THE KNIGHTS TEMPLAR. ARCHITECTURE AND SYMBOL IN EUROPE AND PORTUGAL 2014/2015

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1 THEKNIGHTSTEMPLAR. ARCHITECTUREANDSYMBOLINEUROPEANDPORTUGAL 2014/2015 AcademicYear: Duration:Summer Teacher:PauloPereira PREREQUISITE:.. TEACHER: PAULOPEREIRA.Arthistorian(Univ.Nova);ArchitecturalHistoryPhD.(FaculdadedaArquitecturadaUniversidadedeLisboa/FAUL) CV: Historian: degree (Faculdade de Letras,Universidade de Lisboa /FLUL); Art historian. Master degree (FCSH/Univ Nova oflisbon), Architectural HistoryPhD.(FaculdadedaArquitecturadaUniversidadedeLisboa/FAUL).InvitedconferencistinPortugal,Spain, Germany,Italy,Belgium,Brasil,USA,etc.VicePresident( )ofthePortugueseInstituteforArchitecturalHeritage(IPPC/ Minsistry of Culture)). Editor of História de Arte Portuguesa, 3 vols, Círculo de Leitores. Author of Lugares Mágicos de Portugal, CírculodeLeitores, (8vols);author(withPaulaBenito),ConventodaArrábida.PortadoCéu,FundaçãoOriente,;Portugal Megalítico,Inapa,2007.CocuratoroftheexhibitionNeueWelten(NovosMundos),shownintheDeutscheHistorischesMuseum,in Berlim.AuthorofArtePortuguesa.HistóriaEssencial(Temas&Debates).AuthorofDecifraraArtePortuguesa(CírculodeLeitores, 8 vols, 2014). Teaches on Faculdade de Arquitectura da Universidade de Lisboa. Author of several articles with peer review in specializedmediaandscientificpublications,meetingsandsymposia.

2 COURSEUNITAIMS(Purposeofthecourseusingbroad,generalterms) Thecourseteachesthemaintenorofthehistory,mythsand secrets (foundedorunfounded) oftheknightstemplarineuropeand,particularlyinportugal,wherethesurvivalofthisorder afteritsextinctionwasensuredthroughthefoundingoftheorderofchrist(ordemdecristo), whichhadalonglastinginfluenceonportuguesehistory,namelyintheageofdiscoveries.the mystic chivalric ideology of the Knights Templar was also translated through architecture. In PortugalwecanfindsomeofthemostimportantmedievalmonumentsoftheKnightsTemplar, aswellasthoseimplementedbyitssuccessor,theorderofchrist.thesebuildings,namelythe Rotonda, Castle and Convent of Christ in Tomar, the castles of Soure, Pombal or Almourol, amongothers,standassomeofthemostfamousknightstemplarremainsthroughouteurope, evenmoresoastheycarryanimportantarrayofsymbolsandmajorkeyartworkswhichare relatedwiththeenigmatictemplar'smythsandhistory. COURSEUNITCONTENT(Maintopicscoveredinthecourse) ManyoftheTemplarmythsneedtranslationandacriticaloverviewtoassesstheircredibility. The course will address this topics by showing, through the analysis of the documents and buildings, as well as symbols within these elements, the true nature of the Order and its proclivities. The Knights Templar religious architecture, having an expression of its own, or adaptingseveralsources,modelsandreferences,reachedadeeplevelofliturgicalsignificance. Original plan schemes, the relationship between the several buildings in a single region, promotingsacredgeography,becameatrademarkofknightstemplar'sarchitecture.thesame can be said of the options and technologies used as a benchmark in terms of military architecture. Most of all, besides architecture and literature, templar myths seem to have endured,creatinganauraofmysterythathasbeenpurposefullytakentogoodadvantageby neotemplar associations from the 18 th century onwards. The consequences of these movementsandtheresultingarchitecturalimplementswillalsobefullyaddressedandassessed withacriticaleye. 1. Introduction:theKnightsTemplarmyth:anEuropeansaga 2. TheKnightsTemplarinHolyLandandEurope:itsroleandterritories 3. TheProcessagainsttheKnightsTemplar: a. TheruleoftheOrder b. Theinquest: c. Condemnation d. Theroleofthepapacy e. Templar'sontherun:Portugal,Scotland,Spain f. ThefoundationoftheOrderofChrist 4. TheKnightsTemplarreligiousarchitectureinPortugal: a. Tomarasumbilicusmundi: b. ThelordsofCeras c. ConventofChristRotonda(Tomar) i. CastleofTomar d. ChurchoftheHolyMaryofOlival(Tomar) e. SantaIria(SaintIrene)Convent(Tomar) f. ThehollywoodofSevenHills(Tomar) g. TomarSynagogue

3 h. DornesTower i. RotundaofSaintCatherine(Monsaraz)andthesouthernenclaves j. TheanamnesisofJerusalem: k. The rotundas in Europe and its mythic models: the Saint Sepulcher and the TempleofSalomon 5. TheKnightsTemplarmilitaryarchitecture a. CastleofSintra b. CastleofAlmourol(VilaNovadaBarquinha) c. CastleofPombal(Leiria) d. CastleofTomar e. CastleofSoure f. TheTemplarsintheprovinceofBeira i. CastleofLongroiva ii. CastleofMonsanto(IdanhaaNova) iii. IdanhaaVelha castle and town (archeological remains) (Idanhaa Nova) iv. PenasRóiasCastle 6. Hermetism and esoterism in architecture. The symbolism of the Knights Templar: mythorreality? a. Casestudies i. Initiation,fowlhazingorpraxis?Theprosecutionsanditscontents ii. The templar symbolsandtheprosecutions iii. The templar symbols: The templar idol, the head idol and the context of idolatry in ChristinaEuropeduringtheMiddleAges TheHolyShroud TheinfamousBaphomet(meanings,andmisinterpretations) TheBeaucéantflag The templar saints a. SaintCatherineofAlexandria b. SaintAndrew c. SaintSebastian d. SaintJohntheBaptist e. SaintJohntheEvangelist f. 7. TheKnightTemplarsasallegedguardiansoftheHolyGrail TEACHINGANDLEARNINGMETHODS The course mixes theory witha practical approach, by supporting all presented theories and elements through documentation, either visual or written, as well as with visits to be organized to the so said buildingsandarchitecturalandarcheologicalexamplesforaninvolvementexperienceandacquisitionof practicalandobjectiveknowledge,namely,dependingontheaccessfacilities,totheconventofchrist. Tomar, Tomar s Synagogue (15 th century) (12 th 17 th century), Pombal and/or Almourol Castle (12 th century), Sintra Royal Palace of Pena (19 th Century) and Quinta da Regaleira Palace, Sintra (19 th /20 th

4 centuries).italsorequiresbothindividualandteamwork,providingstudentswithabroadoverviewof thecoursecontents. The classes will be conducted by the teacher with a general exposé, following the visual and source materialsfrompowerpoint's,eachconcerningthecoursecontentstopics.thepowerpoint's,aswellasall the support material such as texts, drawings and schemata will be delivered to the students at the beginningofthecourse. DEMONSTRATIONOFTHECOHERENCEOFTHESYLLABUSWITHCOURSEUNITAIMS Crusades; facts; fiction; HolySepulcher; Knights Templar; Knights Templar symbolism; Knights Templararchitecture;symbolismandarchitecture;KnightsTemplarmyths;literature;medieval military architecture;medieval religious architecture;rotundas; sacred architecture; sacred geography. WEEKLYHOURS. GRADING Thecoursegradewillbebasedoncontributiontoclassdiscussion,quizzes,anintermediatetest andafinalexam.indeterminingthefinalcoursegradetheweightsarethefollowing: Contributiontoclassdiscussion5% Quizzes/Individualwork*15% Intermediateexam**40% Finalexam40% ASSESSMENT A theoretical work / critical review (25%); one groundwork, monograph/essay with 10 to 15 pagesincludingreferences(50%);anexperimental/creativeworkusingnewmedia(25%). BIBLIOGRAPHY(othertitles,preferablyinEnglish,willbeintroducedduringthecourse) ThestoryoftheKnightsTemplar BARBER,Malcolm,TheNewKnighthood:AHistoryoftheOrderoftheTemple.Cambridge:CambridgeUniversity Press.,\1994 BARBER,Malcolm,.TheTrialoftheTemplars(2ed.).Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress.,2007 FRALE,Barbara,CONTI,Gregory,TheTemplars:TheSecretHistoryRevealed,2011 FRALE,Barbara,TheTemplarsandtheShroudofChrist,2012 NEWMAN,SharanTheRealHistorybehindtheTemplars.NewYork,BerkleyTrade,2007. TheKnightsTemplarinPortugal.Architectureandsymbol. BARBOSA,ÁlvaroJosé,OsSeteMontesdeTomar.RecuperaçãodacercadoConventodeCristo,Lisboa,2003 BARBOSA,Álvaro, AarquitecturatempláriadeTomar,inCadernosdaTradição.OTemploeaOrdemTempláriade Portugal(dir.ManuelJ.Gandra),Lisboa,2000 BARROCA,MárioJ. AOrdemdoTemploeaarquitecturamilitarportuguesadoséculoXII inportugália,novasérie, vols.xviixviii,1996/1997 BONNERY, André, MENTRÉ, Mireiile, HIDRIO, Guylène, Jérusalem, symboles et répresentations dans l Occident mediéval,paris,1998 CHICÓ,MarioTavares,AarquitecturagóticaemPortugal,Lisboa,Horizonte,3ªed.,s.d. COCHERIL,DomMaur,RoutierdesabbayescisterciennesduPortugal,Paris,1978.

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