Monograph ZOOTAXA. Checklist of Nematoda associated with the fishes of Brazil

Transcrição

1 Zootaxa 3082: 1 88 (2011) Copyright 2011 Magnolia Press Monograph ISSN (print edition) ZOOTAXA ISSN (online edition) ZOOTAXA 3082 Checklist of Nematoda associated with the fishes of Brazil JOSÉ L. LUQUE 1, JULIO C. AGUIAR 2, FABIANO M. VIEIRA 3, DAVID I. GIBSON 4 & CLÁUDIA PORTES SANTOS 5 1 Departamento de Parasitologia Animal, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Caixa Postal 74508, Seropédica, RJ, , Brazil. Corresponding author. jlluque@ufrrj.br. 2 Curso de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil. 3 Curso de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil. 4 Department of Zoology, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK 5 Laboratório de Avaliação e Promoção da Saúde Ambiental, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Brasil 4365, Rio de Janeiro, , Brazil. Magnolia Press Auckland, New Zealand Accepted by G. Pérez-Ponce de León: 03 Oct. 2011; published: 28 Oct. 2011

2 JOSÉ L. LUQUE, JULIO C. AGUIAR, FABIANO M. VIEIRA, DAVID I. GIBSON & CLÁUDIA PORTES SANTOS Checklist of Nematoda associated with the fishes of Brazil (Zootaxa 3082) 88 pp.; 30 cm. 28 Oct TERMS OF USE ISBN (paperback) ISBN (Online edition) FIRST PUBLISHED IN 2011 BY Magnolia Press P.O. Box Auckland 1346 New Zealand Magnolia Press All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored, transmitted or disseminated, in any form, or by any means, without prior written permission from the publisher, to whom all requests to reproduce copyright material should be directed in writing. This authorization does not extend to any other kind of copying, by any means, in any form, and for any purpose other than private research use. ISSN ISSN (Print edition) (Online edition) 2 Zootaxa Magnolia Press LUQUE ET AL.

3 Table of contents TERMS OF USE Abstract Introduction Materials and methods Results Key to Adult Nematoda Key to Larval Nematoda Parasite-Host List Host Parasite List Discussion Acknowledgements References Abstract Seventy-four genera comprising approximately 140 named and 75 undetermined species of adult and larval nematodes are associated with about 330 named and 50 undetermined species of marine, brackish and freshwater fishes from Brazilian waters. These are listed with information on their hosts, habitat, distribution and records. A key to these parasites at the generic level is provided. Key words: Biodiversity, Nematoda, fish parasites, checklist, key, Neotropics, Brazil Introduction The phylum Nematoda represent a taxonomically, ecologically and geographically diverse helminth group, with an enormous number of species, both parasitic and freeliving forms, a huge economic and ecological impact, and a number of individuals estimated at (Hodda, 2007). Because of the enormous abundance and diversity of the group, only an estimated 2 10% of the world fauna has been formally described, despite its importance (Hodda 2007). Nematodes represent a conspicuous component of the parasite assemblages in fishes. According to Luque & Poulin (2007), nematodes are the second group, after digeneans, in terms of the number of parasite associations recorded in fishes from the Neotropics. Studies on nematodes parasitic in Brazilian fishes began with the description of Trichocephalus gibbosus Rudolphi [now Oncophora melanocephala (Rudolphi)] by Rudolphi (1819) based on specimens collected from Thunnus thynnus (L.) off the coast of Brazil by Pohl in The first freshwater records appear to be of Lecanocephalus spinulosus Diesing [now Goezia spinulosa (Diesing)] and Cheiracanthus gracilis Diesing [now Gnathostoma gracile (Diesing)], both of which Diesing (1839) recorded from Arapaima gigas (Schinz). However, not until the work of Travassos et al. (1928), which recorded numerous nematodes from freshwater fishes, were detailed studies undertaken. Subequently, a large number of papers by many authors, especially in recent years, have added to our knowledge of this fauna. Compilations of records have been published by Thatcher (1991, 2006), restricted to the Amazon River basin, and by Vicente et al. (1985), supplemented by Vicente & Pinto (1999). Moravec (1998), in his monograph on nematodes parasites of Neotropical freshwater fishes, also included numerous records from Brazil. Some of these compilations have included taxonomic keys, descriptions and/or aspects of the biology of the different taxa. Most recently, Muniz-Pereira et al. (2009) included records of nematode species in a checklist of helminth parasites of threatened vertebrate species from Brazil, and Eiras et al. (2010) published an account of the nematode species associated with Brazilian freshwater fishes. Here we provide a checklist of the nematode species associated with both marine and freshwater fishes from Brazil, including detailed information on locality, habitat, site of infection and life cycle stage. The information is presented as parasite-host and host-parasite lists, with a key to the generic level. We have attempted to include information from all published reports and have added a small number of original records. NEMATODA IN BRAZILIAN FISHES Zootaxa Magnolia Press 3

4 Materials and methods TERMS OF USE This bibliographic review of the nematode species reported from fishes in Brazilian waters was based on information collected from two main sources. Firstly, searches of the Host Parasite Catalogue of the Natural History Museum in London for 1920 to 1997 and, for the years , the Host Parasite Database, a partial implementation of which is now available on line (Gibson et al., 2005). Secondly, searches of the Zoological Record, Biological Abstracts and Helminthological Abstracts, Web of Knowledge, Google Scholar, Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts, Biological and Agricultural Index Plus and the Scopus databases were undertaken up to July, 2010 (with an update from Web of Knowledge in September, 2011). Original data from our own studies are also included. The checklist follows the parasite classification and systematic arrangement of Moravec (1998, 2006), Anderson et al. (2009) and Gibbons (2010), with some modifications based on recent records. The nematodes are arranged according to class, order, suborder, superfamily, family and subfamily, within which the species are presented in alphabetical order. Host species are given followed by their predominant habitat (marine MAR, freshwater FW or brackish water BW) and site of the infection; when possibe these are grouped. Localities are given in alphabetical order of Brazilian states (AM Amazonas, AP Amapá, BA Bahia, CE Ceará, ES Espírito Santo, MA Maranhão, MG Minas Gerais, MS Mato Grosso do Sul, MT Mato Grosso, PA Pará, PB Paraíba, PI Piauí, PR Paraná, RJ Rio de Janeiro, RO Rondônia, RN Rio Grande do Norte, RS Rio Grande do Sul, and SP São Paulo) preceded by the localities when possibly and, records in chronological sequence. The fish species names were updated according to Froese & Pauly (2010), supplemented by Eschmeyer (2010). The nematode species names have been updated to agree with the recent literature, but inclusion in the parasite or host lists does not imply that the authors necessarily agree with their validity. The species of fish in the host parasite list are arranged according to the higher level classification of Nelson (2006). Results The nematodes parasitic in Brazilian fishes listed below are distributed in 74 genera comprising 142 named and 75 undetermined species of adult and larval nematodes. The total number of host-parasite associations listed is 1,688. These worms were recorded from 324 named marine, brackish and freshwater fish species, and from 50 undetermined host species. Key to Nematoda associated with Brazilian fishes (based on Moravec 1998, Anderson et al. 2009, and Gibbons 2010) Key to Adult Nematoda 1. Oesophagus cylindrical or forming stichosome or trophosome. Phasmids and deirids absent. Eggs with plug at either pole or hatching in utero...class Adenophorea, Order Enoplida (2) - Oesophagus never forming stichosome. Phasmids and deirids present. Eggs without polar plugs. Third larva stage infective to final host... Class Secernentea (7) 2. Oesophagus cylindrical and well developed; stichosome or trophosome absent. Male tail modified to form ventral sucker Superfamily Dioctophymatoidea, Family Dioctophymatidae, Eustrongylides - Oesophagus with oesophageal glands forming stichosome or trophosome. Male tail not modified to form ventral sucker superfamily Trichinelloidea, Family Trichuridae (3) 3. Spicule absent. Male distal end rounded, laterally expanded... Freitascapillaria - Spicule present. Male distal end not laterally expanded...(4) 4. Spicular sheath with spines.... Capillaria - Spicular sheath without spines... (5) 5. Pseudobursal membrane absent or very reduced...pseudocapillaria - Pseudobursal membrane well developed...(6) 6. Dorsolateral projection of pseudobursal margin narrow or digitiform...paracapillaria - Dorsolateral projections of pseudobursal margin very wide (in ventral view)...capillostrongyloides 4 Zootaxa Magnolia Press LUQUE ET AL.

5 7. Anterior extremity not bilaterally symmetrical (triradiate). Oesophagus not divided into short anterior muscular part and long posterior glandular part...(8) - Anterior extremity bilaterally symmetrical. Oesophagus divided, with anterior muscular part shorter than posterior glandular part; division sometimes indistinct... Order Spirurida (35) 8. Male with reduced number of caudal papillae. Generally only one spicule. Eggs often flattened on one side Order Oxyurida, Superfamily Oxyuroidea, Family Pharyngodonidae (9) - Male with large number of caudal papillae. Generally two spicules. Eggs not often flattened on one side Order Ascaridida (15) 9. Oesophageal bulb without sclerotized apparatus... Travnema - Oesophageal bulb with sclerotized apparatus...(10) 10. Corpus of oesophagus conspicuously dilate posteriorly...(11) - Corpus of oesophagus almost cylindrical, not markedly dilate posteriorly... (12) 11. Buccal capsule present, armed with basal teeth... Cosmoxynema - Buccal capsule absent...cosmoxynemoides 12. Vulva anterior to middle region of body... (13) - Vulva posterior or in middle region of body (excluding tail)... Ichthyouris 13. Lateral alae present. Buccal capsule present. Eggs with filaments...(14) - Lateral alae absent. Buccal capsule absent. Eggs without filaments... Parasynodontisia 14. Buccal capsule small, without teeth. Male genital cone well developed. Male lateral alae terminate posterior to cloaca spinoxyuris - Buccal capsule well developed, with three teeth. Male genital cone poorly developed. Male lateral alae terminate anterior to cloaca... Brasilnema 15. With three well-defined lips, sometimes separated by interlabia. Eggs thick-shelled and not embryonated when deposited. Precloacal sucker absent in male...superfamily Ascaridoidea (17) - Small lips present or absent, when present variable in number and form. Eggs hatch in utero or eggs with delicate shells deposited by female. Pre-cloacal sucker may be present in male...(16) 16. Oesophagus composed of a cylindrical corpus, with distinct pharyngeal part, subspherical or elongate isthmus and valvate bulb.... Superfamily Cosmocercoidea (26) - Oesophagus short, simple or divided into two parts with or without same diameter. Isthmus and bulb absent Superfamily Seuratoidea (31) 17. Oesophagus with oblong to cylindrical posterior ventriculus, or with small globular ventriculus giving off one or two posteriorly directed appendices. Excretory pore situated between base of subventral lips or near nerve ring family Anisakidae (18) - Oesophagus lacking ventriculus or with globular to ellipsoidal ventriculus from which two anteriorly and three posteriorly directed appendices may arise. Excretory pore situated near nerve ring. Family Ascarididae, Multicaecinae, Brevimulticaecum 18. Cuticular annules with posterior spines... Subfamily Goeziinae, Goezia - Cuticular annules without spines...(19) 19. Excretory pore usually between subventral lips or at base of ventral interlabium... Subfamily Anisakinae (20) - Excretory pore opens at the level of nerve ring...(21) 20. Ventriculus very elongate... Pulchrascaris - Ventriculus slightly elongate...terranova 21. Head with low lips. In elasmobranchs...subfamily Pseudanisakinae, Pseudanisakis - Head with well-developed lips. In teleosts...subfamily Raphidascaridinae (22) 22. Lips surrounded posteriorly by ring with small anteriorly directed curves between lips...lappetascaris - Lips not surrounded posteriorly by ring...(23) 23. Interlabia absent... Raphidascaris - Interlabia present...(24) 24. Intestinal caecum absent...raphidascaroides - Instestinal caecum present... (25) 25. Cuticle with overlapping annulations giving serrate appearance but without spination... Iheringascaris - Cuticle without overlapping annulations... Hysterothylacium 26. Oviparous. Didelphic... Family Kathlaniidae (27) - Viviparous with larvae in utero at advanced stage of development and capable of endogenous development. Monodelphic Family Atractidae (30) 27. Pharyngeal part of oesophagus armed with anterior, hexagonal sclerotized ring... Chabaudinema - Pharyngeal part of oesophagus simple or armed with three small teeth...(28) 28. Anterior extremity of oesophagus differentiated into pharyngeal region...falcaustra - Anterior extremity of oesophagus simple, not differentiated into pharyngeal region...(29) NEMATODA IN BRAZILIAN FISHES Zootaxa Magnolia Press 5

6 29. Cephalic extremity with six lips. Cephalic region continuous with body proper. Oesophageal isthmus not expanded. Postcloacal lobe-like formation with horns absent... Spectatus - Cephalic extremith with three lips. Cephalic region separated by transverse cuticular fold from wider portion of body. Oesophageal isthmus expanded. Postcloacal lobe-like formation with two horns present... Myleusnema 30. Cephalic end armed with eight Y-shaped sclerotized pieces....klossinemella - Cephalic end without sclerotized pieces...rondonia 31. Buccal capsule absent. Buccal cavity, when present, lined by cuticle (cheilostome) similar to that of body wall family Quimperiidae (32) - Pseudobuccal capsule present, formed as modification of oesophagus (oesophastome) with wall surrounded by oesophageal tissue... Family Cucullanidae (33) 32. Cephalic region simple, without longitudinal bands of inflated cuticle. Anterior end of oesophagus with bulbous inflation. Male without precloacal muscle bands...paraseuratum - Cephalic region with numerous longitudinal bands of inflated cuticle. Anterior end of oesophagus not inflated. Male with precloacal muscle bands...neoparaseuratum 33. Intestinal caecum present... Dichelyne - Intestinal caecum absent...(34) 34. Mouth not surrounded by membranous collarette with denticles. Male tail conical, without small terminal caudal alae Cucullanus - Mouth surrounded by membranous collarette with denticles. Male tail short and rounded, with small caudal alae Neocucullanus 35. Pseudolabia absent. Buccal capsule present or not. Oesophagus divided into muscular and glandular portions or muscular throughout. Larvae without cephalic hooks...suborder Camallanina (36) - Pseudolabia present. Buccal capsule present, usually tubular. Muscular and glandular portions of oesophagus well differentiated. Larvae usually with cephalic hooks or spines... Suborder Spirurina (47) 36. Buccal capsule and buccal cavity well developed. Buccal capsule orange-brown, simple or with two valves; tridents may be present. Parasites of digestive tract...superfamily Camallanoidea, Family Camallanidae (37) - Buccal capsule reduced or absent; buccal cavity poorly developed; Buccal capsule colourless, rounded, not divided into valves; tridents absent. Not usually parasites of digestive tract...superfamily Dracunculoidea (40) 37. Buccal capsule divided into two lateral valves...(38) - Buccal capsule rounded, continuous, not separated into two valves...subfamily Procamallaninae, Procamallanus 38. Buccal cavity reduced or absent... Subfamily Camallaninae (39) - Buccal capsule of adults subdivided into two almost equal parts, with large buccal cavity present subfamily Paracamallaninae, Paracamallanus 39. Longitudinal bands supporting buccal valves transformed posteriorly into two rows of spines or several combs... Oncophora - Longitudinal bands supporting buccal valves continuous... Camallanus 40. Vulva in gravid females atrophied or poorly developed (except Alinema), situated in middle to posterior part of body. Oesophagus without free posterior glandular appendix... (41) - Vulva in gravid females well developed, situated in anterior part of body. Oesophagus with free posterior glandular appendix Family Guyanemidae (42) 41. Oesophagus divided into anterior muscular and posterior glandular portions or undivided. Oesophageal gland multinucleate. Anterior end of oesophagus never inflated. Tail of both sexes conical, pointed......family Micropleuridae, Subfamily Micropleurinae, Philonema - Oesophagus short, undivided or with large unicellular dorsal oesophageal gland containing large cell nucleus; anterior end of oesophagus often bulbously inflated. Tail of both sexes blunt, sometimes rounded... Family Philometridae (43) 42. Oesophagus with very long glandular portion, several times longer than muscular portion, without free posterior appendage Subfamily Guyaneminae, Guyanema - Oesophagus with short glandular portion, not longer than muscular portion, with free posterior appendage Subfamily Travassosneminae, Travassosnema 43. Gravid females with atrophied vagina and vulva. Oral aperture unarmed...subfamily Philometrinae (44) - Gravid females with well-developed vagina and vulva situated near posterior extremity. Oral aperture with small, sclerotized formations supporting peribucal rim...subfamily Alineminae, Alinema 44. Body surface with cuticular ornamentations... (45) - Body surface without cuticular ornamentations...(46) 45. Cuticle with cone-shaped protuberances. Oesophagus cylindrical, not swollen at anterior end. Caudal end pointed... Nilonema - Cuticle without cone-shaped protuberances, but with small bosses often present in oesophageal region of body. Oesophagus usually bulbous or somewhat swollen near mouth. Caudal end rounded or blunt... Philometroides 46. Caudal end conical. Cephalic end with apical outgrowths. Oesophagus cylindrical anteriorly, not swollen near mouth, markedly expanded posteriorly... Rumai 6 Zootaxa Magnolia Press LUQUE ET AL.

7 - Caudal end rounded or blunt, sometimes with pair of papilla-like caudal projections. Cephalic end without apical outgrowths. Oesophagus usually has bulbous inflation at anterior end...philometra 47. Buccal cavity well cuticularized... (48) - Buccal cavity poorly cuticularized... (49) 48. Oral opening hexagonal or oval. Pseudolabia absent. Internal labial papillae well developed Superfamily Thelazioidea, Family Rhabdochonidae (50) - Oral opening with well-defined bilateral symmetry. Pseudolabia present. Internal labial papillae small or absent superfamily Habronematoidea (51) 49. Pseudolabia trilobed. Cephalic and outer labial papillae separate. Cuticle on inner face of each pseudolabium thick, generally folded into rounded, tooth-like formations which fit into corresponding folds on adjacent pseudolabium superfamily Gnathostomatoidea, Family Gnathostomatidae (55) - Pseudolabia unlobed. Cephalic and outer labial papillae fused. Variable number of teeth on free borders of pseudolabia. Body cuticle immediately posterior to pseudolabia, often expanded to form collarete.... Superfamily Physalopteroidea, Family Physalopteridae, Subfamily Proleptinae...(57) 50. Buccal capsule armed with longitudinal sclerotized rods projecting anteriorly as teeth. Pre-anal papillae numerous Rhabdochona - Buccal capsule without sclerotized rods. Oral opening unarmed. Pre-anal papillae not numerous...johnstonmawsonia 51. Median lips (ventral and dorsal) present, extending over lateral pseudolabia. Cephalic papillae on lateral pseudolabia. Oesophagus simple. Tail of female modified as attachment organ...family Hedruridae, Hedruris - Median lips (ventral and dorsal) not extending over lateral pseudolabia. Cephalic papillae never on lateral pseudolabia. Oesophagus divided. Tail of female not in form of attachment organ... Family Cystidicolidae (52) 52. Pseudolabia relatively large, without teeth, but with enlarged anterior border covering greater part of oral opening...(53) - Pseudolabia very small, each sometimes armed with one or two teeth; anterior border slightly enlarged and not covering greater part of oral opening...(54) 53. Body without rows of spines. Pharynx generally long...cystidicoloides - Anterior region of body with rows of spines or combs. Pharynx generally short...spinitectus 54. Pseudolabia each with single tooth. Vulva post-equatorial... Ascarophis - Pseudolabia each with armed with two teeth. Vulva anterior...parascarophis 55. Cephalic bulb absent...subfamily Ancyracanthinae, Ancyracanthus - Cephalic bulb present... Subfamily Gnathostomatinae (56) 56. Body unarmed...echinocephalus - Body partly or entriely armed with posteriorly directed spines...gnathostoma 57. Vulva near anus...proleptus - Vulva slightly pre-equatorial... Heliconema Key to Larval Nematoda 1. Oral aperture surrounded by 12 or 18 papillae arranged in two or three circles of six papillae each Eustrongylides - Oral aperture without these characteristics (2) 2. Oral aperture without pseudolabia (3) - Oral aperture provided with pseudolabia (11) 3. Ventriculus with several short anterior and posterior appendices Brevimulticaecum - Ventriculus without appendices or with only one, usually long, posterior appendix (4) 4. Anterior intestinal caecum present and posterior ventricular appendix absent (5) - Anterior intestinal caecum and posterior ventricular appendix present, or both caecum and appendix absent (7) 5. Excretory pore at about level of nerve ring or just posterior to it Porrocaecum-like larvae - Excretory pore near ventral interlabium (6) 6. Tail with mucron Pseudoterranova - Tail without mucron terranova 7. Cuticular rings of older larvae provided with numerous small posterior spines Goezia - Cuticular rings always lack spines (8) 8. Both posterior ventricular appendix and anterior intestinal caecum present (9) - Only posterior ventricular appendix or only anterior intestinal caecum present, or both absent (10) 9. Excretory pore at level of nerve ring or just posterior Hysterothylacium - Excretory pore at base of ventral interlabium Contracaecum 10. Posterior ventricular appendix and anterior intestinal caecum absent. Excretory pore at base of ventral interlabium.. Anisakis - Posterior ventricular appendix present; anterior intestinal caecum absent. Excretory pore at or posterior to level of nerve ring Raphidascaris 11. Mouth provided with two large, lateral, triangular pseudolabia Spiroxys - Cephalic end bears helmet-like cuticular structure with thickened, free posterior region Pseudoproleptus NEMATODA IN BRAZILIAN FISHES Zootaxa Magnolia Press 7

8 Parasite-Host List TERMS OF USE adult and larva Hosts, and site of infection: Ageneiosus inermis (FW adult intestine), Aphyocharax anisitsi (FW adult intestine), Astronotus ocellatus (FW unspecified unspecified), Astyanax bimaculatus (FW unspecified unspecified), A. eigenmanniorum (FW unspecified unspecified), Brycon microleps (= B. hilarii) (FW unspecified unspecified), B. orbignyanus (FW larva), Brycon sp. (FW unspecified unspecified), Catathyridium jenynsii (FW unspecified unspecified), Choanoscolex abscissus [Cestoda] in Pseudoplatystoma corruscans (FW larva intestine), Coryphaena hippurus (MAR unspecified unspecified), Crenicichla britskii (FW adult, larva intestine), C. niederleinii (FW adult intestine), Cyphocharax gilbert (FW unspecified unspecified), C. nagelii (FW unspecified unspecified), Cynopotamus kincaidi (FW unspecified unspecified), Cynoscion leiarchus (MAR unspecified unspecified), Diplodus argenteus argenteus (MAR unspecified unspecified), Epinephelus sp. (MAR unspecified unspecified), Galeocerdo cuvier (MAR unspecified stomach), Genypterus brasiliensis (MAR unspecified unspecified), Geophagus brasiliensis (FW unspecified unspecified), Gymnotus carapo (FW unspecified unspecified), Hemisorubim platyrhynchos (FW larva unspecified), Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus (FW adult intestine), Hoplias malabaricus (FW unspecified unspecified), Hypophthalmus edentatus (FW adult intestine), Hypostomus regani (FW unspecified unspecified), Iheringichthys labrosus (FW adult intestine), Leporellus vittatus (FW adult intestine), Leporinus elongatus (FW unspecified unspecified), L. friderici (FW adult intestine), L. lacustris (FW adult intestine), L. obtusidens (FW adult intestine), L. octofasciatus (FW unspecified unspecified), Leporinus sp. (FW adult intestine), Lophiosilurus alexandri (FW adult intestine), Lophius gastrophysus (MAR unspecified unspecified), Loricariichthys platymetopon (FW adult intestine), Megalonema platanum (FW unspecified unspecified), Menticirrhus americanus (MAR unspecified unspecified), Micropogonias furnieri (MAR unspecified unspecified), Myctoperca sp. (MAR unspecified unspecified), Myletes sp. (FW unspecified unspecified), Myleus levis (FW unspecified unspecified), Oreochromis niloticus niloticus (FW larva intestine), Pachyurus squamipennis (MAR unspecified unspecified), Pagrus pagrus (MAR unspecified unspecified), Pellona castelnaeana (FW unspecified unspecified), Piaractus brachypomus (FW unspecified unspecified), Pimelodus maculatus (FW unspecified unspecified), Pinirampus pirinampu (FW adult, larva intestine), Plagioscion squamosissimus (FW larva mesentery), Pomatomus saltator (MAR unspecified unspecified), Potamorhina squamoralevis (FW unspecified unspecified), Potamotrygon motoro (FW unspecified unspecified), Priacanthus arenatus (MAR unspecified unspecified), Proloricaria prolixa (FW unspecified unspecified), Pseudopercis numida (MAR unspecified unspecified), Pseudoplatystoma sp. (FW unspecified unspecified), Pseudupeneus maculatus (MAR unspecified unspecified), Rhamphichthys hahni (FW adult intestine), Rhaphiodon vulpinus (FW adult intestine), Rhinodoras dorbignyi (FW adult intestine), Roeboides paranensis (FW unspecified unspecified), Satanoperca pappaterra (FW adult intestine), Serrasalmus spilopleura (FW unspecified unspecified), Synbranchus marmoratus (FW adult intestine), Tetragonopterus argenteus (FW unspecified unspecified), Thyrsitops lepidopoides (MAR unspecified unspecified), Triportheus angulatus (FW unspecified unspecified), T. nematurus, T. paranaensis (FW unspecified unspecified). Localities: Pentecoste CE; off ES; São Francisco River MG; MT; Itaipú reservoir, Maringá, Saraiva Lagoon, Upper Paraná River PR. References: Travassos (1940a, b, 1945), Travassos & Freitas (1941, 1942, 1943, 1948),, Rêgo & Gibson (1989), Pavanelli et al. (1997, 2004), Brasil-Sato (2003), Kohn et al. (2003, 2004), Arci et al. (2006), Graça & Machado (2007), Takemoto et al. (2009). Remark: Choanoscolex abscissus [Cestoda] in Pseudoplatystoma corruscans (larva intestine). This record from a cestode represents a case of hyperparasitism. 8 Zootaxa Magnolia Press LUQUE ET AL.

9 Class Adenophorea Linstow Order Enoplida Schuurmans, Stekhoven & Deconinck Superfamily Dioctophymatoidea Railliet Family Dioctophymatidae Castellani & Chalmers Eustrongylides ignotus Jägerskiöld adult and larva FW Hosts and site of infection: Auchenipterus nigripinnis (larva body cavity), Brycon hilarii (larva body cavity), Galeocharax humeralis (larva body cavity), Hemisorubim platyrhynchos (larva mesentery, muscle), Hoplias aff. malabaricus, H. malabaricus (larva body cavity), Hoplias sp., Loricariidae gen. sp., Paratrygon sp. (larva body cavity), Pinirampus pirinampu (larva body cavity), Poeciliidae gen. sp. (larva body cavity), Pseudoplatystoma corruscans (adult and larva body cavity, intestine), P. fasciatum (larva body cavity), Pygocentrus nattereri (larva body cavity), Rhaphiodon vulpinus (larva body cavity), Salminus brasiliensis (larva body cavity), Serrasalmus maculatus (larva unspecified), S. marginatus (larva body cavity), S. spilopleura (larva body cavity), Synbranchus marmoratus (larva body cavity). Localities: Cuiabá River MT; Cachimbo PA; Upper Paraná River PR; Rio de Janeiro RJ; Pirassununga SP. References: Travassos (1925), Rêgo & Eiras (1988), Rêgo & Vicente (1988a, b), Eiras & Rêgo (1988, 1989), Pavanelli et al. (1997, 2004), Moravec (1998), Vicente & Pinto (1999), Guidelli et al. (2003), Takemoto et al. (2009), Eiras et al. (2010), Rocha (2011). Eustrongylides tubifex Nitzsch in Rudolphi larva FW Syn.: E. perpapillatus Jägerskiöld Hosts and site of infection: Pseudoplatystoma corruscans (mesenteries). Locality: Piracicaba River SP. Reference: Lordello & Monteiro (1959). Eustrongylides sp. larva FW Hosts and site of infection: Acestrorhynchus lacustris (intestine), Arapaima gigas (tumour on skin), Auchenipterus nigripinnis (muscle), Brycon hilarii (body cavity), B. microleps, (mesentery, muscle), Callichthys callichthys, Calophysus macropterus, Charax gibbosus, Cichla kelberi, C. monoculus, C. ocellaris (body cavity), C. piquiti, Galeocharax humeralis (mesenteries), Gymnotus carapo, Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus (mesentery, muscle, stomach wall), Hoplias malabaricus (body cavity, liver serosa, mesentery, muscle, stomach wall), Leporinus copelandii (mesenteries), L. obtusidens (body cavity), Lepthoplosternum pectorale, Oligosarcus sp. (body cavity), Paratrygon sp., Pimelodus maculatus (body cavity), Pirinampus pirinampu (mesentery, muscle), Plagioscion squamosissimus, Poecilia vivipara, Pseudoplatystoma corruscans (intestine, mesenteries), P. fasciatum (mesenteries), Pseudoplatystoma sp., Pygocentrus nattereri (body cavity, mesentery, muscle, swim bladder), Rhaphiodon vulpinus, Salminus brasiliensis (body cavity, mesenteries), Steindachneridion parahybae (mesenteries), Synbranchus marmoratus, Tetragonopterinae gen. sp. Localities: São Francisco River MG; Cuiabá River, Pantanal MS, MT; Maicurú, Mexiana Island, Amazonas River Basin PA; Upper Paraná River PR; Aguaí, Paraná River, Pirassununga SP. References: Travassos et al. (1928), Lordello & Monteiro (1959), Travassos & Freitas (1964), Travassos & Kohn (1965), Vicente et al. (1985), Kohn & Fernandes (1987), Rêgo & Vicente (1988b), Thatcher (1991), Brasil-Sato (2003), Carvalho et al. (2003), Santos et al. (2003), Adriano et al. (2005), Barros et al. (2006, 2007, 2009a, 2010), Saraiva et al. (2006a), Martins et al. (2009), Muniz-Pereira et al. (2009), Santos & Moravec (2009b), Takemoto et al. (2009), Eiras et al. (2010). Eustrongylides sp. 1 larva FW Hosts and site of infection: Gymnotus sp. (mesenteries). Locality: Baía River MS. Reference: Isaac et al. (2004). NEMATODA IN BRAZILIAN FISHES Zootaxa Magnolia Press 9

10 Eustrongylides sp. 2 larva FW Hosts and site of infection: Gymnotus sp. (mesenteries). Locality: Baía River MS. Reference: Isaac et al. (2004). Superfamily Trichinelloidea Railliet Family Trichuridae (Ransom) Capillaria (Neocapillaria) carioca Freitas & Lent adult MAR Syn.: Echinocephalus carioca Lopes Neyra; Thominx carioca Skrjabin & Shikhobalova Hosts and site of infection: Sphoeroides testudineus (intestine). Locality: Rio de Janeiro RJ. References: Freitas & Lent (1935), Yamaguti (1961), Vicente & Pinto (1981), Vicente et al. (1985), Moravec (2001). Capillaria sp. adult Hosts and site of infection: Astyanax fasciatus (FW intestine), Hypostomus derbyi (FW intestine), Leporellus vittatus (FW intestine), Leporinus copelandii (FW intestine), Menticirrhus americanus (MAR intestine), Pseudupeneus maculatus (MAR musculature) Pseudopercis numida (MAR intestine), P. semifasciata (MAR intestine), Serrasalmus marginatus (FW intestine). Localities: Iguaçú River Basin, Upper Paraná River PR; off Rio de Janeiro RJ; Pirassununga SP. References: Bührnheim (1976), Vicente et al. (1985), Kohn & Fernandes (1987), Kohn et al. (1988), Chaves & Luque (1999), Vicente & Pinto (1999), Pavanelli et al. (2004), Luque et al. (2006), Lima et al. (2008). Capillariidae gen. sp. FW Hosts: Serrasalmus maculatus, S. marginatus, S. spilopleura. Locality: Upper Paraná River PR. References: Pavanelli et al. (2004), Takemoto et al. (2009). Capillariidae gen. sp. 1 adult FW Hosts and site of infection: Schizodon fasciatus (intestine). Locality: Paraná River, Guaíra PR. References: Moravec et al. (1992a), Vicente & Pinto (1999), Moravec (2001). Remark: Vicente & Pinto (1999) referred this taxon as Trichuridae sp. Moravec (2001) considered this taxon to be a species inquirenda. Capillariidae gen. sp. 2 adult FW Hosts and site of infection: Pseudoplatystoma corruscans (intestine). Localitiy: Paraná River, Guaíra PR. References: Moravec et al. (1992a), Vicente & Pinto (1999), Moravec (2001). Remark: Vicente & Pinto (1999) referred this taxon as Trichuridae sp. Whereas, Moravec (2001) considered it to be a species inquirenda. Capillariinae gen. sp. adult Hosts and site of infection: Gymnotus carapo (FW), Hoplosternum littorale (FW intestine), Rhamdia quelen (FW unspecified). Locality: Guandu River RJ. References: Abdallah et al. (2006), Azevedo et al. (2010). Capillostrongyloides arapaimae Santos, Moravec & Venturieri adult FW Host and site of infection: Arapaima gigas (intestine, pyloric caeca). Locality: Mexiana Island, Amazonas River Basin PA. References: Santos et al. (2008), Eiras et al. (2010). Capillostrongyloides sentinosa (Travassos) adult FW Syn.: Capillaria minima Travassos, Artigas & Pereira; C. zederi Freitas & Lent; C. sentinosa Travassos 10 Zootaxa Magnolia Press LUQUE ET AL.

11 Hosts and site of infection: Anostominae gen. sp. (stomach), Astyanax fasciatus (stomach), Hoplias malabaricus (stomach), Leporinus elongatus (intestine, stomach), Leporinus sp. (stomach), Schizodon nasutus (intestine, stomach). Localities: Upper Paraná River PR; Grande River, Parnaíba, Pirassununga SP. References: Travassos (1927), Travassos et al. (1928), Freitas & Lent (1935), Yamaguti (1961), Travassos & Kohn (1965), Vicente & Pinto (1981), Vicente et al. (1985), Kohn & Fernades (1987), Thatcher (1991), Moravec (1998, 2001), Takemoto et al. (2009), Eiras et al. (2010). Freitascapillaria maxillosa (Vaz & Pereira) adult FW Syn.: Capillaria maxillosa Vaz & Pereira; Pseudocapillaria nuda Mendonça Host and site of infection: Salminus brasiliensis (intestine, stomach, pyloric caeca). Locality: Piracicaba River, Pirassununga SP. References: Vaz & Pereira (1934), Freitas & Lent (1935), Yamaguti (1961), Mendonça (1963), Travassos & Kohn (1965), Vicente & Pinto (1981), Vicente et al. (1985), Kohn & Fernandes (1987), Moravec (1998, 2001), Thatcher (2006), Eiras et al. (2010). Paracapillaria (Paracapillaria) argentinensis Timi, Rossin, Lanfranchi & Etchegoin adult MAR intestine Hosts: Pinguipes brasilianus, Pseudopercis numida, P. semifasciata. Localities: Cabo Frio, Rio de Janeiro RJ. References: Luque et al. (2008), Timi et al. (2010). Paracapillaria (Paracapillaria) piscicola (Travassos, Artigas & Pereira) adult FW Syn.: Capillaria piscicola Travassos, Artigas & Pereira Hosts and site of infection: Acestrorhynchus falcatus (stomach), Acestrorhynchus sp. (intestine), Galeocharax humeralis (intestine, stomach), G. knerii (stomach), Hoplias malabaricus (intestine, stomach), Hypostomus affinis (unspecified), Leporellus vittatus (stomach), Leporinus copelandii (stomach), Oligosarcus sp. (stomach), Salminus brasiliensis (stomach), S. hilarii (stomach), Trachelyopterus striatulus (stomach). Localities: Amazonas River Basin; Foz do Iguaçú, Paraná and Upper Paraná River PR; Pirassununga SP. References: Travassos et al. (1928), Freitas & Lent (1935), Yamaguti (1961), Mendonça (1963), Travassos & Kohn (1965), Buhrheim (1976), Vicente & Pinto (1981), Vicente et al. (1985), Kohn & Fernandes (1987), Moravec et al. (1992a), Moravec (1998, 2001), Pavanelli et al. (2004), Thatcher (2006), Takemoto et al. (2009), Azevedo et al. (2010), Eiras et al. (2010), Mesquita et al. (2011). Pseudocapillaria (Pseudocapillaria) magalhaesi (Lent & Freitas) adult MAR body cavity and intestine Syn.: Trichosoma da corvina of Lent & Freitas (1937); Capillaria magalhaesi Lent & Freitas; Pseudocapillaria (Ictiocapillaria) magalhaesi (Lent & Freitas) Hosts: Micropogonias furnieri, M. undulatus. Localities: Rio de Janeiro RJ; Cassino Beach RS. References: Lent & Freitas (1937), Vicente et al. (1985), Alves & Luque (1999, 2000, 2001a, 2001b), Moravec (2001), Almeida et al. (2008), Luque et al. (2010). Class Secernentea Dougherty Order Ascaridida Skrjabin & Schulz Superfamily Ascaridoidea Baird Ascaridoidea fam. gen. sp. larva FW Hosts: Electrophorus electricus, Hoplias malabaricus, Pseudoplatystoma sp., Salminus brasiliensis. Localities: Salobra MG; Maicurú PA. Reference: Travassos (1940a), Travassos & Freitas (1964), Vicente et al. (1985). Filocapsulariinae gen. sp. adult FW swim bladder Hosts: Galeocharax knerii, Hoplias malabaricus, Leporellus vittatus, Leporinus copelandii, L. octofasciatus, L. striatus, Leporinus sp., Salminus hilarii. NEMATODA IN BRAZILIAN FISHES Zootaxa Magnolia Press 11

12 Locality: Pirassununga SP. References: Bührnheim (1976), Vicente et al. (1985). Family Anisakidae Railliet & Henry Anisakidae gen. sp. larva Hosts and site of infection: Acestrorhynchus lacustris (FW unspecified), Auchenipterus nigripinnis (FW mesentery), Brycon orbignyanus (FW mesentery), Conorynchus conirostris (FW mesentery), Genypterus brasiliensis (MAR unspecified), Katsuwonus pelamis (MAR unspecified), Micropogonias furnieri (MAR unspecified), Pagrus pagrus (MAR lateral muscle), Prochilodus lineatus (FW unspecified), Pseudopercis numida (MAR unspecified), Pseudoplatystoma corruscans (FW unspecified), P. fasciatum (FW unspecified), Salminus brasiliensis (FW mesentery). Localities: São Franciso River MG; Pantanal MT; Upper Paraná River PR; off Rio de Janeiro RJ. References: Rêgo & Vicente (1988b), Pavanelli et al. (1997, 2004), Brasil-Sato & Santos (2005), Pereira Cardoso et al. (2006), Saad & Luque (2009), Takemoto et al. (2009). Subfamily Anisakinae Railliet & Henry Anisakis physeteris Baylis larva MAR mesentery Hosts: Auxis thazard thazard, Genypterus brasiliensis. Localities: Brazilian coast; Niterói, Rio de Janeiro RJ. References: Knoff et al. (2007), Iñiguez et al. (2009). Anisakis typica (Diesing) larva MAR intestine Syn.: Cercocephalis typicus Diesing Hosts: Auxis thazard thazard, Thunnus thynnus. Locality: Brazilian coast. References: Mattiucci et al. (2002), Mattiucci & Nascetti (2006), Iñiguez et al. (2009). Anisakis simplex (Rudolphi) larva MAR Hosts and site of infection: Genypterus brasiliensis (mesentery, stomach serosa, intestinal serosa, ovary, musculature), Paralichthys isosceles (abdominal cavity, intestine, stomach serosa). Locality: Niterói, Rio de Janeiro RJ. References: Knoff et al. (2007), Felizardo et al. (2009a). Anisakis pegreffii Campana-Rouget & Biocca larva MAR Host: Thunnus thynnus. Locality: Brazilian coast. References: Mattiucci & Nascetti (2006). Anisakis sp. larva MAR Hosts and site of infection: Aluterus monoceros (mesentery), Bagre bagre (mesentery), Balistes vetula (mesentery), Brevoortia aurea (mesentery), Caranx latus (mesentery), Carcharhinus signatus (spiral valve), Dipturus trachydermus (spiral valve), Euthynnus alletteratus (mesentery), Galeorhinus galeus (spiral valve), Genypterus brasiliensis (intestinal serosa, mesentery, muscles, stomach), Heptranchias perlo (spiral valve), Hexanchus griseus (spiral valve), Katsuwonus pelamis, Merluccius hubbsi (mesentery), Micropogonias furnieri (mesentery), Mullus argentinae (mesentery), Mustelus canis (spiral valve), Nebris microps (mesentery), Pagrus pagrus (liver, mesentery, lateral muscle), Paralichthys isosceles (mesentery), Percophis brasiliensis (mesentery), Pomatomus saltatrix (intestine), Prionotus punctatus (liver, mesentery), Pseudopercis numida (mesentery), Scomber japonicus (mesentery), S. scombrus (mesentery), 12 Zootaxa Magnolia Press LUQUE ET AL.

13 Scomberomorus cavalla (stomach serosa), Selene setapinnis (mesentery), Sphyraena guachancho (mesentery), Squalus megalops (spiral valve), Squatina sp. (spiral valve), Trichiurus lepturus (coelomic serosa, mesentery), Urophycis mystacea (mesentery). Localities: Fortaleza CE; PR; Rio de Janeiro RJ; RS. References: Rêgo et al. (1983), Rêgo & Santos (1983), Vicente et al. (1985), Barros & Amato (1993), São- Clemente et al. (1994), Marques et al. (1995), Luque & Chaves (1999), Luque et al. (2000a, 2002, 2008, 2010), Silva et al. (2000a,b), Paraguassú et al. (2000, 2002), Knoff et al. (2001, 2003a,b, 2007), Luque & Alves (2001), Abdallah et al. (2002), Alves et al. (2002c, 2003, 2005),, Cordeiro & Luque (2004), Luque & Poulin (2004), Tavares et al. (2004b), Bicudo et al. (2005a,b), Padovani et al. (2005), Alves & Luque (2006), Tavares & Luque (2006), Muniz-Pereira et al. (2009), Saad & Luque (2009), Dias et al. (2010, 2011). Anisakis sp. 1 larva MAR mesentery Host: Katsuwonus pelamis. Locality: Rio de Janeiro RJ. References: Alves & Luque (2006). Anisakis sp. 2 larva MAR mesentery Host: Katsuwonus pelamis. Locality: Rio de Janeiro RJ. References: Alves & Luque (2006). adult and larva Hosts and site of infection: Oligosarcus macrolepis (FW larva body cavity), Acestrorhampus sp. (= Oligosarcus sp.) (FW unspecified unspecified), Acestrorhynchus lacustris (FW larva mesentery), Ageneiosus inermis, Aluterus monoceros (MAR larva mesentery), Astronotus ocellatus (FW larva mesentery), Astyanax altiparanae (FW larva body cavity, mesentery), A. bimaculatus (FW larva body cavity, mesentery), A. fasciatus (FW larva body cavity, mesentery), A. schubarti (FW larva body cavity, mesentery), Balistes capriscus (MAR larva mesentery), B. vetula (MAR larva mesentery), Bergiaria sp. (FW larva body cavity), Brevoortia aurea (MAR larva mesentery), Brycon microleps (= B. hilarii) (FW larva mesentery), Caranx hippos (MAR larva mesentery), C. latus (MAR larva mesentery), Carcharhinus brachyurus (MAR larva spiral valve), C. signatus (MAR larva spiral valve), Centropomus undecimalis (MAR larva mesentery), Cephalopholis fulva (MAR larva mesentery), Cichla kelberi (FW larva unspecified), C. monoculus (FW larva mesentery), C. ocellaris (FW larva mesentery), Crenicichla lepidota (FW larva body cavity), Curimata sp. (FW larva body cavity), Dactylopterus volitans (MAR larva mesentery), Diapterus rhombeus (MAR larva mesentery), Dipturus trachydermus (MAR larva stomach, spiral valve), Euthynnus alletteratus (MAR larva mesentery), Galeocharax humeralis, G. knerii (FW larva body cavity), Galeorhinus galeus (MAR larva spiral valve), Genidens barbus (MAR larva mesentery), Genypterus brasiliensis (MAR larva mesentery), Geophagus brasiliensis (FW larva body cavity, mesentery), Gymnotus carapo (FW larva), Heptranchias perlo (MAR larva spiral valve), Hemisorubim platyrhynchos (FW larva unspecified), Hexanchus griseus (MAR larva spiral valve), Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus (FW adult mesentery, muscle), Hoplias malabaricus (FW larva body cavity, intestinal, liver, stomach serosa, mesentery, muscle), Iheringichthys labrosus (FW larva unspecified), Leporellus vittatus (FW larva body cavity), Leporinus copelandii (FW larva body cavity), L. elongatus (FW larva mesentery), L. friderici (FW larva mesentery), L. lacustris (FW larva body cavity, mesentery), L. obtusidens (FW larva mesentery), Loricariichthys castaneus (FW unspecified unspecified), Macrodon ancylodon (MAR larva mesentery), Menticirrhus americanus (MAR larva intestine), Metynnis lippincottianus (FW unspecified unspecified), Micropogonias furnieri (MAR larva mesentery), Mullus argentinae (MAR larva mesentery), Mustelus canis (MAR larva spiral valve), M. schmitti (MAR larva spiral valve), Oligoplites palometa (MAR NEMATODA IN BRAZILIAN FISHES Zootaxa Magnolia Press 13

14 larva gills), Oligosarcus paranensis, Oligosarcus sp. (FW larva body cavity), Oligoplites saliens (MAR larva gills), O. saurus (MAR larva gills), Pagrus pagrus (MAR larva lateral muscle, liver and mesentery), Paralichthys isosceles (MAR larva mesentery and intestine), Paralonchurus brasiliensis (MAR larva mesentery), Parona signata (MAR larva mesentery), Paulicea luetkeni (= Zungaro zungaro) (FW larva mesentery), Peprilus paru (MAR unspecified unspecified), Percophis brasiliensis (MAR larva mesentery), Pimelodella lateristriga (FW unspecified unspecified), Pimelodus maculatus (FW larva mesentery), P. ortmanni (FW larva body cavity), Pirinampus pirinampu (FW larva mesentery), Plagioscion squamosissimus (FW larva mesentery), Pomatomus saltatrix (MAR larva intestine), Priacanthus arenatus (MAR larva mesentery), Prochilodus lineatus (FW larva body cavity, mesentery), Pseudoplatystoma corruscans (FW larva mesentery), P. fasciatum (FW larva mesentery), Psellogrammus kennedyi (FW larva unspecified), Pygocentrus nattereri (FW larva body cavity, mesentery, swim bladder), Rhamdia quelen (FW larva mesentery), Rhaphiodon vulpinus (FW larva unspecified), Salminus brasiliensis (FW larva body cavity, mesentery), S. hilarii (FW larva mesentery), Sarda sarda (MAR larva mesentery), Schizodon nasutus (FW larva body cavity), Scomber japonicus (MAR larva intestine, mesentery, pyloric caeca, swim bladder), Scomberomorus brasiliensis (MAR larva mesentery) S. cavalla (FW unspecified mesentery), Scyliorhinus haeckelii (MAR larva spiral valve), Selene setapinnis (MAR larva mesentery), Serrasalmus altuvei (FW unspecified unspecified), S. marginatus (FW larva mesentery), Sphyrna zygaena (MAR larva spiral valve), Squatina sp. (MAR larva spiral valve), Tetragonopterus argenteus (FW unspecified unspecified), Trachelyopterus striatulus (FW unspecified unspecified), Trachurus lathami (MAR larva mesentery), Trichiurus lepturus (MAR larva coelomic serosa, mesentery), Urophycis brasiliensis (MAR larva mesentery), Urophycis mystacea (MAR larva mesentery). Localities: Amazonas River Basin; off São Luiz MA; Cuiabá River, Pantanal MT; Iguaçú River, Upper Paraná River PR; Campos, Guandu River, Lajes Reservoir, Piraí, off Rio de Janeiro RJ; Campinas, Jaguari Reservoir, Paraná River SP; MS; Paraná River, Pirassununga SP; of RS. References: Travassos & Freitas (1940), Kloss (1966), Vicente & Fernandes (1978), Fábio (1982), Rêgo et al. (1983), Rêgo & Santos (1983), Vicente et al. (1985), Kohn et al. (1988, 1989), Rêgo & Vicente (1988b), Eiras & Rêgo (1989), Leão et al. (1991), Thatcher (1991), Barros & Amato (1993), Barros (1994), São- Clemente et al. (1994, 1995), Marques et al. (1995), Takemoto et al. (1996, 2009), Pavanelli et al. (1997, 2004), Alves & Luque (1999, 2000, 2001a, 2001b, 2006), Chaves & Luque (1999), Luque & Chaves (1999), Vicente & Pinto (1999), Luque et al. (2000a, 2002, 2003, 2010), Machado et al. (2000), Paraguassú et al. (2000, 2002, 2005), Silva et al. (2000a,b), Knoff et al. (2001, 2007), Luque & Alves (2001), Tavares et al. (2001, 2004b), Abdallah et al. (2002), Alves et al. (2002a,b,c, 2003, 2004, 2005), Ribeiro et al. (2002), Brasil-Sato (2003), Carvalho et al. (2003, 2010), Martins et al. (2003, 2005), Cordeiro & Luque (2004, 2005b), Luque & Poulin (2004), Tavares & Luque (2004a,b, 2006), Lizama et al. (2005), Madi & Silva (2005), Azevedo et al. (2006, 2007a,c, 2010), Paraguassú & Luque (2006), Barros et al. (2007, 2009a,b, 2010), Felizardo et al. (2009a), Moreira et al. (2009, 2010), Muniz-Pereira et al. (2009), Saad & Luque (2009), Dias et al. (2010, 2011), Eiras et al. (2010), Mesquita et al. (2011), Vicentin et al. (2011), Rocha (2011). 1 Larva FW Hosts and site of infection: Gymnotus sp. (mesentery), Hemisorubim platyrhynchos (mesentery), Pseudoplatystoma corruscans (unspecified). Localities: Upper Paraná River PR; Baia River MS. References: Machado et al. (1996), Isaac et al. (2004), Pavanelli et al. (2004). 2 Larva FW mesentery Hosts: Gymnotus sp., Hemisorubim platyrhynchos, Pseudoplatystoma corruscans. Localities: Upper Paraná River PR; Baia River MS. 14 Zootaxa Magnolia Press LUQUE ET AL.

15 References: Machado et al. (1996), Isaac et al. (2004), Pavanelli et al. (2004). Type A FW Unspecified site of infection Hosts: Astyanax bimaculatus, A. schubarti, Galeocharax knerii, Salminus brasiliensis, S. hilarii. Locality: Pirassununga SP. Reference: Bührnheim (1976). Type B FW Unspecified site of infection Hosts: Astyanax bimaculatus, Galeocharax knerii, Hoplias malabaricus, Leporinus copelandii, L. lacustris, Salminus brasiliensis. Locality: Pirassununga SP. Reference: Bührnheim (1976). Type 1 Larva FW Hosts and site of infection: Acestrorhynchus lacustris (intestine), Astyanax altiparanae (mesentery), A. fasciatus (body cavity), Brycon hilarii (liver, mesentery), Cichla kelberi, Cichla piquiti, Crenicichla lepidota (body cavity), Galeocharax humeralis (intestine, body cavity), G. knerii (intestine, body cavity), Gymnotus carapo (body cavity), Hemisorubim platyrhynchos, Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus (mesentery), Hoplias malabaricus (body cavity and mesentery), Leporinus friderici (gonads, mesentery, musculature of intestine), L. lacustris (gonads, mesentery, musculature of intestine), Plagioscion squamosissimus (body cavity), Pseudoplatystoma corruscans, P. fasciatum (intestine), Rhaphiodon vulpinus (body cavity). Localities: Juba River MT; Aquidauna River MG; Pantanal MS; Foz do Iguaçú, Guaira, Itaipú Reservoir, Paraná River, Upper Paraná River PR; Aguaí SP. References: Moravec et al. (1993a), Moravec (1998), Carvalho et al. (2003), Guidelli et al. (2003, 2006), Saraiva et al. (2006a,b), Campos et al. (2008, 2009b,c), Eiras et al. (2010). Type 2 Larva FW Hosts and site of infection: Acestrorhynchus lacustris (intestine), Astronotus ocellatus, Astyanax fasciatus (body cavity), Brycon hilarii (liver, mesentery), Gymnotus carapo (body cavity), Hemisorubim platyrhynchos (mesentery), Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus (body cavity), Hoplias malabaricus (body cavity), Markiana geayi (body cavity), Pachyurus bonariensis (mesentery), Plagioscion ternetzi (mesentery), Prochilodus lineatus (body cavity), Pseudoplatystoma corruscans (body cavity), P. fasciatum (body cavity), Pygocentrus cariba (body cavity), Rhamdia quelen, Rhaphiodon vulpinus, Salminus hilarii, S. brasiliensis (unspecified). Localities: MA; Juba River MT; Foz do Iguaçú, Guaira, Itaipú Reservoir, Paraná River PR; Sinha Mariana Lagoon MG. References: Moravec et al. (1993a), Moravec (1998), Carvalho et al. (2003), Guidelli et al. (2003), Martins et al. (2005), Saraiva et al. (2006b), Lacerda et al. (2009), Eiras et al. (2010). Pseudoterranova decipiens (Krabbe) larva MAR Host and site of infection: Genypterus brasiliensis (mesentery, stomach serosa, stomach). Locality: Niterói, Rio de Janeiro RJ. Reference: Knoff et al. (2007). Pseudoterranova sp. larva MAR Hosts and site of infection: Galeorhinus galeus (spiral valve), Genypterus brasiliensis (intestine, mesentery), Mustelus canis (spiral valve), M. schmitti (spiral valve), Pagrus pagrus (mesentery), Squalus megalops (spiral valve), Trichiurus lepturus (mesentery). Locality: Niterói, Rio de Janeiro RJ; RS. References: Paraguassú et al. (2000, 2002), Silva et al. (2000a,b), Knoff et al. (2001, 2007), Luque & Alves (2001), Muniz-Pereira et al. (2009). Pulchrascaris caballeroi Vicente & Santos adult MAR stomach Host: Squatina squatina. Locality: Macaé RJ. NEMATODA IN BRAZILIAN FISHES Zootaxa Magnolia Press 15

16 References: Vicente & Santos (1972, 1973), Vicente et al. (1985). Terranova rochalimai (Pereira) adult MAR stomach Host: Cação Panan (Carcharhinus longimanus?). Locality: Natal RN. References: Pereira (1935), Yamaguti (1961), Vicente et al. (1985). Terranova serrata (Drasche) adult FW intestine Syn.: Ascaris serrata Drasche; A. draschei Stossich; Porrocaecum draschei (Stossich) Host: Arapaima gigas. Localities: Amazon fish farm AM; Amazonas River PA. References: Drasche (1884a), Baylis (1927), Travasos et al. (1928), Yamaguti (1961), Santos et al. (1979), Vicente & Pinto (1981), Vicente et al. (1985), Thatcher (1991, 2006), Moravec (1998), Araujo et al. (2009b), Eiras et al. (2010). Terranova trichiuri Chandler adult MAR Hosts and site of infection: Bagre bagre (intestine), Macrodon ancylodon (intestine), Oligoplites saurus (intestine), Squatina squatina (intestine, stomach). Localities: São Luiz MA; Macaé RJ. References: Vicente & Santos (1973), Vicente & Fernandes (1978), Vicente et al. (1985). Terranova sp. adult and larva Hosts and site of infection: Anchoa tricolor (MAR larva mesentery), Balistes capriscus (MAR larva mesentery), Brevoortia aurea (MAR larva mesentery), Caranx hippos (MAR larva mesentery), C. latus (MAR larva mesentery), Cynoscion guatucupa (MAR larva mesentery), Genypterus brasiliensis (MAR adult and larva mesentery and intestine), Gymnothorax moringa (MAR larva mesentery), Micropogonias furnieri (MAR adult and larva mesentery), Pagrus pagrus (MAR adult liver, mesentery), Paralichthys isosceles (MAR adult intestine, liver, mesentery, stomach mucosa), Percophis brasiliensis (MAR adult mesentery), Plagioscion squamosissimus (FW larva mesentery), Pomatomus saltatrix (MAR adult intestine), Priacanthus arenatus (MAR adult mesentery), Prionotus punctatus (MAR adult mesentery), Pseudopercis numida (MAR adult, larva mesentery), P. semifasciata (MAR adult, larva mesentery), Sarda sarda (MAR adult mesentery), Scomber japonicus (MAR Larva intestine, gonads and pyloric caeca), Selene setapinnis (MAR adult mesentery), Trachurus lathami (MAR adult mesentery), Trichiurus lepturus (MAR adult mesentery), Tylosurus acus acus (MAR adult mesentery), Umbrina canosai (MAR adult mesentery). Localities: off Ilhéus BA; off Fortaleza CE; off Cabo Frio, Rio de Janeiro RJ; off ES; off Cassino Beach RS; off Florianópolis SC; Araguaia River TO. References: Rêgo & Santos (1983), Rêgo et al. (1983, 1985), Vicente et al. (1985), São-Clemente et al. (1994), Marques et al. (1995), Alves & Luque (1999, 2000, 2001a,b, 2006), Luque & Chaves (1999), Vicente & Pinto (1999), Luque et al. (2000a, 2008, 2010), Silva et al. (2000a), Luque & Alves (2001), Tavares et al. (2001, 2005, 2007), Alves et al. (2002a,b, 2005), Paraguassú et al. (2002), Sabas & Luque (2003), Cordeiro & Luque (2004), Luque & Poulin (2004), Bicudo et al. (2005a,b), Timi et al. (2005), Tavares & Luque (2006), Knoff et al. (2007), Felizardo et al. (2009a), Muniz-Pereira et al. (2009), Eiras et al. (2010). Remark: These larval records could represent species of Pseudoterranova, Terranova or other anisakine genera, as is the case with those listed below as Porrocaecum larvae. Subfamily Goeziinae Travassos Goezia brasiliensis Moravec, Kohn & Fernandes adult FW 16 Zootaxa Magnolia Press LUQUE ET AL.

17 Hosts and site of infection: Brycon hilarii (stomach), Pseudoplatystoma corruscans (intestine). Localities: Foz do Iguaçú, Itaipú Reservoir, Paraná River PR. References: Moravec et al. (1994b), Moravec (1998), Vicente & Pinto (1999), Kohn et al. (2003), Eiras et al. (2010). Goezia brevicaeca Moravec, Kohn & Fernandes adult FW stomach Hosts: Brycon hilarii, Leporinus friderici. Locality: Foz do Iguaçú, Itaipú Reservoir, Paraná River PR. References: Moravec et al. (1994b), Moravec (1998), Vicente & Pinto (1999), Kohn et al. (2003), Guidelli et al. (2006), Takemoto et al. (2009), Eiras et al. (2010). Goezia leporini Martins & Yoshitoshi adult FW intestine Hosts: Leporinus macrocephalus, Piaractus mesopotamicus. Locality: Batatais SP. References: Martins & Yoshitoshi (2003), Martins et al. (2004), Eiras et al. (2010). Goezia spinulosa (Diesing) adult and larva FW Syn.: Lecanocephalus spinulosus Diesing Hosts and site of infection: Acará-açú, Arapaima gigas (adult and larva stomach), Astronotus ocellatus (adult stomach), Astyanax schubarti* (adult stomach), Galeocharax knerii* (adult stomach), Hoplias malabaricus* (adult intestine, stomach), Leporellus vittatus* (adult stomach), Leporinus copelandii (adult stomach), L. elongatus, L. friderici (adult intestine, caecum), L. obtusidens (adult intestine), Micropterus salmoides (adult stomach), Pimelodus maculatus* (adult stomach), Pseudoplatystoma corruscans (unspecified unspecified), Salminus brasiliensis* (adult stomach). Localities: Amazonas River Basin; Amazon fish farm AM; Araguaia River MT; Posto de Piscicultura Lima Campos CE; MG; Mexiana Island PA; Upper Paraná River PR; Rio de Janeiro RJ; Guaporé River RO; Pirassununga SP. References: Diesing (1839), Travassos et al. (1928), Freitas & Lent (1946), Yamaguti (1961), Rasheed (1965), Travassos & Kohn (1965), Bührnheim (1976), Santos et al. (1979), Thatcher (1981, 1991, 2006), Vicente et al. (1985), Costa et al. (1995), Moravec (1998), Pavanelli et al. (2004), Guidelli et al. (2006), Tavares & Luque (2006), Santos, C.P. et al. (2008), Araujo et al. (2009b), Santos & Moravec (2009), Takemoto et al. (2009), Eiras et al. (2010), Menezes et al. (2011). Remark: According to Bührnheim (1976), larval specimens were found in the mesentery, wall of the stomach and intestine in hosts marked with an asterisk. Goezia sp. adult and larva FW Hosts and site of infection: Ageneiosus militaris (larva stomach), Hemisorubim platyrhynchos (adult intestine), Hoplosternum littorale (adult intestine), Mylossoma duriventre (larva stomach), Pimelodus maculatus (adult intestine), Rhaphiodon vulpinus (larva stomach), Serrasalmus marginatus (larva stomach), Trachelyopterus galeatus (adult, intestine larva, stomach). Localities: São Francisco River MG; Foz do Iguaçú, Guaira, Paraná River, Upper Paraná River PR; Guandu River RJ. References: Moravec et al. (1993a), Moravec (1998), Vicente & Pinto (1999), Brasil-Sato (2003), Guidelli et al. (2003), Pavanelli et al. (2004), Abdallah et al. (2006), Takemoto et al. (2009), Azevedo et al. (2010), Eiras et al. (2010). Subfamily Pseudanisakinae Petter, Paradiznik, Radujkovic & Cassone Pseudanisakis sulamericana Santos, Lent & Gibson adult MAR spiral valve Hosts: Psammobatis extenta, Rioraja agassizii Locality: Ubatuba SP. References: Santos et al. (2004), Muniz-Pereira et al. (2009). NEMATODA IN BRAZILIAN FISHES Zootaxa Magnolia Press 17

18 Subfamily Raphidascaridinae Hartwich Hysterothylacium fortalezae (Klein) adult MAR intestine Syn.: Contracaecum fortalezae Klein Hosts: Harengula clupeola, Scomberomorus cavalla, S. maculatus. Localities: Salvador BA; Fortaleza CE. References: Klein (1973), Guimarães & Cristófaro (1974), Vicente et al. (1985). Hysterothylacium eurycheilum (Olsen) adult MAR intestine Syn.: Heterotyphlum eurycheilum Olsen Host: Epinephelus guttatus. Locality: Guanabara Bay RJ. References: Rodrigues et al. (1971), Vicente et al. (1985). larva Syn.: Thynnascaris sp. Hosts and site of infection: Anchoa marinii (MAR mesentery), A. tricolor (MAR mesentery), Archosargus rhomboidalis (MAR intestine), Balistes vetula (MAR mesentery), Caranx latus (MAR mesentery), Cichla kelberi (FW unspecified), Crenicichla lepidota (FW body cavity), Cynoscion guatucupa (MAR mesentery), Dactylopterus volitans (MAR mesentery), Galeocharax knerii (FW body cavity), Genidens barbus (MAR mesentery), Genypterus brasiliensis (MAR mesentery), Gymnotus carapo (FW unspecified), Gymnotus sp. (FW mesentery), Gymnothorax moringa (MAR mesentery), Hypophthalmus edentatus (FW body cavity), Leporinus friderici (FW mesentery, swim bladder), Lophius gastrophysus (MAR mesentery), Loricarichthys sp. (FW body cavity), Macrodon ancylodon (MAR mesentery), Menticirrhus americanus (MAR mesentery), Merluccius hubbsi (MAR mesentery), Micropogonias furnieri (MAR intestine, intestinal caecum, stomach, coelomatic cavity, liver, spleen), Mugil liza (FW unspecified), Pagrus pagrus (MAR lateral and ventral muscle, mesentery), Paralichthys isosceles (MAR abdominal cavity, abdominal musculature, intestine, heart serosa, kidney serosa, liver serosa, mesentery, ovary, ovarian serosa, stomach, stomach mucosa, spleen serosa), Parona signata (MAR mesentery), Peprilus paru (MAR mesentery), Percophis brasiliensis (MAR mesentery), Pinguipes brasilianus (MAR mesentery), Plagioscion squamosissimus (FW body cavity), Prionotus punctatus (MAR liver, mesentery), Pseudopercis numida (MAR mesentery), P. semifasciata (MAR mesentery), Pterodoras granulosus (FW body cavity), Pygocentrus piraya (FW unspecified), Rhaphiodon vulpinus (FW body cavity), Salminus brasiliensis (FW body cavity), Selene setapinnis (MAR mesentery), Serrasalmus brandtii (FW unspecified), Scomber japonicus (MAR unspecified), S. scombrus (MAR mesentery), Trachelyopterus striatulus (FW unspecified), Tetragonopterus chalceus (FW unspecified), Trichiurus lepturus (MAR mesentery), Triportheus guentheri (FW unspecified), Tylosurus acus acus (MAR mesentery), Umbrina canosai (MAR mesentery), Uraspis secunda (MAR mesentery), Urophycis brasiliensis (MAR unspecified), U. mystacea (MAR unspecified). Localities: off Ilhéus BA; off Fortaleza CE; off Angra dos Reis, Cabo Frio, Rio de Janeiro RJ; off Cassino Beach RS; off Florianópolis SC; off RS; Foz do Iguaçú, Itaipú Reservoir, Upper Paraná River PR; Volta Grande Reservoir MG. References: Rêgo et al. (1985), Moravec et al. (1993a), Moravec (1998), Vicente & Pinto (1999), Luque et al. (2000a, 2008, 2010), Martins et al. (2000), Silva et al. (2000a,b), Luque & Alves (2001), Alves et al. (2002a,b, 2005), Sabas & Luque (2003), Isaac et al. (2004), Cordeiro & Luque (2004, 2005a,b), Luque & Poulin (2004), Pereira Jr. et al. (2004), Tavares et al. (2004a. 2005), Bicudo et al. (2005a,b), Timi et al. (2005, 2010), Alves & Luque (2006), Azevedo et al. (2007b, 2010), Guidelli et al. (2006), Tavares & Luque (2006, 2008), Knoff et al. (2007), Felizardo et al. (2009a,b), Muniz-Pereira et al. (2009), Saad & Luque (2009), Takemoto et al. (2009), Eiras et al. (2010), Mesquita et al. (2011). Iheringascaris inquies (Linton) adult MAR intestine, stomach and pyloric caeca 18 Zootaxa Magnolia Press LUQUE ET AL.

19 Syn.: Ascaris inquies Linton; Contracaecum inquies (Linton); C. (Thynnascaris) inquies (Linton); T. inquies (Linton); I. iheringascaris Pereira; C. iheringascaris (Pereira); Thynnascaris iheringascaris (Pereira) Host: Rachycentron canadum. Locality: Natal RN. References: Pereira (1935), Yamaguti (1961), Travassos et al. (1963), Vicente et al. (1985). Lappetascaris lutjani Rasheed adult MAR stomach Host: Trachipterus jacksonensis. Locality: Atlantic coast RS. References: Vicente et al. (2002). Raphidascaris (Ichthyascaris) vicentei Santos adult MAR Syn.: R. atlanticus Rodrigues; R. yamagutii Vicente & Santos; R. camura Deardorff & Overstreet Hosts and site of infection: Lutjanus synagris (intestine), Harengula clupeola (intestine), Nebris microps (intestine), Sardinella sp. (intestine, stomach). Localities: Salvador BA; Guanabara Bay, Macaé, Maricá RJ. References: Santos (1970), Rodrigues (1974), Vicente & Santos (1974), Guimarães et al. (1976), Feijó et al. (1979), Vicente et al. (1985), Rodrigues et al. (1990), Luque et al. (2000b). Raphidascaris (Sprentascaris) hypostomi (Petter & Cassone) adult FW Syn: Sprentascaris hypostomi Petter & Cassone Hosts and site of infection: Ancistrus cirrhosus (intestine, stomach), Hypostomus sp. (intestine, stomach), H. albopunctatus (intestine, stomach), H. cochliodon (unspecified), H. commersoni (intestine, stomach), H. derbyi (intestine, stomach), Metynnis lippincottianus (unspecified). Localities: Salto Osório PR; Passo Fundo RS. References: Moravec et al. (1990), Moravec (1998), Vicente & Pinto (1999), Thatcher (2006), Takemoto et al. (2009), Eiras et al. (2010). Raphidascaris (Sprentascaris) lanfrediae Melo, Giese, Santos, Santos & Portes Santos adult FW Host and site of infection: Satanoperca jurupari (intestine). Localities: Guamá River PA. References: Melo et al. (2011b). Raphidascaris (Sprentascaris) mahnerti (Petter & Cassone) adult FW Syn: Sprentascaris mahnerti Petter & Cassone Hosts and site of infection: Pseudohemiodon laticeps (intestine), Loricariichthys brunneus, L. labialis, L. platymetopon, Loricariichthys sp. (intestine), Metynnis lippincottianus (unspecified). Localities: Paraná River PR; Uruguai River RS. References: Moravec et al. (1990, 1993a), Fortes et al. (1999), Vicente & Pinto (1999), Thatcher (2006), Moreira et al. (2009, 2010), Takemoto et al. (2009), Eiras et al. (2010). Raphidascaris (Sprentascaris) sp. of Moravec, Kohn & Fernandes (1993) FW Hosts and site of infection: Geophagus brasiliensis (larva intestine), G. proximus (adult unspecified). Locality: Paraná River PR. References: Moravec et al. (1993a), Moravec (1998), Vicente & Pinto (1999), Eiras et al. (2010). Menezes et al. (2011). adult and larva Hosts and site of infection: Anchoa marinii (MAR larva mesentery), Ancistrus cirrhosus (FW larva body cavity, intestine), Atlantoraja castelnaui (MAR larva spiral valve), Balistes capriscus (MAR larva mesentery) Caranx hippos (MAR larva mesentery), Cephalopholis fulva (MAR larva mesentery), Cyphocharax gilbert (FW larva intestine), Dactylopterus volitans (MAR larva mesentery), Diapterus rhombeus (MAR larva mesentery), Dipturus trachydermus (MAR larva spiral valve), Euthynnus alletteratus (MAR larva mesentery), Galeorhinus galeus (MAR larva spiral valve), Genypterus brasiliensis (MAR larva mesentery), Geophagus proximus (FW unspecified NEMATODA IN BRAZILIAN FISHES Zootaxa Magnolia Press 19

20 unspecified), Gymnothorax moringa (MAR larva mesentery), Harengula clupeola (MAR larva mesentery), Hypostomus albopunctatus (FW unspecified intestine, stomach), H. commersoni (FW unspecified intestine, stomach), H. derbyi (FW unspecified intestine, stomach), Lophius gastrophysus (MAR larva mesentery), Merluccius hubbsi (MAR larva mesentery), Micropogonias furnieri (MAR adult and larva mesentery), Mullus argentinae (MAR larva mesentery), Nebris microps (MAR larva mesentery, pyloric caeca), Pagrus pagrus (MAR larva lateral and ventral musculature, liver, mesentery), Paralichthys isosceles (MAR larva abdominal cavity, intestine, liver, mesentery, stomach, stomach serosa), Parona signata (MAR larva mesentery), Peprilus paru (MAR larva mesentery, pyloric caeca), Percophis brasiliensis (MAR larva intestine, pyloric caeca, mesentery), Pinguipes brasilianus (MAR adult gills), Pomatomus saltatrix (MAR larva mesentery), Priacanthus arenatus (MAR larva mesentery), Prionotus punctatus (MAR larva liver, mesentery), Prochilodus lineatus (FW larva intestine), Pseudopercis numida (MAR unspecified mesentery), P. semifasciata (MAR unspecified mesentery), Sarda sarda (MAR larva mesentery), Sardinha Boca Larga (MAR intestine, pyloric caeca), Sardinha Maromba (MAR unspecified intestine), Scomber colias (MAR larva intestine), Scomber japonicus (MAR larva intestine, mesentery, pyloric caeca, stomach), Scomber scombrus (MAR larva mesentery), Scombroides occidentalis* (MAR larva intestine), Scyliorhinus haeckelii (MAR larva spiral valve), Selene setapinnis (MAR larva mesentery), S. vomer (FW larva intestine, pyloric caeca), Sphyraena guachancho (MAR larva mesentery), Thyrsitops lepidopoides (MAR larva intestine, pyloric caeca), Trichiurus lepturus (MAR larva mesentery), Umbrina canosai (MAR larva mesentery), Uraspis secunda (MAR larva mesentery), Urophycis brasiliensis (MAR larva mesentery). Localities: Amazonas River Basin; Ilhéus BA; Fortaleza CE; Iguaçú River Basin, Upper Paraná River PR; Cabo Frio, Guandu River, Macaé, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro RJ; Florianópolis SC; coast PR; RS. References: Vicente & Santos (1973, 1974), Rêgo & Santos (1983), Rêgo et al. (1983, 1985), Vicente et al. (1985), Kohn et al. (1988, 1989), Thatcher (1991), Vicente & Pinto (1999), Luque et al. (2000a, 2002, 2008), Silva et al. (2000a,b), Knoff et al. (2001, 2007), Luque & Alves (2001), Tavares et al. (2001), Abdallah et al. (2002, 2005), Paraguassú et al. (2000, 2002), Alves et al. (2003, 2004, 2005), Cordeiro & Luque (2004, 2005b), Luque & Poulin (2004), Bicudo et al. (2005a,b), Lizama et al. (2005), Alves & Luque (2006), Tavares & Luque (2006), Azevedo et al. (2007b, 2010), Felizardo et al. (2009a), Muniz-Pereira et al. (2009), Saad & Luque (2009), Eiras et al. (2010), Timi et al. (2010). Remark: Asterisk indicates a host not listed in FishBase (Froese & Pauly, 2010); junior synonym of Oligoplites saurus (Berg). Raphidascaroides brasiliensis Moravec & Thatcher adult FW intestine Host: Pterodoras granulosus. Locality: Janauacá Lake, AM. References: Moravec & Thatcher (1997c), Moravec (1998), Vicente & Pinto (1999), Thatcher (2006), Eiras et al. (2010). Family Ascarididae Baird Ascarididae gen. sp. FW - Unspecified site of infection Hosts: Astyanax fasciatus (larva), Brachyplatystoma sp. (unspecified), Potamotrygon motoro (unspecified), Hoplias malabaricus (unspecified), Loricaria sp. (larva), Rhaphiodon vulpinus (unspecified), Pygocentrus nattereri (unspecified), Salminus brasiliensis (unspecified), Siluriformes fam. gen. sp. (unspecified) Localities: Barra Seca River, Cupido River, Juruparanã Lagoon ES; Salobra MT; Maicurú PA. References: Travassos & Freitas (1942, 1943, 1948, 1964), Vicente et al. (1985). 20 Zootaxa Magnolia Press LUQUE ET AL.