PORTUGUESE GRAPE VARIETIES SAVING A LOCAL UNIQUE HEIRLOOM FOR GLOBAL ADAPTATION. António Rocha Graça SOGRAPE VINHOS

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1 PORTUGUESE GRAPE VARIETIES SAVING A LOCAL UNIQUE HEIRLOOM FOR GLOBAL ADAPTATION António Rocha Graça SOGRAPE VINHOS

2 PORTUGAL Not a Mediterranean country......despite having Mediterranean climate in about half the territory! On the periphery of Europe but on a balcony looking to the World! A small country (10 million in.) known for having changed the world!

3 PORTUGAL 3 What it is? An old nation: independent in 1143; stable border since 197 A mixed people: Phoenician, Greek, Roman, Visigoth, Alan, Swabian, Celt, Viking, Moor, Berber, Jew, Frank, Briton, Genovese...Mandingo, Xhosa, Ethiopian, Persian, Hindu, Sinhalese, Malay, Thai, Javanese, Maubere, Cantonese, Japanese, Hawaiian, Guarani, Patagonian... A bridge between the Old and the New World A vastly Christian Catholic country (96%)

4 PORTUGAL 4 Less known facts: Built a global empire by officially treating natives as their equal Holds the 13th. largest world reserve of gold Pioneered in abolishing the death penalty Made a difficult and obscure latin language an universal tongue Initiated the defeat of Napoleon Catches its national dish (codfish) kms away Introduced and made tea a popular drink in England

5 PRESENTATION OUTLINE 6 Variability conservation in Portugal: first 30 years of selection Conservation results: knowing varieties for better utilization Vitis vinifera variabiilty in Portugal: a novel theory Conservation s future: PORVID and the Conservation Park

6 NATIONAL NETWORK FOR GRAPEVINE SELECTION More than 100 conservation sites 1978 STRATEGY On farm variability conservation Propagating clones from old vineyards Studying agronomical and oenological characters Quick uptake by the wine industry (most sites on private commercial vineyards) 8

7 NATIONAL NETWORK FOR GRAPEVINE SELECTION A «maverick» selection strategy Significative and predictable gain Preserves whole variability Steered by grape must and wine evaluation Multiple objectives are possible Comprehensive viral diagnostic Clone collection (30) Certification Regional adaptation trials (1) Unpredictable genetic gain Variability loss Steered (and biased) by wine evaluation Just for selection Diagnostic of critical viruses Clone experimental population (300) Regional adaptation trials (30) Homologation 9

8 NATIONAL NETWORK FOR GRAPEVINE SELECTION Results of 30 years of a relentless effort Variability conservation (011): 80 populations 6 varieties > clones Supply for: Nurseries Grapegrowers Export 1- AF/73; - A/3; 3 - AN/10; 4 - AR/63; - AR/47; 6 - AV/164; 7 - AZ - 19; 8 - AM/137; 9 - B/\00; 10 - BI/40; 11 - BT/436; 1 - BR/194; 13 - BO/00; 14 - C/4; 1 - CC/0; 16 - CD/0; 17 - CR/39; 18 - DM/8; 19 - E/179; 0 - EG/148; 1 - ES/133; - FP/3; 3 - FP/3; 4 - GV/143; - J/00; 6 - J/06; 7 - JP/180; 8 - L1/13; 9 - L/0; 30 - MV/7; 31 - MF/180; 3 - ML/19; 33 - MG/00; 34 - MS/187; 3 - MS/99; 36 - NM/193; 37 - PA/10; 38 - P/189; 39 - RB/17; 40 - OV/0; 41 - R/9; 4 - SN/40; 43 - PL/00; 44 - TB/190; 4 - TM/100; 46 - FR/61; 47 - RZ/4; 48 - RZ/7; 49 - TC/168; 0 - TF/90; 1 - TF/110; - T/69; 3 - T/49; 4 - T/; - T/197; 6 - TJ/37; 7 - TR/71; 8 - VN/11; 9 - VS/03; 60 - VT/3; 61 - AI/31; 6 - FE/17; 63 - FD/; 64 - PM/10; 6 - GR/10; 66 - TB/38; 67 - CA/93; 68 - GD/; 69 BR/194; 70 E/179; 71 JP/84; 7 VT/163; 73 AR/47; 10

9 MOSCATEL GALEGO Tabuaço (Qta do Seixo) 1991 última correcção: 18/8/9; 0/1/06: 1/06/007 Observação: Data: / / Nome: b b 1106 b b b 0709 b b b 1319 b b b b 0419 b b b 030 b b b 0610 b b b 0901 b b b 0907 b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b N 14 b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b SO4 00 Os clo nes X repetiçõ es de 3 plantas 1º e últi As bo rdaduras s ão de plantas. Es paço 4 tem 4 plant 19 b b b b b b b b b Enxertia de falhas não co ntro lada no s blo co s 4 e 0 b b b b b b b b b / 1/ 00 - segundo sr. Norbert o (Vit ioest e), os clones130,170 e 1704 são MG rosado. Falt a conf irmação da UTAD. 1 b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b /06/007: Segundo Prof. Nuno M agalhães, os clones 007 e 041 não são M oscatel Galego (6/0/010 - informação confirmada por Isaura da UTAD) 3 b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b Rio Torto

10 OUTLINE 1 Variability conservation in Portugal: first 30 years of selection Conservation results: knowing varieties for better utilization Vitis vinifera variabiilty in Portugal: a novel theory Conservation s future: PORVID and the Conservation Park

11 The Bell (Gaussian) curve in genetics 14 Trait s density of probability Population C B A Trait s value

12 Probability density Varieties relative age Yield devided by the mean (kg/plant) Seara Nova Jaen Avesso Bical Trincadeira Castelão Touriga Franca Alfrocheiro Ratinho Tinto Cão Azal Branco Camarate Tinta Barroca Trajadura Vinhão Baga Fernão Pires Tinta Roriz Alvarelhão Cercial Moscatel-Galego-Branco Jampal Antão vaz Alvarinho Moscatel Graúdo Espadeiro Touriga Nacional Síria Rufete Borraçal Loureiro Tinta Miúda Rabigato Vital Malvasia Fina Arinto Rabo de Ovelha Tinta Francisca Viosinho Negra Mole Sercial SEARA NOVA - + SERCIAL

13 Probability density Varieties geographical path 16 Grenache / Garnacha 3. 3 Tinta Roriz / Aragonez Tempranillo Douro Alentejo Rioja Valdepenãs Genetic gain from clone selection. No gain Yield divided by the mean (kg/plant)

14 Arinto Yield s intravarietal variability Clone Rendimento (kg/planta) Clone,40 Rendimento (kg/planta) Clone Rendimento (kg/planta) Clone Rendimento (kg/planta) Clone Rendimento (kg/planta) ,3 17

15 Chronology of a geographical path 18 Vinho Verde Trás-os- Montes Douro Bairrada Lafões Dão Beiras Chronological progression Ribatejo Algarve

16 Applied quantitative genetics 19 Phenotype (Behavior) Genotype (DNA) Environmental deviation (Genotype-independent factor) Interaction (Genotype s response to environment)

17 Negra Mole Environ. Index ord Lagoa 89 Lagoa 90 Loulé 94 Loulé 9 Loulé 96 Loulé 97 Loulé clones clones clones clones clones clones clones

18 Clone selection and genetic gain 1 Moscatel Galego Tabuaço Rendimento média Processamento em: Análise baseada em todas as repetiçöes clo ord Med.G. ord clo Med.G. rendimentos das repetiçöes Indicadores de variabilidade variância genotípica MG var. genotípica var. ambiental var. fenot. total em % da total (h²) em % da média² em % da média² em % da média² Desvio padr o genotípico=.8386 Desvio padr o genotípico reduzido (média=1)=.1991 C.V. genotípico=.1991 C.V. ambiental= Previsäo do ganho genético de rendimento % selecçäo i ganho (%) i= *ln((1/p.s.)-1)

19 Clone selection and genetic gain Variety Foreseeable genetic gain Alfrocheiro 16,7% Alvarelhão 1,7% Alvarinho 1,% Antão Vaz 34,9% Arinto 19,6% Avesso 9,4% Azal Branco 0,% Baga 17,6% Bical 19,3% Ratinho 14,0% Borraçal 16,9% Camarate 17,6% Síria 9,0% Dona Maria,9% Esgana Cão 91,4% Fernão Pires 17,6% Jaen,9% Loureiro 37,% Malvasia Fina 3,% Moscatel Graúdo 17,3% Moscatel Galego 3,1% Negra Mole 46,0% Casteção 17,3% Rabigato 30,3% Rabo de Ovelha,0% Rufete 4,1% Tinta Barroca 11,6% Tinta Francisca 31,9% Tinta Miúda 30,9% Aragonez,0% Tinto Cão 11,6% Touriga Franca 1,6% Touriga Nacional 17,7% Trajadura 43,1% Trincadeira Preta 13,8% Vinhão 17,8% Viosinho 30,9% Vital 33,7%

20 The viral issue Frequency of GLRaV3 (leaf-roll virus) incidence in different varieties as % of infected clones Casta Freq. de ocorrência (%) Alfrocheiro Alvarinho 3,0 93,3 Amaral 39,4 Antão Vaz Arinto 19,0 67,6 Avesso 9, Azal Branco 1, Baga 46,0 Bical 41, Borraçal Boal Ratinho 34,0 4,6 Camarate 4,3 Cercial Crato Branco 9, 36,6 Dona Maria 3, Esgana Cão Espadeiro 98,0 8,3 Fernão Pires 34,3 Jaen Loureiro,0 4,0 Malvasia Fina 33,0 Moscatel Galego Moscatel de Setúbal 7,4 8,9 Negra Mole, Padeiro de Basto Periquita 64,7 6, Rabigato,0 Rabo de Ovelha Rufete 0,3 8,9 Tinta Barroca 69,0 Tinta Francisca 90.0 Tinta Miúda 73, Tinta Roriz,7 Tinto Cão Touriga Francesa 36,8 68,0 Touriga Nacional 9,0 Trajadura 37,0 Trincadeira Preta 46,0 Vinhão 40,9 Viosinho 0,0 Vital 69,1 Média

21 The viral issue 1.30 Rendement, kg/plant Degré Brix Antocyanes (mg/dm 3 ) GLRaV3 case study 3 in Castelão (aka. Periquita) Importance of studying populations with whole variability and not just limited collections!!! moyenne des infectés: - 6,% 17 moyenne des infectés: - 3,6% 370 moyenne des infectés: =

22 Portuguese varieties with selection-issued clones (as of ): available, about to become (under homologation), and ready to become (study is complete) Touriga Nacional Aragonez Trincadeira Preta Castelão Jaen Vinhão Arinto Alvarinho Fernão Pires Síria Malvasia Fina Loureiro Trajadura Alfrocheiro Touriga Franca Tinto Cão Baga Camarate Tinta Miúda Negra Nole Alvarelhão Tinta Francisca Antão Vaz Rabo de Ovelha Tinta Barroca Rufete Borraçal Rabigato Sercial Avesso Vital Ratinho Azal Branco

23 Certified clones have spec sheets 6

24 Published works 7 The utilization of unreplicated trials for conservation and quantification of intravarietal genetic diversity of rarely grown ancient grapevine varieties (submitted) Broad-sense heritability in the context of mixed models for grapevine initial selection trials (ready for submission)

26 Oldest fossil record Vitis 6 My Vitis in Europe 0 My Vitis vinifera fossil record 1 My 9

27 Variability according to Vitis vinifera 30 A plant species with huge diversity: Wild sylvestris Domesticated sativa Inter-varietal Varieties Intra-varietal Clones

28 Vitis vinifera, spp. sylvestris 31 Vitis vinifera, spp. sativa

29 EXPLAINING GRAPEVINE S DIVERSITY Classical hypothesis \ Pleistocene 1 My 3

30 EXPLAINING GRAPEVINE S DIVERSITY Classical hypothesis Würm s Ice Age,000 bc 33 Refuge

31 EXPLAINING GRAPEVINE S DIVERSITY Classical hypothesis First civilizations 6,000 to 300 bc 34 Rome 600 bc Iberia 00 bc Greece 600 bc Carthage 600 bc Phoenicia 800 bc Sumer 6,000 bc

32 HIGHEST VARIETAL DENSITY PER KM WHY? 3

33 EXPLAINING GRAPEVINE S DIVERSITY New data = novel theory BREAKING NEWS!!! Vitis vinifera, spp. Sylvestris found in Portugal

34 Sefc et al. Portuguese traditional grapevine cultivars and wild vines (Vitis vinifera L.) share morphological and genetic traits Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 4:1 (003) Arroyo-Garcia et al. Multiple origins of cultivated grapevine (Vitis vinifera L. ssp. sativa) based on chloroplast DNA polymorphisms MOLECULAR ECOLOGY, 1: (1), 006 Cunha et al. Portuguese traditional grapevine cultivars and wild vines (Vitis vinifera L.) share morphological and genetic traits GENETIC RESOURCES AND CROP EVOLUTION Volume 6, Number 7, 009 Lopes et al. New insights on the genetic basis of Portuguese grapevine and on grapevine domestication GENOME, 009, :(9) Intra-varietal diversity in wild populations is preserved 70% of Iberian cultivars display chlorotypes only compatible with western sylvestris populations. Portuguese native varieties (including an important white Antão Vaz) are held as proof of crossing with wild varieties. Presence of chlorotypes C and D confirm foreign germplasm introgression 37

35 EXPLAINING GRAPEVINE S DIVERSITY New data = novel theory Pleistocene 1 My 38

36 EXPLAINING GRAPEVINE S DIVERSITY New data = novel theory Würm s Ice Age,000 bc 39 Refuge Refuge

37 EXPLAINING GRAPEVINE S DIVERSITY New data = novel theory First civilizations 6,000 to 300 bc 40 \ Rome 600 bc Iberia 00 bc Greece 600 bc Carthage 600 bc Phoenicia 800 bc Sumer 6,000 bc

39 PORVID a public-private joint venture 43 National Institute for Biological Resources (INRB) Ministry of Agriculture Port and Douro Wine Institute, Porto (IVDP) Palmela s city council Superior Institute of Agronomy (ISA) - Lisbon Technical University Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro University (UTAD) Association for the Development of Viticulture in Douro (ADVID) Association of Palmela Grapegrowers (AVIPE), Palmela Sogrape Vinhos, SA Symington Family Estates José Maria da Fonseca, SA Real Companhia Velha, SA

40 Experimental Park for Conservation of Native Grapevine s Variability - Pegões 44 LISBOA PEGÕES

41 Total variability survey and sample 4 Six nationwide on-going projects 1, M total investment, financed by state and private funds Duration:

42 Goals For the wine industry: A fighting chance: Innovation Adaptation Sustainability For the consumer The «Wow» factor: Quality Value for money Satisfaction Heritage 46

43 My special appreciation to the people who made my being here possible: Mark Gishen SAWIA Peter Hayes OIV Domingos Soares Franco Antero Martins Elsa Gonçalves Nuno Magalhães José Eiras-Dias