Denise Navia 1 & Alberto Luiz Marsaro Jr. 2

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1 Denise Navia 1 & Alberto Luiz Marsaro Jr. 2 1 Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Brasilia, DF, Brazil 2 Embrapa Roraima, Boa Vista, Roraima, Brazil

2 Invasive mites recently detected in South America Wheat Curl Mite, Aceria tosichella Eriophyidae Red Palm Mite, Raoiella indica Tenuipalpidae Panicle Rice Mite, Steneotarsonemus spinki Tarsonemidae Hibiscus Erineum Mite,, Aceria hibisci Eriophyidae Citrus Hindu Mite, Schizotetranychus hindustanicus Tetranychidae Lychee Erinose Mite, Aceria litchii Eriophyidae

Steneotarsonemus spinki Tarsonemidae Hibiscus Erineum Mite,, Aceria hibisci Eriophyidae

3 Wheat Curl Mite Aceria tosichella Argentine 2006 Brazil 2009 Uruguay 2010

4 Surveys in Brazil 2009 July 2009 three collection sites Pacaraima, Bonfim and Boa Vista coconut, banana, native and introduced palms Red Palm Mite Raoiella indica was found!!!! Raoiella indica coconut sample from the urban area of Boa Vista Venezuela 2007 Brazil 2009 N e W Colombia 2010

5 Panicle Rice Mite Steneotarsonemus spinki Colombia and Ecuador 2005 Venezuela 2008

6 Hibiscus Erineum Mite Aceria hibisci Isla de Pascua, Chile 2005

7 Citrus Hindu Mite Schizotetranychus hindustanicus

8 Spread and distribution of the Citrus Hindu Mite Zulia 2002 Boa Vista 2008 Coimbatore 1924 (Reported in Venezuela by Quirós s & Geraud-Pouey, 2002) (Reported in Brazil by Navia & Marsaro Jr., 2010)

9 Venezuela Boa Vista Bonfim Cantá British Guyana Citrus Hindu Mite in Brazil State of Roraima three municipalities Boa Vista, Cantá and Bonfim (Fantine et al., 2010) unrecorded in the main citrus production areas in Brazil São Paulo and Bahia quarantine restrictions to avoid dissemination to other areas

10 Host Plants for the Citrus Hindu Mite Family (5) Plant species (6) Arecaceae Leguminosae Meliaceae Poaceae Rutaceae Coconut (Cocos nucifera) Acacia sp. Neem (Azadirachta indica) Persian lilac (Melia azedarach) Sorghum (Sorghum vulgare) Citrus sp. (Type host)

11 Host Plants for the Citrus Hindu Mite Family (1) Plant species (6) Rutaceae Tahití lime (Citrus latifolia) Lemon (Citrus limon) Rangpur lime (Citrus limonia) Murcott mandarin hybrid (Citrus reticulata x C. sinensis ) Sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) Mandarin (Citrus reticulata)

lime (Citrus limonia) Murcott mandarin hybrid (Citrus reticulata x C.

12 Citrus Hindu Mite general appearance eggs larva N5 deutonymph protonymph photographs by Nienstaedt, 2007

13 Slide 12 N5 Entre os ácaros quarentenários para o Brasil, dois estão na iminência de serem introduzidos no país por meios naturais de disseminação, pois se encontram em países de fronteira: A. tosichella, que está na Argentina e pode se disseminar para a Região Sul, e S. spinki, que está na Colômbia, e pode se disseminar para a Região Norte. Também, informações recentes sobre a presença de Raoiella indica em Trinidad & Tobago,isto é, a introdução na América do Sul, indicam a iminência de introdução de R. indica em países continentais da América do Sul. Note, 5/9/2006

spinki, que está na Colômbia, e pode se disseminar para a Região Norte.

14 Schizotetranychus hindustanicus, a Nest-Webbing Mite Colony under the nest exuvia N1 nest entry

15 Slide 13 N1 Entre os ácaros quarentenários para o Brasil, dois estão na iminência de serem introduzidos no país por meios naturais de disseminação, pois se encontram em países de fronteira: A. tosichella, que está na Argentina e pode se disseminar para a Região Sul, e S. spinki, que está na Colômbia, e pode se disseminar para a Região Norte. Também, informações recentes sobre a presença de Raoiella indica em Trinidad & Tobago,isto é, a introdução na América do Sul, indicam a iminência de introdução de R. indica em países continentais da América do Sul. Note, 5/9/2006

16 Symptoms of Citrus Hindu Mite on leaves

17 Symptoms of Citrus Hindu Mite on fruits

19 Populational trends on three citrus species

20 Developmental time of females in days Host Egg Larva Protonymph Deutonymph Egg to adult Orange Lime Lemon

21 Reproductive parameters Host Total fecundity (eggs/female) Fecundity rate (eggs/female/day) Orange Lime Lemon

22 Damage and yield losses damage on leaves reduces the photosynthetic area fruit becomes silvered and dried there is no information about quantitative assessment of damages or economic losses but, as other aesthetic pest attacking fruits, commercial value is seriously affected

23 Control methods chemicals efficacy Peropal 94% Soap 87% Mineral oil 42% 1 Quirós & Dorado, Marsaro Jr, et al., 2009.

24 Post-harvest treatment for citrus fruits Treatment Chemicals Time Immersion Chlorine solution (200 ppm) 10 Cleaning Ortho-phenylphenol solution (0.65%) Brushing Drying Waxing Vegetal waxes

25 Post-harvest treatment Photographs by Marsaro Jr., 2009

26 Geographic range of the Lychee Erinose Mite Hawaii 1943 Pakistan China Taiwan India Brazil Sao Paulo Minas Gerais Australia Queensland

27 Biological aspects of the Lychee Erinose Mite high host specificity - Litchi chinensis mites infest sprouting erineum - stimulated by the feeding of mites or results of a symbiotic relationship with the alga Cephaleuros virescens? colonies shelter and feed on erineum eggs on the inner surface among the erineum life cycle from eggs to adults 13 days China and India overlapping generations

28 Pathways and dissemination of the Lychee Erinose Mite transport of plant material mites can move directly between touching trees orchard workers wind honey bees at flowering

29 Symptoms of the Lychee Erinose Mite felt or velvet-like like erineum small blisters severe infestation erineum can cover entire leaflet curling deformed terminals erineum silver-white <light < brown< < dark reddish-brown < black densities reach 100,000 mites/leaflet

30 Erineum on lychee leaves in Brazil dog ear mite litchi hairy mite Photographs by Nicastro, R. 2010

31 Damages of the Lychee Erinose Mite a major pest of lychee leaf dropping restricted growth in young trees unmarketable fruits erinose on the skin or malformation higher production cost in Brazil at least a 20%

32 1. Waite, Waite & Gerson, Picoli, 2010 Control methods

33 Concluding remarks invasive nvasive species do not have geographic or political borders, so it is necessary a joining effort to deal with them invasive mites recently introduced in South America are of concern to national and regional plant protection organizations it is important define and adopt prevention and management measures to avoid or reduce the impact of invasive mites in South America research and international collaboration is needed

34 Denise Navia

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