows air to flow smoothly over the top of the wing. This increases lift and delays stalls at high angles of attack. SPEED BRAKES. Devices which can be extended down into the air stream to decrease airspeed during descent and landing. Speed brakes slow the aircraft by increasing drag. They differ from flaps in that they produce no useful lift. SPOILER(S). Special panels built into the upper surface of the wing that, when raised, spoil the flow of air across the wing and thereby reduce the amount of lift generated. They are useful for expediting a descent. In some aircraft, spoilers are linked to the Ailerons and work with the ailerons for lateral control. STABILIZER. Any of the fixed horizontal and vertical tail surface. STICK YOKE MANCHE STRUT. The support that connects the wheels to the fuselage of the aircraft. THRUST. The forward force produced in reaction to escaping gases in jet propulsion. Thrust, can also be produced by a rotating propeller, fan blades, or other propulsion devices. TIP TANK. A container for fuel placed at the tip of a wing

29 TRAILING EDGE. The rear edge of an airfoil (wing) over which the airflow passes last. TRICYCLE LANDING GEAR. One nose wheel and two main wheels behind the centre of gravity. TRIM. To adjust a moveable tab on a Control surface in order to achieve stable flight conditions. TRIM TAB. A small, moveable secondary control surface attached to the trailing edge of a primary control surface. The tab is adjusted to reduce the amount of pressure needed on the controls. WINDSCREEN. Made of clear glass or plastic to protect from wind and provide a wide view. It can be compared to the windshield of a car. WING ROOT. The inner end of the wing where it joins the body of an aircraft. WING SPAN. The distance between the two tips of an airplane s wings. WING TIP. The outer end of the wing, opposite the root. YAW. The movement of the aircraft from side to side about the Vertical Axis, during flight. Yaw motion is controlled by the Rudder. Some expressions and words are useful to use with standard phraseology in the Air Traffic Services. Some of those are listed below with the correspondent meaning in Portuguese. AEROBATICS. Acrobacia aérea; ACROBATICS. Acrobacia; AIRFOIL. Superfície de sustentação; AIRWAY. Corredor aéreo; ANTI-ICING DEVICE. Dispositivo anti-gelo; BIRD STRIKE. Choque com pássaros; BLOCKS. Calços; BROADCAST. Radiodifusão (Doc 9569); COMPULSORY. Obrigatório; COMPASS SWING. Compensação de bússola;

30 COWLING. Capota do motor; DAMAGE. Dano; DINGHY. Bote de borracha (figura ao lado); DELTA WING. Asa delta; BURST TYRE. Pneu rebentado; FLAT TYRE. Pneu furado, pneu em baixo; FUEL LEAK. Fuga de combustível; HAZARD. Perigo; HELMET. Capacete; HOOK. Gancho; LIFE-BOAT. Barco salva-vidas; LIFE-JACKET. Colete salva-vidas; NEEDLE. Agulha; NOZZLE. Bocal; PROPELLER. Hélice (foto ao lado); TO SKID. Derrapar / SKID Patim de aterragem; TO STALL. Entrar em perda; TO SWING. Ajustar; TO AVOID. Evitar; SUNRISE. Nascer do sol; SUNSET. Pôr do sol

31 VISUAL FLIGHT INTRODUCTION The operation of aircraft during take-off, landing and visual traffic patterns, requires the knowledge of standardized terms and expressions mainly used in radio communications. You must know their meaning, and when necessary use them correctly and appropriately. STANDARD TERMS AND EXPRESSIONS ABEAM: When an aircraft is approximately 90º to the right or left of a fix, significant point or obstacle in reference to its track. ABORT. Term used to describe an unexpected interruption of a planned manoeuvre of an aircraft. ACROBATIC FLIGHT. Manoeuvres intentionally performed by an aircraft involving an abrupt change in its attitude, an abnormal attitude, or an abnormal variation in speed. Acrobatic manoeuvres include loops, spins, rolls, bunts stall turns, inverted flying and any other similar manoeuvres. AIR REPORT. A report from an aircraft in flight prepared in conformity with requirements for position and operational and/or meteorological reporting. BRIEFING. Oral commentary on existing conditions or detailed instructions and information given at a meeting. CHECK LIST. List of items arranged in order they are to be inspected or checked. CLEARANCE. Authorization for an aircraft to proceed under conditions specified by an air traffic control unit. CLEARANCE LIMIT. The point to where an aircraft is granted to proceed by an air traffic control clearance. In taxi instructions, is the point at which the aircraft must stop. All taxi clearances will contain a clearance limit, which is the point at which the aircraft must stop unless further permission to proceed is given. CONVERGE. When two or more aircraft at the same altitude are flying to the same point or position. The aircraft that has the other on its right shall give way, taking into account the type of

32 aircraft. CRAB. It s the attitude that a pilot causes to the aircraft to correct from drift. To crab is to turn the aircraft into the crosswind so that the actual path of the aircraft and the intended path are the same. CROSSWIND. When an aircraft is flying so that the wind hits the side of the aircraft. DOWNSTREAM CLEARANCE. A clearance issued to an aircraft by an air traffic control unit that is not the current controlling authority of the aircraft. DOWNWIND. When an aircraft is flying the same direction the wind is blowing. The wind is called Tailwind. DRIFT. Is the effect of a crosswind that causes a movement of the aircraft to the side. Drift moves the aircraft away from its intended path. ESSENTIAL AERODROME INFORMATION. It s the information necessary to the safe operation of aircraft in the air or on the ground relating to: Construction or maintenance work on, or immediately adjacent to the movement area. Rough or broken surfaces on a runway, a taxiway or an apron, whether marked or not. Snow, slush or ice on a runway, a taxiway or an apron. Water on a runway, a taxiway or an apron. Snow banks or drifts adjacent to a runway, a taxiway or an apron. Other temporary hazards, including parked aircraft and birds on the ground or in the air. Failure or irregular operation of part or all of the aerodrome lighting system. Any other pertinent information. The information shall be given to aircraft in sufficient time, so that pilots can make proper use of it, and the hazards shall be identified as distinctly as possible. FIX. Geographic position visually referenced, or determined in reference to one or more navigational aids, or by any other navigation process. FORMATION FLIGHT. More than one aircraft that under previous agreement between pilots, operate as if it is only one aircraft for navigation purposes and position reporting. The formation operates as a single aircraft;

33 The separation between aircraft shall be the responsibility of the flight leader and the pilots-in-command of the other aircraft; The distance from the flight leader to each aircraft shall not exceed 0,5NM laterally and longitudinally and 100 feet vertically. HEAD ON. Aircraft flying directly towards each other. When two aircraft are approaching head on, each aircraft must turn to the right. INBOUND TRAFFIC. Aircraft entering the area or approaching the runway to land. LEVEL. A generic term relating to the vertical position of an aircraft in flight and meaning variously, height, altitude or flight level. LOW LEVEL FLIGHT. Flight conducted in visual meteorological conditions (VMC) in accordance with specified mandatory height/altitude rules. (Military aircraft). MANOEUVRE. A planned movement of an aircraft. MINIMUM FUEL. The term used to describe a situation in which an aircraft s fuel supply has reached a state where little or no delay can be accepted. OUTBOUND TRAFFIC. Aircraft taking off or leaving the aerodrome area. OVERSHOOT: Landing. The aircraft will touch down beyond the touchdown zone. The turn onto the final. The aircraft has passed the alignment with the runway. OVERTAKING AIRCRAFT. An overtaking aircraft approaches the other from the rear, alters its heading to the right and shall keep out of the way of the other aircraft. The overtaken aircraft has the right of way. PROCEDURE. Order or way of doing manoeuvres in flight. PROXIMITY. Nearness of aircraft to each other or other significant obstacle than can create a flight hazard. A situation in which the distance between aircraft as well their relative positions and speed have been such that the safety of aircraft involved may have been compromised. RIGHT OF WAY. The aircraft that has the right of way shall maintain its heading and speed, but nothing relieves the pilot in command to take actions to avoid collisions. ROUNDOUT (Flare). The attitude change of an aircraft that is made before touch down

34 ROUTE. That part of flight since the take-off and initial climb phase to the commencement of the approach and landing phase. ( En route descent ; En route clearance). SEPARATION. Act or state of come apart a formation flight under previous agreement of pilots. Radar separation is used when aircraft position information is derived from radar sources. SHORELINE. A line following the general contour of the shore. SPECIAL VFR FLIGHT. A VFR flight cleared by Air Traffic Control to operate within a control zone in meteorological conditions below VMC. TRAFFIC. All aircraft in flight or operating on the manoeuvring area of an aerodrome. TRAFFIC INFORMATION. Information and advisories that controllers normally provide to aircraft about other traffic that can cause conflict and, it must contain the following data, beginning by the expression traffic is : type of aircraft position altitude direction of flight Traffic information does not relieve the pilot of his responsibility to see and avoid other traffic. UNDERSHOOT: Landing. The aircraft will touch down before it could reach the runway. The turn onto the final. The aircraft is not aligned or in line with the runway. In this case it will perform a go-around. UPWIND. When an aircraft is flying into the wind. The wind is called Headwind

35 RADIO COMMUNICATIONS INTRODUCTION Radio telephony provides the means by which pilots and ground personnel communicate with each other. Used properly, the information and instructions transmitted are of vital importance in assisting the safety of aircraft. The use of correct phraseology between control tower, vehicles and other personnel in the movement area are also relevant to achieve the standards of security. On the other hand, the use of nonstandard procedures and phraseology can cause misunderstanding. GENERAL OPERATING PROCEDURES Concise and unambiguous phraseology used at the correct time is vital to the smooth, safe and expeditious running of an aerodrome. it is not only the means by which controllers carry out their task, but it also assists pilots in maintaining an awareness of other traffic in their vicinity, particularly in poor visibility conditions. Controllers should not transmit to an aircraft during take-off, the last part of final approach or the landing roll, unless it is necessary for safety reasons. TRANSMITTING TECHNIQUE The following transmitting techniques will assist in ensuring that transmitted speech is clear and satisfactory received: Before transmitting, listen out on the frequency to be used to ensure that there will be no interference with a transmission from another station; Be familiar with good microphone operating techniques; Use a normal conversation tone; speak clearly and distinctly; Maintain an even rate of speech, when it is known that elements of the message will be written by the recipient, speak at a slight slower rate; Maintain the speaking volume at a constant level; A slight pause before and after numbers will assist in making them easier to understand;

36 Avoid using hesitation sounds such as er ah ; Depress the transmit switch fully before speaking and don t release it until the message is completed. This will ensure that the entire message is transmitted; Be aware that the mother tongue of the person receiving the message may not be English. Therefore, speak clearly and use standard words and phrases wherever possible. One of the most irritating and potentially dangerous situations in radiotelephony is a stuck microphone button. Operators should always ensure that the button is released after a transmission and the microphone placed in an appropriate place in order to ensure that it will not inadvertently be switched on. TRANSMISSION OF LETTERS To expedite communications, the use of phonetic spelling should be dispensed with if there is no risk of this affecting correct reception and intelligibility of the message. With the exception of the telephony designator and type of aircraft, each letter in the aircraft call sign shall be spoken separately using the phonetic spelling. The words in the table below shall be used when using the phonetic spelling. Syllables to be emphasized are underlined. LETTER WORD PRONUNCIATION A Alpha AL PHA B Bravo BRAH VOH C Charlie CHAR LEE or SHAR LEE D Delta DELL TAH E Echo ECK OH F Foxtrot FOCKS TROT G Golf GOLF H Hotel HOH TELL I India IN DEE AH J Juliet JEW LEE ETT K Kilo KEY LOH L Lima LEE MAH M Mike MIKE N November NO VEM BER O Oscar OSS CAH P Papa PAH PAH Q Quebec KEH BECK R Romeo ROW ME OH S Sierra SEE AIR RAH T Tango TANG GO U Uniform YOU NEE FORM or OO NEE FORM V Victor VIK TAH W Whiskey WISS KEY X X-ray ECKS REI Y Yankee YANG KEY Z Zulu ZOO LOO Table 1 - Transmission of letters

37 TRANSMISSION OF NUMBERS When the English language is used, numbers shall be transmitted using the following pronunciation: NOTE: The syllables printed in CAPITAL LETTERS in the above list are to be stressed; for example, the two syllables in ZE - RO are given equal emphasis, whereas the first syllable of FOW - er is given primary emphasis. NUMERAL PRONUNCIATION 0 ZE - RO 1 WUN 2 TOO 3 TREE 4 FOW - er 5 FIFE 6 SIX 7 SEV - en 8 AIT 9 NIN - er Decimal DAY - SEE - MAL Hundred HUN - dred Thousand TOU - SAND Table 2 Transmission of numbers All numbers, except those contained in table 5 shall be transmitted by pronouncing each digit separately as follows: Aircraft call signs Transmitted as TAP235 RZO242 Flight level s FL180 FL200 Headings Air Portugal two three five Air Açores two four two Transmitted as Flight level one eight zero Flight level two zero zero Transmitted as 100 degrees Heading one zero zero 080 degrees Heading zero eight zero Wind direction and speed Transmitted as 200 degrees 70 knots Wind two zero zero degrees seven zero knots 160 degrees 7 knots gusting 20 Wind one six zero degrees seven knots gusting two knots zero knots Table 3 Transmission of numbers

38 Transponder codes Transmitted as 2400 Squawk two four zero zero 4203 Squawk four two zero three Runway Transmitted as 27 Runway two seven 30 Runway three zero Altimeter setting Transmitted as 1024 QNH one zero two four 1000 QNH one zero zero zero Table 4 Transmission of numbers All numbers in the transmission of altitude, cloud height, visibility, and runway visual range (RVR information, which contain whole hundreds and whole thousands, shall be transmitted by pronouncing each digit in the number of hundreds or thousands followed by the word HUNDRED or THOUSAND as appropriate. Combinations of thousands and whole hundreds shall be transmitted by pronouncing each digit in the number of thousands followed by the word THOUSAND followed by the number of hundreds followed by the word HUNDRED. Altitude Transmitted as 800 eight hundred Three thousand four hundred One two thousand Cloud height Transmitted as Two thousand two hundred Four thousand three hundred Visibility Transmitted as One thousand 700 Seven hundred Runway visual range (RVR) Transmitted as 600 RVR six hundred RVR one thousand seven hundred Table 5 Transmission of numbers Except as specified in table 7 all six of the numerical designator should be used to identify the transmitting channel in VHF radiotelephony communications, except in case of both the fifth and sixth digits being zeros, in which case only the first four digits should be used. The following examples illustrate the application of the procedure:

39 Channel Transmitted as One one eight decimal zero One one eight decimal zero zero five One one eight decimal zero one zero One one eight decimal zero two five One one eight decimal zero five zero One one eight decimal one Table 6 Transmission of frequency In airspace where all VHF voice communications channels are separated by 25kHz or more and the use of six digits as in table 6 is not substantiated by the operational requirement determined by the appropriated authorities, the first five digits of numerical designator should be used, except in the case of both the fifth and sixth digits being zeros, in which case only the first four digits should be used. The following examples illustrate the application of the procedure and the associate settings of the aircraft radio management panel for communication equipment with channel separation capabilities of 25kHz and 8.33/25kHz: Channel Transmitted as One one eight decimal zero One one eight decimal zero two One one eight decimal zero five One one eight decimal zero seven One one eight decimal one Radio management panel setting for communication equipment with 25kHz (5 digits) /25 khz (6 digits) Table 7 Transmission of frequency TRANSMISSION OF TIME When transmitting time, only the minutes of the hour should normally be require. Each digit should be pronounced separately. However, the hour should be included when any possibility of confusion is likely to result. The following example illustrates the application of this procedure: Time Transmitted as 0920 Two zero or Zero nine two zero 1643 Four three or One six four three Table 8 Transmission of time

40 STANDARD WORDS AND PHRASES The following words and phrases shall be used in radiotelephony communications as appropriate and shall have the meaning given below. ACKNOWLEGE Let me know that you have received and understood this message. AFFIRM Yes APPROVED Permission for proposed action granted. BREAK I hereby indicate the separation between portions of the message.(to be used where is no clear distinction between the text and other portions of the message.) BREAK BREAK I hereby indicate the separation between messages transmitted to different aircraft in a very busy environment. CANCEL Annul the previously transmitted clearance. CHECK Examine a system or procedure. (No answer is normally expected.) CLEARED Authorized to proceed under the conditions specified. CLIMB Climb and maintain. CONFIRM Have I correctly received the following? or Did you correctly receive this message? CONTACT Establish radio contact with CORRECT That is accurate or correct. CORRECTION An error has been made in this transmission. The correct version is DESCEND Descend and maintain. DISREGARD Consider the transmission as not sent. FREECALL Call (unit) (your details have not been passed mainly used by military ATC). HOW DO YOU READ What is the readability of my transmission? I SAY AGAIN I repeat for clarity or emphasis. MAINTAIN Continue in accordance with the condition(s) or instructions specified. MONITOR Listen out on (frequency)

41 NEGATIVE No or Permission not granted or That is not correct. OUT This exchange of transmissions is ended and no response is expected. OVER My transmission is ended and I expect a response from you. READ BACK Repeat all, or the specified part of this message, back to me exactly as received. RECLEARED A change has been made to your last clearance and this new clearance supersedes your previous clearance or part thereof. REPORT Pass me the following information. REQUEST I should like to know, or I wish to obtain ROGER I have received all of your last transmission. SAY AGAIN Repeat the entire message. SAY AGAIN item - Repeat specifid item SAY AGAIN ALL BEFORE (the first word satisfactorily received) Repeat part of message SAY AGAIN ALL AFTER (the last word satisfactorily received) Repeat part of message SAY AGAIN ALL BETWEEN AND Repeat part of message SPEAK SLOWER Reduce your rate of speech. STANDBY Wait and will call you. UNABLE I cannot comply with your request, instruction or clearance. WILCO (Abbreviation for will comply) I understand your message and will comply with it WORDS TWICE Every word or group of words are spoken twice. STANDARD WORDS (PALAVRAS PADRÃO), with the correspondent meaning in Portuguese. ACKNOWLEDGE DÊ O ENTENDIDO AFFIRM AFIRMATIVO APPROVED APROVADO BREAK BREAK BREAK BREAK BREAK BREAK

42 CANCEL CANCELE CHECK VERIFIQUE CLEARED AUTORIZADO CODE CÓDIGO CONFIRM CONFIRME CONTACT CONTACTE CORRECT CORRECTO CORRECTION CORRECÇÃO DISREGARD ESQUEÇA GO AHEAD TRANSMITA HOW DO YOU READ CONDIÇÕES DE AUDIÇÃO I SAY AGAIN VOU REPETIR MONITOR SINTONIZE E FIQUE À ESCUTA NEGATIVE NEGATIVO READ BACK REPITA TUDO RECLEARED REAUTORIZADO REPORT REPORTE REQUEST PRETENDE /INFORME /REQUER ROGER ENTENDIDO SAY AGAIN REPITA SPEAK SLOWER FALE MAIS DEVAGAR SQUAWK INTRODUZA STANDBY AGUARDE UNABLE IMPOSSIVEL WILCO ASSIM FAREI WORDS TWICE REPITA AS PALAVRAS DUAS VEZES

43 NAVIGATION AIDS AND FLIGHT PROCEDURES INTRODUCTION The knowledge of the different radio aids and equipments, their meaning, technical characteristics and capabilities are of a vital importance for pilots and air traffic controllers. It s also important to understand and define several terms and components related with air navigation, be familiarized with special procedures and use appropriately of the words. TERMS AND DEFINITIONS AERODROME BEACON. Aeronautical beacon used to indicate the location of an aerodrome from the air. AZIMUTH. A direction at a reference point expressed as the angle in the horizontal plane, between a reference point to another point, usually measured clockwise from the reference line. BEACON. A light or electronic source which emits a distinctive or characteristic signal used for the determination of bearings, courses or location. BEARING. The horizontal direction to or from any point, usually measured clockwise from a reference line or direction through 360º. Magnetic North is the reference line generally used. COVERAGE. The maximum distance at which the equipment signal can be received. DISTANCE MEASURING EQUIPMENT (DME) DME DISTANCE. The line of sight distance (Slant Range) from the source of a DME signal to the receiving antenna. FREQUENCY Primary. Radiotelephony frequency assigned as the first choice for Air/Ground communications. Secondary. Radiotelephony frequency assigned as the second choice for Air/Ground communications. LOW FREQUENCY (LF)

44 MEDIUM FREQUENCY (MF) HIGH FREQUENCY (HF) VERY HIGH FREQUENCY (VHF) (Emergency frequency Mhz) ULTRA HIGH FREQUENCY (UHF) (Emergency frequency Mhz) SUPER HIGH FREQUENCY (SHF) EXTREMELY HIGH FREQUENCY (EHF) GROUND CONTROL INTERCEPTION (GCI) GROUND CONTROLLED APPROACH (GCA) HEADING. The direction in which the longitudinal axis of an aircraft is pointed, usually expressed in degrees from North (true, magnetic). HOMING. The procedure of conducting a flight towards a navigational aid, without correcting from wind, by adjusting the aircraft heading to maintain a relative bearing of zero degrees. INSTRUMENT LANDING SYSTEM (ILS) LOCALIZER (LLZ) VHF GLIDE PATH (GP) UHF MARKER BEACONS: OUTER MARKER (OM) (LOM) Dashes MIDDLE MARKER (MM) (LMM) Dot Dashes INNER MARKER (IM) LINE OF SIGHT TRANSMISSION. Transmission made in a straight line, without the need of the radio waves have to pass or contour mountains or large objects between transmitter and receiver. As much as frequency is high more limited is the transmission. LOCATOR (L). Is an LF/MF aid used to final approach. A locator usually has an average radius of rated coverage between 10 and 25 NM. MICROWAVE LANDING SYSTEM (MLS). More accurate; wider radiation beam NON-DIRECTIONAL ANTENNA NON-DIRECTIONAL BEACON (NDB) RADAR. A radio detection device, which provides information on range, azimuth and / or elevation of objects

45 PRIMARY RADAR SECONDARY SURVEILLANCE RADAR (SSR) SQUAWK (Code). Set the code as instructed; CONFIRM SQUAWK. Confirm mode and code set on the transponder; RESET ((mode)(code). Reselect assigned mode and code; SQUAWK IDENT. Operate de IDENT feature; SQUAWK MAYDAY. Select emergency code; SQUAWK STAND BY. Select the stand by feature; SQUAWK CHARLIE. Select pressure altitude transmission feature; CHECK ALTIMETER SETTING AND CONFIRM LEVEL. Check pressure setting and confirm present level; STOP SQUAWK CHARLIE WRONG INDICATION. Deselect pressure altitude transmission feature because of faulty operation; VERIFY LEVEL. Check and confirm your level; CHECK ID SQUAWK. For a mode S equipped aircraft, check the setting of the aircraft identification feature. SURVEILLANCE RADAR APPROACH (SRA) PRECISION APPROACH RADAR (PAR) RADIAL. A magnetic bearing extending from a VOR navigation facility. RADIO BEACON. A radio transmitter which emits a distinctive or characteristic signal used for the determination of bearings, courses or location. RADIO COMPASS RADIO MAGNETIC INDICATOR (RMI) RECEIVER RECEPTION TRANSMITTER UHF TACTICAL AIR NAVIGATION (TACAN) VHF OMNIDIRECTIONAL RANGE (VOR) VOR AND TACAN COMBINATION (VORTAC)

46 VHF FREQUENCIES SPACING (25KHZ/8,33KHZ) As an interim solution to severe VHF spectrum congestion ICAO has split the VHF communications band from 25 khz to 8.33 khz channel spacing. There is a sixth digit at the end of the channel designation and when transferring between channels all six digits must be used, as specified in table 6. Note use of point instead of decimal when referring to The following phraseology shall only be used when referring to 8.33 khz channels khz Phraseology. Circumstances to request the confirmation of 8.33kHz capability to indicate 8.33Khz capability to indicate lack of 8.33Khz capability to request UHF capability to indicate UHF capability to indicate lack of UHF capability to request status in respect of 8.33kHz exemption to indicate 8.33kHz exempted status Phraseologies Confirm eight point tree tree Affirm eight point tree tree Negative eight point tree tree Confirm UHF Affirm UHF Negative UHF Confirm eight point tree tree exempted Affirm eight point tree tree exempted Table khz Phraseology ACAS/TCAS ACAS/TCAS equipment reacts to transponders of other aircraft in the vicinity to determine whether or not there is a potential confliction. The warning (Traffic Advisory (TA)), based on the time to an assumed collision enables the pilot to identify the conflicting traffic, and if necessary, take avoiding action (Resolution Advisory (RA))

47 When a pilot reports a manoeuvre induced by an ACAS resolution advisory (RA), the controller shall not attempt to modify the aircraft flight path until the pilot reports returning to the terms of the current ATC clearance or instruction, but the controller shall provide traffic information as appropriate. Once an aircraft departs from its clearance in compliance with an RA, the controller ceases to be responsible for providing separation between that aircraft and any other aircraft affect as a direct consequence of the manoeuvre induced by the RA. The controller resumes responsibility for providing separation for all that affect aircraft when the controller acknowledges a report from the flight crew that the aircraft has resumed the current clearance or the controller acknowledges a report from the flight crew that the aircraft is resuming the current clearance and issues an alternative clearance which is acknowledged by the flight crew. Examples: MIRA APP TAP181 MIRA APP ROGER REPORT RETURNING TO CLEARENCE MIRA APP, ROGER TAP181 MIRA APP CLIMB FL 130 TAP181, MIRA APP, ROGER REPORT MAINTAINING FL130 MIRA APP ROGER AIRCRAFT MIRA APP TAP181 TCAS RA MIRA APP TAP181 CLEAR OF CONFLIT RETURNING TO CLEARENCE, NOW MAINTAINING FL120 MIRA APP TAP181 UNABLE, TCAS RA MIRA APP TAP181 CLEAR OF CONFLIT FL130 RESUMED Table 10 TCAS Manoeuvres

48

49 AERONAUTICAL METEOROLOGY AND WEATHER REPORTS INTRODUCTION Weather is extremely important for air navigation, it can be a friend or enemy to pilots. Operators, flight crew members, air traffic services units, search and rescue services, airport managements and other services concerned with the conduct of air navigation, must be familiar with meteorological information. Weather information is part of nearly every radio conversation, and this makes it necessary for controllers and pilots to learn as much as possible about weather information. TERMS AND DEFINITIONS Air Mass. Large amount of air with identical characteristics such as temperature and moisture. Continental develops over land areas Maritime develops over maritime areas Stable colder than the surface it covers Unstable Warmer than the surface it covers Ceiling. The height above the ground or water of the lowest layer of clouds below 6000 meters ( ) that covers more than half the sky. Clear Air Turbulence. Turbulence encountered in air where no clouds are present. This term is commonly applied to high-level turbulence associated with wind shear. CAT is often encountered in the vicinity of the jet stream. Condensation. The change of water vapour to liquid water. Dew point. The temperature at which water vapour begins to condense. Forecast. A statement of expected meteorological conditions (weather prediction) for a specified time or period, and for a specified area or portion of airspace. Front. Forms when two different air masses meet. Cold front when the cold air mass displaces the warm one

50 Warm front when the warm air mass displaces the cold one. Gust. A sudden brief increase in wind. Gusts are reported when the variation in wind speed between peaks and lulls is at least 10 knots. Humidity. The amount of evaporated water in the air. Isobar. It s a line shown on a weather chart that connects points of equal atmospheric pressure. Jet Stream. A narrow band of high-speed winds present at high altitudes. Meteorological information. Meteorological report, analysis, forecast and any other statement relating to existing or expected meteorological conditions. Meteorological report. A (scheduled) statement of observed meteorological conditions related to a specified time and location. Precipitation. Any or all forms of water particles, whether liquid or solid, that fall from atmosphere and reach the surface. It is identified as a deposit of mist, rain, snow, hail or sleet on the earth s surface. Shift. A rapid change from one position or direction to another position or direction. Thunderstorms. Tornados or waterspouts and gust fronts, strong surface winds coupled with local topography. Low level temperature inversions. Wind Shear. A sudden and abrupt change in direction and/or speed from which the wind is blowing. It is conventionally expressed as vertical or horizontal wind shear. Clouds. Clouds are classified according to appearance and form. The height of the cloud base determines the classification. Clouds may be divided into three groups: High Clouds (form above ) Cirrus (Ci) Cirrostratus (Cs) Cirrocumulus (Cc), (as shown in picture on right side) Middle Clouds (form between and AGL) Altostratus (As) Altocumulus (Ac), (as shown in picture on right side) Nimbostratus (Ns)

51 Low Clouds (form just above the surface to AGL) Cumulus (Cu) Cumulonimbus (CB) (as shown in picture on right side) Stratocumulus (Sc) Stratus (St) Cumulus and Cumulonimbus are clouds with vertical development. Their base are usually below but may be slightly higher. The top of cumulonimbus sometimes exceed Towering Cumulus (TCU). A rapidly growing cumulus in which height exceeds width. Towering cumulus may produce precipitation. CLOUD AMOUNT FEW (few) 1 to 2 Oktas SCT (Scattered) 3 to 4 Oktas BKN (Broken) 5 to 7 Oktas OVC (Overcast) 8 Oktas PRESENT WEATHER Drizzle (chuvisco) DZ Duststorm (tempestade de poeiras) DS Fog (nevoeiro) FG Freezing rain (chuva gelada) FZRA Hail (granizo) GR Haze(bruma) HZ Heavy shower of rain (aguaceiro forte) SHRA Mist (neblina) BR Moderate freezing drizzle FZDZ Rain (chuva) RA Sandstorm (tempestade de areia) SS Shallow Fog (nevoeiro pouco espesso) MIFG Shower (aguaceiro) SH

52 Smoke (fumo) FU Snow (neve) SN Thunderstorm (trovoada com relâmpagos) TS OTHER TERMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ATIS Automatic terminal information service CAVOK Ceiling and visibility OK DAMP Humidade, ligeiramente húmido DEW Orvalho DUST Poeira GUST Rajada ICE Gelo ICE PELLETS Pedras de gelo LAYER Camada METAR Aviation routine weather report SKC Sky clear SLEET Saraiva SLUSH Neve derretida SNOW PELLETS Neve rolada. SNOW SHOWERS Aguaceiros de neve SPECI Aviation selected special weather report TAF Aerodrome forecast TREND - Tendência VOLMET Meteorological information for aircraft in flight

53 METEOROLOGICAL INSTRUMENTS ANEMOMETER (shown in picture); BAROMETER; CEILOMETER. METAR AND SPECI Routine and special reports in plain language shall contain the following information: Type of report ICAO location indicator Date and time of the observation Wind (the wind direction should be given in three figures rounded to the nearest 10º. When appropriate the terms VRB and CALM should be used). Visibility ( when the visibility is less than 800m it should be expressed in steps of 50m. When it is 800m or more but less than 5Km, in steps of 100m. 5Km or more but less than 10Km, in Kilometer steps, and when it is 10Km or more, it should be given as 10Km). Runway visual range RVR (when applicable) Present weather Clouds Air temperature Dew point Pressure values Other significant information The term CAVOK shall be used and replace the elements (5) to (8) when a group of conditions exist simultaneously. METAR

54 METAR LPMT Z 04006KT 5000VCFG FEW020 10/09 Q1031 WHT METAR LPLA KT SW BR SCT010 16/15 Q1022 BLU RMK CNTR RWY WND 15006KT FORECASTS An aerodrome forecast shall be issued at a specified time and consists of a concise statement of the expected meteorological conditions at an aerodrome for a specified period. It shall include the following information in the order indicated: code name TAF or TAF AMD location indicator date and time of origin of the forecast date and period of validity wind or surface wind visibility weather clouds expected significant changes to one or more of these elements during the period of validity. TAF LPHR Z KT 9999 SCT015 SCT030 BECMG KT PROB30 TEMPO DZ BR SCT006 BKN012= ATIS (AUTOMATIC TERMINAL INFORMATION SERVICE) ATIS is a continuous broadcast of recorded meteorological information and other essential information in selected high activity terminal areas. Every transmission will start and end with a designator based on the ICAO spelling alphabet. Pilots are requested to listen to arrival and departure essential information by ATIS, and to repeat the designator at the first contact with APP or GND/TWR to ensure that the latest information has been received. APP or GND/TWR will pass routine message to the aircraft in accordance with current procedures, whenever a non current designator is used by the pilot. Automatic broadcast in English contain the following information:

55 Name of aerodrome Designator of information Runway in use Type of approach to be expected Significant runway surface conditions Holding delay, if appropriate Transition level Other essential operational information, when appropriate. Aerodrome meteorological observation h/h+30 or speci, including TREND Complementary information / warnings on MET phenomena reported by pilots considered relevant for approach, landing and take-off, such as wind shear or turbulence

56

57 CALL SIGNS, ABBREVIATIONS AND MESSAGES INTRODUCTION The identification and radio call signs of the different ATS units, call signs for aircraft, test procedures, communications failure, distress and urgency messages are subjects that must be well known by pilots, air traffic controllers and other personnel related with ATS units, for the safe and expeditious flow of air traffic. It is also described in this chapter the (CPDLC) Controller Pilot Data Link Communications and the more common used abbreviations. RADIOTELEPHONY CALL SIGNS FOR AERONAUTICAL STATIONS Aeronautical stations in the aeronautical mobile service shall be identified by: Unit or service ACC-Area Control Centre RADAR (in general) APP-Approach Control APP-Approach Control arrivals APP-Approach Control departures TWR-Aerodrome Control SMC-Surface Movement Control Clearence delivery Precision approach radar Direction-finding station FIC-Flight Information Centre Apron control Company dispatch RDO-Aeronautical Station Call sign suffix Control Radar Approach Arrival Departure Tower Ground Delivery Precision Homer Information Apron Dispatch Rádio Table 11 - The name of the location and the unit or service available REGISTRATION AND RADIOTELEPHONY CALL SIGNS FOR AIRCRAFT The common mark or nationality mark and registration shall consist of a group of characters. The nationality or common mark shall precede the registration mark. The nationality mark shall be

58 selected from the series of nationality symbols included in the radio call signs allocated to the state of registry by the International Telecommunication Union. The registration mark shall be letters, numbers or a combination of letters and numbers and shall be assigned by the state of registry (Annex 7). Portugal uses the nationality mark CS. The Portuguese registration is composed of 3 letters after the nationality mark and the first of these has the following meaning: CS-A (General Aviation) CS-B (Balloon) CS-D (General Aviation) CS-G (Gyrocopter) Autogiro CS-H (Helicopter) CS-P (Glider) Planador CS-T (Transport) CS-U (Ultra-light) The Portuguese Air Force also uses a registration composed only by numbers. Aircraft call signs. With the exception of the telephony designator and the type of aircraft, each letter or number in the aircraft call sign shall be spoken separately using the phonetic spelling. An aircraft radiotelephony call sign shall be one of the following types: Type a. The characters corresponding to the registration marking of aircraft. (Example: CS-ARX or CS-ULM); Type b. The telephony designator of the aircraft operating agency, followed by the last four characters of the registration marking of the aircraft (Example: AIR PORTUGAL SARX or PORTUGUESE AIR FORCE 5603); Type c. The telephony designator of the aircraft operating agency, followed by the flight identification. (Example: AIR PORTUGAL 245 or PORTUGUESE AIR FORCE 1044; The aircraft radiotelephony call signs may be abbreviated when satisfactory communication has been established and provided that no confusion is likely to occur. An aircraft station shall only use its abbreviated call sign after it has been addressed in this way by the aeronautical station. Abbreviated call signs shall be in the following form: Type a. The first character of the registration and at least the last two characters of the call sign (Example: C-RX or C-LM); Type b. The telephony designator of the aircraft operating agency, followed by at least the last two characters of the call sign. (Example: AIR PORTUGAL RX or PORTUGUESE AIR FORCE 03);

59 Type c. No abbreviation form. An aircraft should acknowledge receipt of air traffic control messages or part thereof by reading them back and terminating by its radio call sign. An aircraft shall not change its type or call sign during flight except when there is a likelihood that confusion may occur because of similar call signs, in such cases, an aircraft may be instructed by an air traffic control unit to change the type of its call sign temporarily. Aircraft in heavy wake turbulence category shall include the word HEAVY immediately after the aircraft call sign in the initial call to the aerodrome control tower and the approach control unit. TEST PROCEDURES AND READABILITY SCALE Test transmissions should take the following form: The identification of the aeronautical station being called; The aircraft identification; The words RADIO CHECK ; and The frequency being used

60 Replies to test transmissions should as follows: The identification of the station calling; The identification of the station replying; Information regarding the readability of the transmission. The readability of transmissions should be classified in accordance with the following readability. 1 - UNREADABLE (IMPERCEPTIVEL) 2 - READABLE NOW AND THEN (EMISSÃO COM INTERRUPÇÕES ) 3 - READABLE BUT WITH DIFFICULTY (LEGIVEL MAS C/ DIFICULDADE) 4 - READABLE (LEGÍVEL) 5 - PERFECTLY READABLE (PERFEITAMENTE LEGÍVEL) When it is necessary for a station in the aeronautical mobile service to make test transmissions, either for the adjustment of a transmitter or for the adjustment of a receiver, such transmissions shall not continue for more than 10 seconds and shall be composed of spoken numerals (One, two, three, etc), followed by the radio call sign of the station transmitting. Such transmissions shall be kept to a minimum. Radio checks may be asked for a long count or a short count. If a long count is requested, we use the numbers 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 / 9,8,7,6,5,4,3,2,1. If a short count is requested we say 1,2,3,4,5 / 5,4,3,2,1. READ-BACK Read-back is vital for ensuring mutual understanding between the pilot and the controller of the intended plan for aircraft. Following correct read-back the flight crew must ensure that they carry out the correct action. Statistics show that one of the most common causes of a level bust in Europe is correct read-back followed by incorrect action. Strategies to prevent the above error include noting down the clearance prior to read-back and ensuring that both flight crew members listen all the clearances, including taxi instructions. IF IN DOUBT CHECK! Any safety related message or part of message transmitted by voice must always be read-back. The following shall always be read back: Taxi instructions;

61 Level instructions; Heading instructions; Speed instructions; Airways/route clearances; Approach clearances; Runway in use; All clearances affecting any runway; SSR operating instructions; Altimeter settings; VDF information; Type of radar service; Transitions levels. Frequency changes should be read-back in full. When a read back is required ensure it is complete and in the order given. COMMUNICATIONS FAILURE When an aeronautical station has been unable to establish contact with an aircraft after calls on the frequencies on which the aircraft is believed to be listening, it shall: When an aircraft fails to establish contact with the aeronautical station on the designated frequency, it shall attempt to establish contact on another frequency appropriate to the route. If this attempt fails, the aircraft shall endeavor to establish communication with other aircraft or other aeronautical stations on frequencies appropriate to the route. If the attempts fail, the aircraft shall transmit its message twice on the designated frequency, preceded by the phrase TRANSMITTING BLIND and, if necessary, include the address for which the message is intended. When an aircraft is unable to establish communication due to equipment failure it shall, when so equipped, select the appropriate SSR code to indicate radio failure. When an aeronautical station has been unable to establish contact with an aircraft after calls on the frequencies on which aircraft is believed to be listening, it shall:

62 Request other aeronautical stations to render assistance by calling the aircraft and relaying traffic, if necessary. Request aircraft on the route to attempt establish communication with the aircraft and relay messages, if necessary. DISTRESS AND URGENCY PROCEDURES Distress and urgency conditions are defined as: Distress a condition of being threatened by serious and/or imminent danger requiring immediate assistance. Urgency a condition concerning the safety of an aircraft or some person on board but which doesn t require immediate assistance. Distress messages have priority over all transmissions, and urgency messages have priority over all transmissions except distress messages. A distress or urgency call should normally be made on the frequency in use at the time. If the ground station called by the aircraft in distress or urgency does not reply, then any other ground station or aircraft shall reply and give whatever assistance possible. Pilots making distress or urgency calls should attempt to speak slowly and clearly so as to avoid any unnecessary repetition. Pilots should adapt the phraseology procedures to their specific needs and to the time available. The word MAYDAY spoken at the start identifies a distress message, and the words PAN PAN spoken at the start identifies an urgency message. The words MAYDAY or PAN PAN as appropriate, should preferably be spoken three times at the start of the initial distress or urgency call. DISTRESS MESSAGES A distress message should contain the following elements, if possible in the order shown: name of the station addressed; identification of the aircraft;