EFFECT OF FOOD PROCESSING ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF PACAMÃ FINGERLINGS (Lophiosilurus alexandri)

SANTOS et l. 5 EFFECT OF FOOD PROCESSING ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF PACAMÃ FINGERLINGS (Lophiosilurus lexndri) Lilin Den dos Sntos Lilin Crolin Ros d Silv João Victor Oliveir Amorim Rfel Ernesto Blen 3 Fáio Meurer SANTOS, L. D. dos; SILVA, L. C. R. d; AMORIN, J. V. O.; BALEN, R. E.; MEURER, F. Effect of food processing on the development of pcmã fingerlings (Lophiosilurus lexndri). Arq. Ciênc. Vet. Zool. UNIPAR, Umurm, v. 5, n., p. 5-0, jul./dez. 0. ABSTRACT: Although pcmã (Lophiosilurus lexndri), fish species ntive to Brzil, is suitle for frming, it hs een little investigted. The present experiment evlutes the effect of food processing on the performnce nd survivl rte of pcmã fingerlings. An experiment in completely rndomized design ws crried out with 48 pcmã fingerlings ged 45 dys nd weighing.94 ± 0.0 g. Fingerlings were ssigned to three tretments with four repetitions. Ech qurium contining four fingerlings ws considered one experimentl unit. Fingerlings were sumitted to feed tretments with 47.5% crude protein processed in rn, micro-pellet, nd moist forms. The verge finl weight nd pprent feed conversion were significntly (P<0.0) ffected y food processing. Pcmã fingerlings tht fed on moist food performed the est, such tht moist food rther thn rn or micro-pellet forms is recommended. KEYWORDS: Crnivorous fish; Brnny food; Micro-pelleted food; Moist food. EFEITO DO PROCESSAMENTO DA RAÇÃO SOBRE O DESENVOLVIMENTO DE ALEVINOS DE PACAMÃ (Lophiosilurus lexndri) RESUMO: Emor o pcmã (Lophiosilurus lexndri), um espécie de peixe ntiv do Brsil, sej proprido pr o cultivo, pouco se conhece seu respeito. O presente experimento vliou o efeito do processmento d rção no desempenho e n sorevivênci de levinos de pcmã. O desenho experimentl foi completmente csulizdo, com 48 levinos de pcmã com 45 dis de idde e peso de,94 ± 0,0 g distriuídos em três trtmentos com qutro repetições. Cd quário com qutro levinos foi considerdo um unidde experimentl. Os levinos form sumetidos trtmentos com rções contendo 47,5% de proteín rut, processds n form freld, micropeletizd e úmid. O peso finl e conversão limentr prente presentrm efeito significtivo (P<0,0) pr o processmento d rção. Os levinos de pcmã limentdos com rção n form úmid presentrm melhor desempenho. Desse modo, recomend-se rção n form úmid em vez dquels ns forms freld e peletizd. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Peixe crnívoro; Rção freld; Rção micropeletizd; Rção úmid. EFECTO DEL PROCESAMIENTO DE LA DIETA SOBRE EL DESARROLLO DE ALEVINES DE PACAMÃ (Lophiosilurus lexndri) RESUMEN: Aunque el pcmã (Lophiosilurus lexndri), un especie de pez ntivo de Brsil, es pto pr el cultivo, poco se se cerc del mismo. En este estudio se evluó el efecto del procesmiento del pienso en el rendimiento y l supervivenci de los levines de pcmã. El diseño experimentl fue completmente csulizdo, con 48 levines de pcmã con 45 dís de edd y peso de,94 ± 0,0 g distriuidos en tres trtmientos con cutro repeticiones. Cd curio con cutro levines se consideró un unidd experimentl. Los levines fueron sometidos trtmientos con piensos conteniendo 47,5% de proteín rut, procesds como hrin, micro peletizdo y húmedo. El peso finl y l conversión limentri mostró efecto significtivo (P <0,0) pr el procesmiento de l rción. Los levines de pcmã limentdos con l form húmed mostrron mejor rendimiento. Por lo tnto, se recomiend pienso en l form húmed en lugr de ls forms en hrin y micro peletizdo. PALABRAS CLAVE: Pez crnívoro; Pienso en hrin; Pienso micro peletizdo; Pienso húmedo. Introduction Pcmã (Lophiosilurus lexndri Steindchner, 876) is species endemic to the São Frncisco River (TE- NÓRIO, et l., 006). According to Godinho (007), pcmã is sedentry fish elonging to the sme order s other importnt ntive crnivorous ctfish (Siluriform) like suruim (Pseudopltystom fscitum) nd pintdo (P. coruscns). Professores djuntos do curso superior de Tecnologi em Aquicultur Universidde Federl do Prná, Cmpus de Plotin, Ru Pioneiro, 53, Jrdim Dlls, 85950-000, Plotin Pr, Brsil. lilinsntos@ufpr.r; lcrsilv@ufpr.r; fiomeurer@ufpr.r; Zootecnist Universidde Federl do Vle do São Frncisco, Cmpus Ciêncis Agráris, Rodovi BR 407, Km, Lote 543, Projeto de Irrigção Nilo Coelho, s/n C, 56300-000, Petrolin, PE, Brsil. Joo0morim@hotmil.com; 3 Doutorndo do Progrm de Pós Grdução em Zoologi d Universidde Federl do Prná, Lortório de Nutrição, Bromtologi e Qulidde de Águ de Orgnismos Aquáticos. Ru Pioneiro, 53, Jrdim Dlls, 85950-000, Plotin, Pr, Brsil. relen@yhoo.com.r

6 Effect of food... SANTOS et l. et l. Brros et l. (007) plce pcmã in the neotropicl fresh wter fish fmily (Pseudopimelodide), which hs een little studied nd is endemic only to South Americ. A crnivorous fish rther pprecited y the locl popultion for the tste of its met, it is one of the locl species with the highest commercil vlue. It is lso used in quriums due to its exotic externl ntomy. Becuse of this, it hs ecome rre in street mrkets in recent yers, s reported y Lins et l. (997), nd it is one of the endngered species in the Mins Geris Stte portion of the São Frncisco sin. Prtil spwning occurs nturlly in nests uilt on sndy ottoms with prentl cre (LOPEZ; SAMPAIO, 000). Eggs nd lrve s considered lrge y Sto et l. (003), with the living dult weighing over 8 kg (CARDO- SO, et l., 996). Although the literture on its frming is scrce, severl uthors consider it species with quculture potentil (SATO, et l., 003; BARROS, et l., 007; GODI- NHO, 007; PEDREIRA, et l., 008). Pedreir et l. (008) oserved tht the zooplnkton size influences the performnce nd survivl rtes of post- -lrvl pcmã. Nevertheless, feed tretment did not improve performnce nd worsened wter qulity. In contrst, Meurer et l. (00) found tht pcmã fingerlings fed with post-lrvl Nile tilpi (Oreochromis niloticus) t rtio of 30% live weight chieved good growth. The initil development phses re extremely importnt in fish frming s it ffects the supply of qulity fish in quntity for the lter frming phses (HAYASHI, et l., 00). The consumption of inert rtificil food is one of the hindrnces in crnivorous fish frming in the initil phses, s rtificil feed trining my result in significnt deth rtes (LUZ, et l., 00). Studies on the use of inert foods in crnivorous species re relevnt for the development of sustinle frming progrms. The literture on pcmã is scrce (TENÓRIO, et l., 006) nd mny experiments report on live food. Knowing the ehvior of pcmã towrds inert food is very importnt for the development of rtionl frming strtegies s well s the reserch of the species itself. The use of processing technologies in the production of commercil quculture foods iming to improve the nutritionl nd physicl chrcteristics of ingredients hs incresed (BOOTH, et l., 000). According to Ensminger nd Olentine (980), processing ims to improve prticle size, chnge moisture, cceptility, nutritionl content, increse vilility, remove nti-nutritionl fctors, nd reduce shipping/storge costs nd pthogenic microorgnisms. The development of rtionl technologies for frming endngered fish species my hve doule enefit. First, y reducing predtory fishing with the sle of frmed fish, nd second, y mens of rtionl frming technology in government fish frms to mintin reeding stocks for re- -popultion progrms of nturl environments. The present study imed to evlute the performnce nd survivl rte of pcmã fingerlings fed inert rtificil food in rn, micro-pellet, nd moist forms. Mteril nd Methods The experiment ws crried out t the Aquculture Sector of the Agrrin Sciences cmpus of Universidde Federl do Vle do São Frncisco (UNIVASF), Pernmuco Stte (PE), Brzil, over period of 45 dys. Forty-eight pcmã (L. lexndri) fingerlings ged 45 dys nd weighing.94 ± 0. g were used in the experiment. Fingerlings were ssigned to twelve 60 L quriums in fully rndom design with three tretments nd four repetitions. An qurium with four fingerlings ws considered the experimentl unit. The fingerlings from sme spwn used in the experiment were supplied y the Beedouro Fish Frm (3rd Regionl Superintendence of CODEVASF, Petrolin, PE). Fingerlings were fed t will until the dy of trnsporttion to the UNIVASF Aquculture Lortory, where they were kept in,000 L tnk for one week without food. Afterwrds, the fishes were weighed nd ssigned to the experimentl units. No specific hndling ws used for fish dpttion to inert food consumption. The experimentl units were continuously erted y contct with porous stone connected to mini ir compressor. Every morning (7h00) nd fternoon (6h00), 0 nd 40% of the tnk wter ws siphoned, respectively, to remove feces nd leftover food. The wter temperture of ech qurium ws mesured efore siphoning, nd the other wter physicl-chemicl prmeters, such s ph, electricl conductivity, nd dissolved oxygen, were mesured weekly efore the morning siphoning. Although there is no dt in the literture on the nutritionl requirements of pcmã, 47.5% crude protein food ws prepred. The food ingredients were ground nd sieved through.0 mm mesh ccording to Hyshi et l. (999). Due to the high ft content in viscer nd tilpi mels, the ingredients were ground mnully nd sieved through.0 mm mesh first, nd next mixed with the ground nd sieved frction. The foods were mixed ccording to the experimentl food formultions in Tle. Fingerling tretment involved giving one of the three food processings, rn, micro- -pellet, or moist. Tle : Composition of experimentl diet offered to pcmã fingerlings. Ingredient Amount Nutrient Amount Poultry y product 49.88 % Crude protein 47.50 % mel Nile tilpi mel 0.00 % Crude energy 3,774 Soyen mel 4. % Phosphorus.03 % Minerl nd vitmin 5.00 % Clcium.86 % suplement Corn 5.00 % Crude fier.87 % Soyen oil 5.00 % Slt (NCl) 0.50 % Ascophyllum nodosum 0.50 % BHT 0.0 % Levels y kilogrm of product: Vit. A,,00,000 UI; Vit. D 3, 00,000 UI; Vit. E,,000 mg; Vit. K3,,400 mg; Vit. B, 4,800 mg; Vit. B, 4,800 mg; Vit. B6, 4,000 mg; Vit. B, 4,800 mg; Folic cid,,00 mg; Pntotento C,,000 mg; Vit. C, 48,000 mg; Bio-

SANTOS et l. 7 tin, 48 mg; Colin, 65,000 mg; Nicin, 4,000 mg; Fe, 0,000 mg; Cu, 6,000 mg; Mn, 4,000 mg; Zn, 6,000 mg; I, 0 mg; Co, mg; Se, 0 mg. kcl kg -. The rnny food ws considered s the food otined y the previously descried processes. To produce the moist food, the rnny food ws wetted t grinding with.3 nd.5 prts of wter to one prt of dry food (ENSMIN- GER; OLENTINE, 980) nd given to fingerlings s four smll lls. The micro-pelleted food ws otined from the rnny food wetted t 50 C, pelleted in n experimentl electric pelleter, nd lter dried in forced ir oven t 50 C for 4 hours. The pellets were then ground nd grded with severl mesh sieves (LOVELL, 988). Fingerlings were fed pellets equl to or smller thn mm. Pcmã fingerlings were given food t the rtio of 0% live weight twice dy t 07h30 nd 7h00. Every 5 dys, the fishes of ech experimentl unit were weighed to determine feeding mounts, the clcultion of weight, nd pprent feed conversion rtes. Apprent feed conversion rte (FC) ws estimted using the eqution: FC = feed offered/weight gin. At the end of the experimentl period, the pcmã fingerlings were counted nd weighed to evlute the finl verge weight nd FC. The evlution prmeters were sumitted to vrince nlysis t 5% proility nd to the Tukey test when the difference ws significnt using softwre SAEG (Sistem pr Análises Esttístics e Genétics, Sttisticl nd genetic nlysis system) (UFV, 997). Results nd Discussion The men vlues of wter physicl-chemicl prmeters ph, dissolved oxygen, electricl conductivity, nd morning nd fternoon tempertures were 7.4 ± 0., 5. ± 0.4 mg L -, 7.7 ± 6. µs m -, 4.4 ± 0.6ºC, nd 5.5 ± 0.6ºC, respectively. The verge weight t 5, 30, nd 45 dys re given in Figure. Pcmã fingerling weight ws ffected y food processing (P<0.0). Moist food results were etter t 30 nd 45 dys of the experiment. The men fortnightly FC nd the men FC in the experimentl period re given in Tle. FC ws the est for moist food in reltion to the first (P<0.0), second (P<0.05), nd third (P<0.0) fortnights, s well s the period men FC (P<0.0). Weigth (g) 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 0..5.5 3.7.5.55.8. 5 dys 30 dys 45 dys 6.86 Brnny food Micro-pelleted food Moist food Figure : Weight of pcmã (Lophiusilurus lexndri) fingerling given different food processing t 5, 30, nd 45 dys (mens in the sme period (dys) followed y different letters re significntly different y Tukey s test t P<0.05). The survivl rtes of pcmã fingerling given rnny, micro-pellet, nd moist foods in the experimentl period were 75, 87.5, nd 00%, respectively. Despite the lrge numericl difference, survivl ws not influenced y tretments (P>0.05). Wter physicl-chemicl prmeters remined within the vlues recommended for fish frming (BOYD, 990; SIPAÚBA-TAVARES, 995); tht is, it ws suitle for the fish species frming nd not ffected y tretments. The survivl rtes found for pcmã fingerlings gree with the vlues reported y Rodrigues nd Fernndes (006), Bomrdelli et l. (004), nd Furuy et l. (998), who found tht food processing did not influence survivl rtes. In contrst, Meurer et l. (003) reported tht micro- -pelleted food resulted in significntly lower survivl rte thn rnny nd moist food. We point out the resistnce of the species to fsting periods, which my e relted to the fct tht the species is sedentry nd possily given to low energy consumption, s the fish remin on the ottom of the tnk. Tle : Fortnightly nd finl pprent feed conversion of pcmã (Lophiusilurus lexndri) fingerlings given different food processing. Food Apprent Feed Conversion st fortnightly nd fortnightly 3 rd fortnightly Totl period Brnny 0.89 36.09.5 6.8 Micro-pelletized 8.4 5.39 5.58 0.49 Moist.55.6.75.79 CV 56.63 8.76 49.74 44.7 Mens in the sme column followed y different letters re significntly different y Tukey s test (P<0.05); Coefficient of vrition. As to the finl weight, Rodrigues nd Fernndes (006) evluted crá-ndeir (Pterophyllum sclre) fingerlings nd oserved tht food processing ffected the fish finl weight. Extruded nd pelleted foods fforded etter results thn rnny food. Our results disgree with those on Nile tilpi y Bomrdelli et l. (004) nd Meurer et l. (003) in the sexul reversl period, whose finl weight ws ffected y food processing. In ddition, Furuy et l. (998) lso found distinct vlues. Food processing did not influence Nile tilpi finl weight during the growth phse. Like performnce, feed conversion ws ffected in the studies reported y Rodrigues nd Fernndes (006) nd Furuy et l. (998). The former demonstrted tht extruded food resulted in higher FC thn tht of rnny food nd similr FC to tht of pelleted food. The ltter found higher FC for extruded food thn for pelleted food. The distinct results of the present study re due to the distinct species nd development phse investigted. Few studies in the literture report on food processing for crnivorous fish nd none on the species investigted here. Among the works discussed, few investigted moist diets comprtively to other food processings. Most reserch compred extruded nd pelleted foods, mny times in reltion to the influence of processing on nutrient vilility or the reduction of nti-nutritionl fctors (DREW, et l., 007).

8 Effect of food... SANTOS et l. et l. In the cse of crnivorous species, prticulrly Brzilin ntive species, moist food is commonly used in the feed trining phse, s in the cse of the study of Luz et l. (00) on trirão (Hoplis lcerde) fingerlings. Tretment without feed trining led to low survivl rtes. The present study demonstrtes the est performnce of fingerlings fed moist food. The impossiility or the low consumption of other food processings is confirmed y the low growth nd FC of fingerlings fed micro-pelleted nd rnny foods. Pedreir et l. (008) reported tht pcmã hs lrge mouth, s confirmed y Meurer et l. (00); the pcmã fingerling mouth is 56.7% s long s the hed. Along with the lck of dequte gill rkers, which help in the est use of prticulte foods, such s rnny or micro-pelleted food, the results otined with moist food my e more relted to the supply of this food in ll form. Another importnt fctor found in this experiment is the good performnce of the species when fed with inert rtificil food, s lthough it is known tht the species consumes inert foods, it is not known when it my e used. Pedreir et l. (008) pointed out tht the use of inert food did not fford n improvement in performnce for species in the eginning of the post-lrvl phse. The good performnce of fingerlings fed moist food my e relted to the use of food suitle to the nutritionl requirements of the species despite the lck of reference vlues in the literture. It hs een oserved tht the importnce of processing food ppropritely to fish species nd developmentl phse, s well s the nutritionl lnce for given species, hs little impct if the food is not provided in form tht fish my consume. The present results on fingerlings fed moist food corroorte those reported y Rodrigues nd Fernndes (006), who stted tht food processing ims t fcilitting the niml s feed intke, thus incresing feed efficiency nd reducing losses to the qutic system. Moist food reduces food selectivity to n extent when compred to rnny food (ENSMINGER; OLENTI- NE, 980) nd is softer nd more pltle thn the dry food (LOVELL, 988). Generlly, grinding is the first food processing step nd it involves only the physicl reduction of food prticle size nd n increse in surfce re (MONTI- CELLI, et l., 996), which increses nutrient leching into the wter nd llows for food selectivity. However, decisive fctor in the present work ws the feed intke cpcity. Further investigtion is required to compre prticles with similr sizes. Conclusion It is recommended to provide moist food to pcmã fingerlings (L. lexndri) rther thn micro-pelleted or rnny foods. Acknowledgments The uthors thnk Conselho Ncionl de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) for the scholrships nd the 3rd Regionl Agency of CODEVASF t Petrolin, prticulrly for the support of Rozzno Antônio Cvlcnte Reis de Figueiredo nd Mrcelo Brlho, fishing engineers of the Beedouro Fish Culture Sttion, who supplied pcmã fingerlings. References BARROS, M. D. M. et l. Reproductive pprtus nd gmetogenesis of Lophiosilurus lexndri Steindchner (Pisces, Teleostei, Siluriformes). Revist Brsileir de Zoologi, v. 4, n., p. 3-, 007. BOMBARDELLI, R. A. et l. Avlição de rções frelds e micropeletizds pr lrvs de tilápi do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus) - desempenho e efetividde d reversão sexul. Act Scientirum Animl Science, v. 6, n., p. 97-0, 004. BOOTH, M. A.; ALLAN, G. L.; WARNER-SMITH, R. Effects of grinding, stem conditioning nd extrusion of prcticl diet on digestiility nd weight gin of silver perch, Bidynus idynus. Aquculture, v. 8, n. 3-4, p. 87-99, 000. BOYD, C. E. Wter qulity in ponds for quculture. Birminghm: Birminghm Pulishing, 990. CARDOSO, E. L. et l. Morphologicl chnges in the gills of lophiosilurus lexndri exposed to un-ionized mmoni. Journl of Fish Biology, v. 49, n. 5, p. 778-787, 996. DREW, M. D.; BORGESON, T. L.; THIESSEN, D. L. A review of processing of feed ingredients to enhnce diet digestiility in finfish. Animl Feed Science nd Technology, v. 38, n., p. 8-36, 007. ENSMINGER, M. E.; OLENTINE, C. G. Feeds & nutrition. Clifórni: Ensminger Pulishing, 980. FURUYA, W. M. et l. Diets peletizd e extrusd pr mchos revertidos de tilápis do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus L.), n fse de terminção. Ciênci Rurl, v. 8, n. 3, p. 483-487, 998. GODINHO, H. P. Estrtégis reprodutivs de peixes plicds à quicultur: ses pr o desenvolvimento de tecnologis de produção. Revist Brsileir de Reprodução Animl, v. 3, n. 3, p. 35-360, 007. HAYASHI, C. et l. Uso de diferentes grus de mogem dos ingredientes em diets pr tilápi-do-nilo (Oreochromis niloticus L.) n fse de crescimento. Act Scientirum, v., n. 3, p. 733-737, 999. HAYASHI, C. et l. Exigênci de proteín digestível pr lrvs de tilápi do Nilo no período de reversão sexul. Revist Brsileir de Zootecni, v. 3, n., p. 83-88, 00. LINS, L. V. et l. Roteiro metodológico pr elorção de lists de espécies meçds de extinção: contendo list oficil de fun meçd de extinção de Mins Geris. Belo Horizonte: Fundção Biodiversits, 997.

SANTOS et l. 9 LOPEZ, C. M.; SAMPAIO, E. V. Sorevivênci e crescimento lrvl do pcmã Lophiosilurus lexndri Steindchner 876 (Siluriformes, Pimelodide), em função de três densiddes de estocgem em lortório. Act Scientirum, v., n., p. 49-494, 000. LOVELL, T. Nutrition nd feeding of fish. New York: Vn Nostrnd nd Reinhold, 988. LUZ, R. Z. et l. Condicionmento limentr de levinos de trirão (Hoplis cf. lcerde). Revist Brsileir de Zootecni, v. 3, n. 5, p. 88-885, 00. MEURER, F.; HAYASHI, C.; BOSCOLO, W. R. Influênci do processmento d rção no desempenho e sorevivênci d tilápi do Nilo durnte reversão sexul. Revist Brsileir de Zootecni, v. 3, n., p. 6-67, 003. MEURER, F. et l. Níveis de ofert de pós-lrvs de tilápi do Nilo pr levinos de pcmã (Lophiosilurus lexndri). Revist Brsileir de Ciêncis Agráris, v. 5, n., p. - 6, 00. MONTICELLI, C. J. et l. Efeito d grnulometri do milho, d áre por niml e do sexo sore o desempenho de suínos em crescimento e terminção. Revist d Sociedde Brsileir de Zootecni, v. 5, n. 6, p. 50-6, 996. PEDREIRA, M. M. et l. Efeito do tmnho d pres e do créscimo de rção n lrvicultur de pcmã. Revist Brsileir de Zootecni, v. 37, n. 7, p. 44-50, 008. RODRIGUES, L. A.; FERNANDES, J. B. K. Influênci do processmento d diet no desempenho produtivo do crá ndeir (Pterophyllum sclre). Act Scientirum Animl Science, v. 8, n., p. 3-9, 006. SATO, T.; FENERICH-VERANI, N.; GODINHO, H. P. Reprodução induzid de peixes d ci do São Frncisco. In: GODINHO, H. P.; GODINHO, A. L. (Org.). Águs, peixes e pescdores do São Frncisco d Mins Geris. Belo Horizonte: PUC Mins, 003. p. 57-89. SIPAÚBA-TAVARES, L. H. S. Limnologi plicd à quicultur. Joticl: Funep, 995. TENÓRIO, R. A. et l. Crescimento do niquim (Lophiosilurus lexndri, Steindchner 876), em diferentes condições de luminosidde e tipos de limento. Act Scientirum Biologicl Sciences, v. 8, n. 4, p. 305-309, 006. UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE VIÇOSA- UFV. Sistem pr nálises esttístics e genétics. Versão 7.. Viços: UFV, 997. CD-ROM.