Lecture 28: Scientific Networks. Prof. Eduardo A. Haddad

Transcrição

1 Lecture 28: Scientific Networks Prof. Eduardo A. Haddad

2 Introduction Universities and regional development Importance of universities in a regional innovation system Knowledge spillovers Evidences of spatial localization Scientific landscape in Accelerated growth of production in emerging scientific nations (China, Brazil and India) Increase of scientific collaboration (over 70% of their production from domestic collaboration) Spatial scientometrics Analyzes spatial patterns of scientific activity The importance of geography in process of creation and diffusion of knowledge 2

3 Colaboração científica A ciência moderna é cada vez mais colaborativa O aumento da colaboração científica revela-se de muitas maneiras: Número de participações em projetos de pesquisa Número de orientações acadêmicas Número de coautorias acadêmicas 3

4 Caso brasileiro 4

5 Colaboração científica Embora existam diferenças claras entre áreas nos números absolutos de artigos de coautoria, todas as áreas apresentam um padrão semelhante 5

6 Artigos em coautoria estão se tornando mais frequentes Brasil ( ): Área de Ciências Exatas 6

7 Na área de Matemática (no mundo)... 7

8 Scientific collaboration in numbers How to measure scientific collaboration? Co-authorship in scientific research Curriculum Lattes (CNPq) Main system of curriculum information for the Brazilian scientific community Information is publicly available But the process of data extraction and mining is complex Scriptlattes (MENA-CHALCO et al, 2013) Summary of database Total of CVs Total of scientific publications

9 Identification of major knowledge areas (Scriptlattes) Major Knowledge Areas (CNPq) Engineering Humanities Applied Social Sciences Linguistics, Letters and Arts Agricultural Sciences Exact and Earth Sciences Health Sciences Biological Sciences Other areas 9

10 Identification of geographic location (Scriptlattes) cities 10

11 Identification of co-authorship (Scriptlattes) Bibliographical Production selected in CL Articles in scientific journals Expanded abstract published in proceedings of conferences Book published/organized Book chapter published Researcher A Researcher B Author A; Author B. Impacts of... Revista XX, São Paulo Author A; Author B. Impacts of... Revista XX, São Paulo Similar titles Coauthorship between researchers A and B 11

12 Full counting method Researcher A Researcher C Researcher D Researcher B Region X Region Y Region Z Region X Region Y Region Z Region X Region Y Region Z

13 Full counting method Region X Region Y Region Z Region X RegionY Region Z Contains the total number of interregional co-authorships (symmetric matrix) Main diagonal: contains the total number of intraregional coauthorships Co-authorships associated to Brazilian cities (dimension of matrix) 210 matrices of interregional co-authorships by year ( ) and major knowledge areas (9 + total) 13

14 Scientific production in Brazil: Scientific production measured by authorship in scientific publications 14

15 Scientific production in Brazil: Scientific production measured by authorship in scientific publications 15

16 Location of public universities 16

17 Growth rate Increase of scientific production by knowledge areas 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% I-II II-III III-IV IV-V V-VI Engenharias Ciências Humanas Outros Ciências Sociais Aplicadas Linguística, Letras e Artes Ciências Agrárias Ciências Exatas e da Terra Ciências da Saúde Ciências Biológicas Total I - ( ) II - ( ) III - ( ) IV - ( ) V - ( ) VI - ( ) evidence of slowing-down of scientific production in Brazil 17

18 Proportion of total production Spatial deconcentration 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% % 0% 1,0 26,0 51,0 76,0 101,0 126,0 151,0 176,0 Number of cities (ordered by individual production) 90% of scientific production concentrated in cities cities 18

19 Knowledge flows in Brazil:

20 Scientific collaboration in Brazil Total of Scientific Coauthorships Main links in Interregional links Intraregional links Campinas/SP São Paulo/SP São Paulo/SP Ribeirão Preto/SP São Paulo/SP Rio de Janeiro/RJ Niterói/RJ Rio de Janeiro/RJ Porto Alegre/RS Rio de Janeiro/RJ São Paulo/SP Belo Horizonte/MG Seropédica/RJ Rio de Janeiro/RJ Ribeirão Preto/SP Porto Alegre/RS São Paulo/SP Campinas/SP

21 Number of cities in the networks Expansion of domestic scientific collaboration ENG HUM SOC LIN AGR EXA SAU BIO TOTAL 21

22 Co-authorship network: Agricultural Sciences ( ) Capão do Leão/RS Pelotas/RS Piracicaba/SP Campinas/SP Lavras/MG Viçosa/MG Viçosa/MG São Paulo/SP Lavras/MG Individual degree in the network 22

23 Co-authorship network: Health Sciences ( ) Ribeirão Preto/SP São Paulo/SP Campinas/SP São Paulo/SP Rio de Janeiro/RJ São Paulo/SP São Paulo/SP Ribeirão Preto/SP Rio de Janeiro/RJ Individual degree in the network 23

24 Role of geographical proximity Average Distance (for 105 main cities) ,8 Km 387,6 Km 425,4 Km 490,5 Km 493,9 Km 465,2 Km Does space still matter for scientific interactions? Did this effect decrease over time? How to measure this effect? Dimensions of proximity Geographical, institutional, cognitive and social proximity Dimensions occur together 24

25 Spatial interaction modeling: Data scientific collaborations between regions i and j measured by co-authorships in scientific publications and : total of scientific publications in regions i and j measured by authorship in scientific publications : geographical proximity between regions i and j measured by physical distance (Kilometres) : institutional proximity between regions i and j dummy variable (1 if both regions have public universities) 25

26 Spatial interaction modeling for count data Nature of data Linear regression model Count Data Specification test Is there unobserved heterogeneity (overdispersion)? Negative binomial model Poisson model Specification test Specification test Zero-inflated Negative binomial model (ZINB) Negative binomial model Zero-inflated Poisson model (ZIP) Poisson model 26

27 Estimation results Poisson Origem Destino (α 1 = α 2 ) 0, *** 0, *** 0, *** 0, *** 0, *** 0, *** (0, ) (0, ) (0, ) (0, ) (0,054490) (0, ) Distância Geográfica (β 1 ) -0, *** -0, *** -0, *** -0, *** -0, *** -0, *** (0, ) (0, ) (0, ) (0, ) (0, ) (0, ) Distância Institucional (β 2 ) 0, *** 0, *** 0, *** 0, *** 0, *** 0, *** (0,176917) (0, ) (0, ) (0, ) (0, ) (0, ) Constante (α 0 ) -7,857116*** -7,251477*** -7,874573*** -7,340407*** -7,597752*** -7,356414*** (1,304543) (1,149595) (1,215009) (1,060104) (1,034923) (1,116736) Binomial Negativo Origem Destino (α 1 = α 2 ) 0, *** 0, *** 0, *** 0, *** 0, *** 0, *** (0, ) (0, ) (0, ) (0, ) (0, ) (0,279855) Distância Geográfica (β 1 ) -0, *** -0, *** -0, *** -0,000797*** -0, *** -0, *** (0, ) (0, ) (0, ) (0, ) (0,000392) (0,000359) Distância Institucional (β 2 ) 0, *** 0,134085*** 0, *** 0, *** 0, *** 0, *** (0, ) (0, ) (0, ) (0, ) (0, ) (0, ) Constante (α 0 ) -8,848608*** -8,256593*** -7,296663*** -6,709063*** -6,811066*** -5,024858*** (0, ) (0, ) (0,340571) (0, ) (0, ) (0, ) Heterogeneidade (α) 6,08251* 5,08992* 4,562474* 3,848097* 3,618955* 3,750808* (0, ) (0,116746) (0, ) (0, ) (0, ) (0, ) Notas: i) n 2 = observações; ii) os erros-padrão estão entre parênteses; iii) ***, ** e * referem-se às estimativas estatisticamente significantes aos níveis de significância de 0,001, 0,01 e 0,05, respectivamente. 27

28 Interpretation of the results Characteristics of origin and destination regions Positive and statistically significant Institutional proximity Positive and statistically significant Geographical proximity Negative and statistically significant The value means that for each additional 100 kilometers between two researchers, the probability for collaboration decreases by about 16,3%, holding all other variables constant Effect is not linear: 300 Km (600 Km) 41,3% (65,6%) probability for collaboration - Geographical distance still plays a crucial role 28

29 Results by knowledge areas The effects of geographical distance on scientific networks are different 29

30 Conclusion Overview of the evolution of scientific activity in Brazil ( ) Accelerated growth of scientific production and collaboration But there are evidences of slowdown Spatial heterogeneity of scientific production Knowledge flows are concentrated in the Southeast and South regions Evidence of spatial deconcentration of scientific production and collaboration Scientifically less traditional regions gained prominence Role of geographical distance on scientific collaboration networks Distance still plays a crucial role in determining the intensity of knowledge flows Effects varies between knowledge areas 30

31 Reference The notes for this lecture were based on the following paper: Scholarly Publication and Collaboration in Brazil: The Role of Geography Sidone, O., Haddad, E. A. and Mena-Chalco, J. (2016) Journal of The American Society for Information Science and Technology 31

32 Questão Em Tese de Doutorado defendida no IPE-USP no dia 24/11/2015, Ana Maria Bonomi Barufi concluiu que economias de aglomeração reforçam alguns dos mecanismos que geram concentração espacial e desigualdade regional. Discuta a conclusão da Dra. Barufi considerando aspectos relacionados às preferências locacionais de trabalhadores e firmas. 32

33 Código Ingresso Curso Nome P1 P2 Exercícios Subtotal / Achiles Romero Riego / Amanda Amorim de Andrade / Amanda Broering Galvao Pereira / Andre Kamnitzer Bracco / Andreza Lopes da Silva / Bruno Hiromitsu Taba / Caio Madeira da Silva / Carlos Alberto Victorino Junior / Daniel Baracat de Freitas / Daniel Bomfim Hansen / Daniel Mariz de Oliveira Simantob / David Birmann / Edson Augusto Pereira de Moraes / Ernesto Assuncao França de Mello / Euler Santos de Sousa / Ezio Pontes de Souza Filho / Felipe Atilio Pinheiro Tredezini / Felipe Tank / Gabriel Marcondes dos Santos / Gabriela Martins Bueno / Gabrielle Carlos Paes / Geraldo Majela Damiao Nogueira / Giovana Mendonca Espinosa / Giovanna Abuhab Terezan / Guilherme de Lima Regio / Guilherme Neves de Oliveira / Guilherme Rodrigues da Silva / Guilherme Rodrigues Pereira / Heitor Antonio Ramos da Silva / Isabella Beck / Izabel Antunes Guarda Faez / Jefferson Lécio Leal / Joao Henrique Chalegra de Barros / Joao Luiz Goes Macedo Bicarato / Joseph da Silva Pavao Neto / Juliana Ferraz Salles Kesselring / Lucas Alvarenga Costa / Lucas da Cunha Rego Logiodice / Lucas da Silva Placides / Lucas Mendes Santos / Manuel Soares Duarte de Oliveira / Marcos Hernan Costa Manso Croce / Maria Alice da Silva Nunes / Mateus Calderam Villaca / Mathias Dahmer / Nicole Pitelli Biason / Otavio Cury Morello / Paulo Sergio Weber da Silva Bianchi / Pedro Davi Drugowick Ferreira / Pedro Ferreira Barchi / Pedro Uther Dantas Trajano / Rafael Angotti Miranda / Rafael Ferreira Caetano / Rafael Henrique de Meletti / Rafael Sammarco Branco Junior / Rebeca Junqueira Camillo de Carvalho / Richard Henrique Martins da Cunha / Santos Telfo Rojas Zegarrundo / Thais Haddad / Thiago Andrade Martiniano da Silva / Thomaz Lopes Macetti / Vinicius Querino Andraus / Vitor Fernandes Jaguanharo Carvalho / Viviane da Silva Dilly