Questão 1. alternativa D. 94 percent of its hydroelectric potential and the United States uses over 77 percent, she said. (Forbes, July 27, 2004)

Transcrição

1 As questões de números 01 a 06 referem-se ao TEXTO 1. TEXTO 1 Brazil to Announce Electric Sector Rules President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva will soon issue a decree providing a much needed regulatory framework for Brazil s electric sector, the country s mines and energy minister said Tuesday. Dilma Rousseff said Silva would sign the decree by next week. The framework has been eagerly awaited by electricity companies who have been reluctant to invest in Brazil because of lack of clear rules. "The decree puts expansion (of generating capacity) at its center and creates a market that is extremely competitive," said Rousseff, who declined to offer further details until the decree is published. She said the framework should allow work to go forward on some 45 stalled projects for electric generation facilities, which have been held up by environmental concerns or a lack of financing. In 2002, Brazil had to resort to energy rationing because a lack of rainfall left the country s hydroelectric dams well below capacity. About 95 percent of Brazil s electricity comes from hydroelectric dams. The government of President Fernando Henrique Cardoso responded by implementing an emergency plan to expand the country s electrical generation capacity, mainly through thermoelectric plants that do not depend on rainfall. But on Tuesday, Rousseff said the emphasis on thermoelectricity was misplaced because it would be hard to find enough gas to run those plants for the 10 days or so every year when they would be needed. She said Brazil s future remained in hydroelectric generation, pointing out that the country uses only 24 percent of its hydroelectric potential. By comparison, France uses about 94 percent of its hydroelectric potential and the United States uses over 77 percent, she said. (Forbes, July 27, 2004) Questão 1 The electric sector decree mentioned in the text a) will provide a framework for state control of mines and energy. b) favors international electricity investors. c) still lacks clear rules for the energy sector. d) will foster investments by electricity companies. e) was signed and issued by Dilma Rousseff in August alternativa D Tradução completa do texto: Brasil Deve Anunciar Regras para o Setor Elétrico O presidente Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva assinará brevemente um decreto que criará um conjunto de leis reguladoras essenciais para o setor elétrico do Brasil, disse na terça-feira a ministra de Minas e Energia daquele país. Dilma Rousseff afirmou que Lula assinaria o decreto até a próxima semana. O conjunto de leis vem sendo ansiosamente aguardado pelas companhias de eletricidade, que estão relutantes em investir no Brasil devido à falta de regras claras. "O decreto tem no seu ponto central a expansão (da capacidade geradora) e cria um mercado que é extremamente competitivo", diz Rousseff, que se recusou a fornecer maiores detalhes até que o decreto seja publicado. Ela afirmou que o conjunto de leis permitirá que prossigam os trabalhos de cerca de 45 projetos para a criação de usinas elétricas paralisados devido a preocupações com o meio ambiente ou à falta de financiamento. Em 2002, o Brasil teve que recorrer ao racionamento de energia, pois uma escassez de chuvas deixou as represas das hidroelétricas do país bem abaixo de sua capacidade. Cerca de 95% da eletricidade do Brasil vem de represas hidroelétricas. O governo do presidente Fernando Henrique Cardoso reagiu implementando um plano

2 inglês 2 de emergência para expandir a capacidade de geração elétrica do país, principalmente através de usinas termoelétricas, que não dependam de chuvas. Mas na terça-feira, Rousseff disse que a ênfase na termoeletricidade foi equivocada, pois seria difícil encontrar gás suficiente para alimentar essas usinas durante mais ou menos dez dias, todos os anos, quando fossem necessárias. Ela disse que o futuro do Brasil permanecia na geração hidroelétrica, ressaltando que o país usa apenas 24% de sua capacidade hidroelétrica. Por comparação, a França usa 94% de seu potencial hidroelétrico e os EUA mais de 77%, ela afirmou. Questão 2 The decree should create an energy market that will a) be competitive for retailers but not for consumers. b) cover 24% of the Brazilian territory. c) decline in some regions due to decentralized production. d) generate unfair competition among national and international investors. e) fulfill the aim of expanding the energy generating capacity. Questão 3 alternativa E In Brazil, a) the 2002 energy rationing covered 95% of energy plants. b) most electricity is generated by hydroelectric dams. c) almost all hydroelectric potential has been used. d) there are 45 thermoelectric projects that should be restarted. e) only 5% of energy is consumed in the north region, where major dams are located. alternativa B Questão 4 Dilma Rousseff a) clearly prefers hydroelectric dams rather than thermoelectricity. b) criticized the decree because it does not encompass mines and thermoelectricity. c) thinks that gas is an energy alternative to be considered. d) will only implement the 45 projects that are environmentally safe. e) said that lack of financing is the main obstacle for expanding hydroelectric dams. Questão 5 alternativa A The government of Fernando Henrique Cardoso a) developed and expanded electricity generated by hydroelectric dams. b) concentrated 95% of total energy investment on hydroelectricity. c) had to ration energy due to unfavorable climate that affected the dams. d) implemented a diversification policy, which leveled electricity demand. e) started a regulatory framework that now will be implemented by Ms. Rousseff. Questão 6 alternativa C Brazilian hydroelectric potential is a) overused like in France and the US. b) underused unlike in France. c) overestimated just like in other countries. d) underestimated because there is still 24% to be used. e) being gradually increased until it reaches 94%.

3 inglês 3 alternativa B As questões de números 07 a 10 referem-se ao TEXTO 2. TEXTO 2 community to turn creative industries into instruments of leverage for developing countries. Now, the Minister wishes to establish the International Forum of Creative Industries, with headquarters in Brazil, to discuss the implementation of strategies in this area. (Brazzil Magazine, August 27, 2004) Brazil Wants Culture as Basic Human Right Brazil s Minister of Culture, Gilberto Gil, challenged the 35 member countries of the Organization of American States (OAS) to include culture on the list of basic policies to promote economic development and foster social inclusion. At the second OAS Ministers meeting, which ended on August 24, in Mexico, Gil emphasized: Government policies for culture can no longer be secondary, fragile, peripheral. They represent the social and infrastructure policies of the 21 st century. According to the Minister, it is necessary to expand the notion of culture as a vital dimension of citizenship, social inclusion, and quality of life, the notion of culture as an obligation of the State. Gil reminded the other ministers present that the development process is not completed, if it is not given cultural underpinnings, if it does not incorporate wider access by the population to the means of production and dissemination of cultural materials. Earlier this month, the Culture Minister talked about creativity as a basis of the production process during the First Evaluation Meeting of the XI United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) in Geneva. For Gil, the so-called creative industries should have a distinct policy. In his view, cultural goods and services cannot be treated in the same way as their commercial counterparts, because they contain specific values for sovereignty and the preservation of cultures. At the XI UNCTAD, which took place this year in São Paulo, the Minister launched a proposal calling for a global policy of free circulation of cultural goods and products. Gil s idea is to mobilize the international Questão 7 According to the information presented in the article, Gilberto Gil a) went to an UNCTAD meeting in Mexico, where he presented a project involving culture. b) said in Geneva that creativity is fundamental for all industries, no matter what their focus is. c) said that the development process should turn culture into a profitable good. d) put forward the idea that creative industries should be treated the same way as other industries. e) believes the idea that culture should include the notion of citizenship, social inclusion and quality of life. alternativa E Tradução completa do texto: O Brasil Quer a Cultura como Direito Humano Básico O ministro da Cultura do Brasil, Gilberto Gil, desafiou os 35 países membros da OEA a incluir a cultura na lista de políticas básicas para promover o desenvolvimento econômico e fomentar a inclusão social. Na segunda reunião de ministros da OEA, que terminou no dia 24 de agosto, no México, Gil enfatizou: "As políticas governamentais para a cultura não podem mais ser secundárias, frágeis e periféricas. Elas representam as políticas sociais e de infra-estrutura do século XXI". De acordo com o ministro, é preciso expandir a noção de cultura como uma dimensão vital da cidadania, inclusão social e qualidade de vida, "a noção de cultura como obrigação do Estado". Gil lembrou aos demais ministros presentes que o processo de desenvolvimento "não estará completo, se não houver

4 inglês 4 um alicerce cultural, se não incorporar acesso mais amplo pela população aos meios de produção e disseminação dos materiais culturais". No início deste mês, o ministro da Cultura falou da criatividade como base do processo de produção durante o Primeiro Encontro de Avaliação da XI Conferência das Nações Unidas sobre Comércio e Desenvolvimento (UNCTAD), em Genebra. Para Gil, as chamadas "indústrias criativas" deveriam ter uma política distinta. Na sua visão, bens e serviços culturais não podem ser tratados do mesmo modo que seus equivalentes comerciais, pois contêm valores específicos para a soberania e preservação das culturas. Na XI UNCTAD, que se realizou neste ano em São Paulo, o ministro lançou uma proposta de política global para a livre-circulação de bens e produtos culturais. A idéia de Gil é mobilizar a comunidade internacional para a transformação de indústrias criativas em instrumentos para alavancar países em desenvolvimento. No momento, o ministro pretende instituir o Fórum Internacional de Indústrias Criativas, com sede no Brasil, para discutir a implementação de estratégias nessa área. Questão 8 According to Gil, a) government policies for culture are secondary, fragile and peripheral at present and he wants this to change. b) the other culture ministers of the 35 OAS member countries will also subscribe his culture project. c) cultural goods include values such as international acceptance of peripheral cultures. d) there should be a wider market for globalized cultural goods. e) creative industries should not interfere with federal police. Questão 9 alternativa A A proposal for a global policy of free circulation of cultural goods and products a) was agreed at the International Forum of Creative Industries. b) will be developed at the XI UNCTAD. c) was launched in São Paulo. d) was approved in Geneva. e) was turned down at the OAS. Questão 10 alternativa C The quotation from the first paragraph of the text...if it is not given cultural underpinnings... means a) so that it should be granted cultural support. b) when the development process is not included in the cultural area. c) although it is granted cultural support. d) further, the development process isn t given basic structure. e) unless the development process is given cultural underpinnings. alternativa E As questões de números 11 a 15 referem-se ao TEXTO 3. TEXTO 3 Poor Nations Flex Trade Muscles After five decades of being bullied or ignored in multilateral trade talks, the world s poorer nations yesterday enjoyed the first real confirmation that the balance of power has shifted a little in their direction. The agreement in Geneva to kick-start the so-called Doha Round was seen by many developing nations as a delayed vindication of the tough stand they took in trade talks in Cancun, Mexico, last September. Before Cancun, the post-war trading system had spent decades opening markets to the exports of rich nations while leaving in place huge barriers and distortions in the agricultural markets that are disproportionately important

5 inglês 5 to poorer countries. The result is that tariffs imposed on goods produced by the poor defined by the World Bank as people earning less than $US2 ($2.85) a day are twice as high as those on the more sophisticated products made by people who are not poor. At the Cancun meeting of the 147-nation World Trade Organization, a new Group of 20 developing nations, led by Brazil, South Africa, India and China, used for the first time the clout that comes with the WTO s reliance on consensus, which in effect gives each member a power of veto. When the developing nations insisted on more reform of farm trade, and rejected the so-called Singapore issues being pushed by countries such as Japan covering rich country concerns such as facilitating foreign investment the traditional trade powers were furious. The Cancun meeting broke up in disarray with European Union trade commissioner Pascal Lamy warning darkly that the medieval structure of the WTO meant there might be little future for a rules-based multilateral system. (The Australian, August 2, 2004) Questão 11 The poorer nations a) have been ignored in Doha as well as in Cancun. b) have endured tough trade barriers after Cancun meeting. c) should increase the earning of their population to $2.85 a day. d) may acquire some power after the agreement in Geneva. e) are paying twice as high tariffs for the World Bank. alternativa D Tradução completa do texto: Nações Pobres Mostram sua Força Após serem intimidadas ou ignoradas em conversações comerciais multilaterais por cinco décadas, as nações mais pobres do mundo se deleitaram ontem com a primeira confirmação real de que o equilíbrio do poder tende um pouco em sua direção. O acordo em Genebra para dar o pontapé inicial na assim chamada Rodada de Doha foi visto por muitas nações em desenvolvimento como uma revanche tardia da situação difícil em que elas ficaram nas conversações comerciais em Cancún, no México, em setembro passado. Antes de Cancún, o sistema comercial do pós-guerra havia passado décadas abrindo mercados para as exportações das nações ricas, enquanto deixava no lugar barreiras enormes e distorções nos mercados agrícolas que são extremamente importantes para os países pobres. O resultado é que as tarifas impostas sobre os artigos produzidos pelos países pobres definidos pelo Banco Mundial como nações onde se ganha menos do que $US 2 ($ 2.85) por dia são duas vezes maiores do que aquelas impostas sobre produtos mais sofisticados feitos pelos que não são pobres. No encontro das 147 nações da Organização Mundial do Comércio, em Cancún, um novo "grupo dos 20" de países em desenvolvimento, liderados por Brasil, África do Sul, Índia e China, usou pela primeira vez a influência que vem com a necessidade e consenso da OMC, que em efeito dá a cada membro poder de veto. Quando as nações em desenvolvimento insistiram em mais reformas para o comércio agrícola, e rejeitaram os assim chamados temas de Cingapura que vêm sendo promovidos por países como o Japão proteger os interesses dos países ricos tais como facilitar o investimento estrangeiro as tradicionais potências comerciais ficaram furiosas. O encontro em Cancún terminou em confusão, com o delegado comercial da União Européia, Pascal Lamy, alertando sombriamente que, com a estrutura medieval da OMC, haveria pouco futuro para um sistema multilateral baseado em regras. Questão 12 According to the information presented in the text, a) Japan backs the "Group of 20" concerns. b) the "Group of 20" consists of developing nations, including Brazil. c) WTO is composed of 147 rich nations and 20 developing nations. d) Singapore issues were rejected by Japan and by developing countries. e) the traditional trade powers include Brazil, South Africa, India and China.

6 inglês 6 Questão 13 alternativa B The developing nations a) are against farm trade. b) insist that tariffs on sophisticated products should be lower. c) wish to reform the barriers and distortions in farm trade. d) delayed discussions on trade in Cancun. e) agree that their production system is medieval, just like the WTO structure. alternativa C Questão 14 The expression such as in...concerns such as facilitating foreign investment... (paragraph 3) introduces a) an example. b) a cause. c) an obstacle. d) a generalization. e) an alternative. alternativa A Such as = tais como Questão 15 The word those in...are twice as high as those on the more sophisticated products... (paragraph 2) refers to a) sophisticated products. b) goods. c) people. d) tariffs. e) the poor. alternativa D