Brownfield Redevelopment in Rio de Janeiro

Transcrição

1 ADRIANA BARBOSA DANTAS Master Thesis Brownfield Redevelopment in Rio de Janeiro Housing vs. Public Participation in the Manguinhos Area University of Technology, Berlin Urban Management Studies Master Course Berlin GERMANY 2008

2 ADRIANA BARBOSA DANTAS Master Thesis Brownfield Redevelopment in Rio de Janeiro Housing vs. Public Participation in the Manguinhos Area Supervisor: Professor Adrian Atkinson (TU-Berlin) Second Supervisor: Andreas Nieters (Energy and Urban Environment Programme - German Technical Corporation (GTZ)) 27th of March 2008, Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science at the University of Technology, Berlin Berlin GERMANY 2008

3 STATEMENT OF AUTHENTICITY OF MATERIAL This thesis contains no material which has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma in any institution and to the best of my knowledge and belief, the research contains no material previously published or written by another person, except where due reference has been made in the text of the thesis. Adriana Barbosa Dantas March 27 th, 2008 ii

4 ACKOWLEDGEMENT I would like to thank all those who made this work possible: Professor Adrian Atkinson, for his supervision, patience and trust. Andreas Nieters, for his dedicated co-supervision during the entire development and definition of this thesis. Alexander Jachnow, for the friendship that made my presence here in Germany possible. Renato Pequeno, for introducing me to Urban Planning and showing me the path to follow until today. My family, for always giving me support to achieve my dreams. GTZ, for sponsoring my field work in Brazil. Alban Programme, for supporting me in the development of this research in Germany. My especial friends cousin Renata and her husband Beto, Gustavo, Carneiro, Danielle, Fernanda, Débora, Luize, master s colleagues, especially Raquel and Ghazaleh, and all the others who together have somehow given me power to get through this master s degree. All the interviewees from the public and private institutions (SMU, SMH, SMAC, EMOP, IPP, Sinduscon, Supervia, FIOCRUZ) and especially the ones from the community (Patrícia, Auxiliadora and Leonidio). iii

5 ABSTRACT DANTAS, A.B. Brownfield Redevelopment in Rio de Janeiro: Housing vs. Public Participation in the Manguinhos Area Thesis (Urban Management Studies Master s Course) TU-Berlin, Berlin, All the definitions for brownfield share a common characteristic: a brownfield is a space with the potential for another function in urban life. Usually, old industries become brownfields and they may be abandoned with contamination problems although they are located near to the downtown area of the city or in a place with good infrastructure. Brazil as a whole is an urbanized country, similarly to Latin America, with its population concentrated in the large metropolitan areas. The industries, however, could no longer compete with the city growth. During the last decade of the 20 th century, the industrial sector in Rio de Janeiro lost its importance and the companies moved to other municipalities, creating vacant lands and problems such as the inadequate treatment of decontamination and occupation of these places by poor families. The Manguinhos area is a good example of this problem in Rio de Janeiro. Brownfield management also has a long term strategic dimension of urban development and regional planning that requires different levels of decision making. In this way, this study aims to analyze the potential re-use of brownfields in Manguinhos through the application of oriented interviews with different actors who discussed the topic among each other and also using the diagnosis of the area. The public policies within the area were analyzed and associated with the problem so as to verify if they could help or if they are working as a barrier in the reuse of the vacant and potentially contaminated land. Key words: Brownfield Redevelopment, Public Participation, Housing. iv

6 TABLE OF CONTENTS STATEMENT OF AUTHENTICITY OF MATERIAL...II ACKOWLEDGEMENT...III ABSTRACT... IV TABLE OF CONTENTS... V LIST OF FIGURES... VII LIST OF TABLES... X LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS... XI FOREWORD INTRODUCTION Research Questions Objectives Research Limits Methods Contents INDUSTRIALIZATION IN RIO DE JANEIRO, BRAZIL Origin of the problem Industrialization in the City of Rio de Janeiro Beginning of the 20 th Century Industrialization in the City of Rio de Janeiro 20 th Century Changes in the Industrial Sector 21 st Century CONTAMINATED SITES MANAGEMENT The Environmental Legacy Definitions Environment Pollution Contaminated Areas Risk Evaluation (of contaminated area) Environmental Degradation Environmental Impact Environmental Recovery Contaminated Sites Around the World Contaminated Sites in Brazil The Diagnosis of Contaminated Sites in Brazil Law Regarding Soil Contamination 54 Federal Law 55 State Law 57 Local Governments PUBLIC POLICIES IN SUSTAINABLE URBAN DEVELOPMENT VS. BROWNFIELD REDEVELOPMENT Urban Revitalization Transformation Rehabilitation Urban Public Policies on the National and State Levels Urban Public Policies and Local Governments 68 Strategic Plan for Rio de Janeiro 68 Strategic Master Plan (Plano Diretor Estratégico PDE) for São Paulo Examples of Rehabilitation Projects 71 The Rio de Janeiro Harbor 71 Maritime Front Rehabilitation of the Historical Downtown Areas of Recife and Olinda 72 v

7 4. BROWNFIELD REDEVELOPMENT Definitions Scale and Nature Why Brownfield Redevelopment? Economic Viability Cultural Heritage Environmental Quality and Protection Social aspects: Urban Degradation x Revitalization Housing Research and Networking of Multi-Stakeholders Brownfield Redevelopment in Brazil BROWNFIELD VS. THE MANGUINHOS DISTRICT Urban Development in Manguinhos From the 16th to 19th Century th Century Developing Community Relationships Demographical and Social Aspects Housing Economic Aspect in Manguinhos: Industrial Focus Challenges and Trends Growth Acceleration Program (PAC) GUIDELINES FOR ACTION Players and Roles Public Participation Proceedings in Brownfield Redevelopment Instruments Benefits Challenges What Can Be Done Strategies for Manguinhos Brownfields in Manguinhos vs. Community Needs PAC 171 FINAL CONSIDERATIONS REFERENCES ANNEX A DISTRICTS IN THE CITY OF RIO DE JANEIRO ANNEX B AUDIENCES ANNEX C INTERVIEWS vi

8 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Metropolitan Areas in Brazil...18 Figure 2: Research Methods and Phases...23 Figure 3: Municipality of Rio de Janeiro: freguesias in the 19th Century...27 Figure 4: Railway Route in Rio de Janeiro...28 Figure 5: Condominium for Aliança s textile industry workers in Laranjeiras, Rio de Janeiro...30 Figure 6: Design of Rio Branco Avenue, Rio de Janeiro...31 Figure 7: Slums in the City of Rio de Janeiro Figure 8: Industrial Zoning in Rio de Janeiro...35 Figure 9: Movement of Large and Medium Sized Industries in Rio de Janeiro Until Figure 10: Slums in the City of Rio de Janeiro Figure 11: Metropolitan Area of Rio de Janeiro...42 Figure 12: Definitions of Degradation and Environmental Recovery vs. Sustainability 47 Figure 13: Brownfields and Contaminated Sites in Europe...50 Figure 14: Favela-Bairro (project included in the Strategic Plan)...69 Figure 16: Rio de Janeiro Harbor...71 Figure 17: Model of the General Design for the Tourist-Cultural Complex in Recife/ Olinda...73 Figure 18: The Tetrahedron Model...81 Figure 19: Sustainable Dimensions of Brownfield Regeneration...82 Figure 20: DSUP Brownfield in Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro...83 Figure 21: The A-B-C Model...84 Figure 22: Invasion of CCPL...88 Figure 23: Slum vs. Brownfield in Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro...92 Figure 24: Possible Escalation of Conflicts...97 Figure 25: Orbits of Involvement in Public Participation...98 Figure 26: Stakeholder Wheel...99 Figure 27: Stakeholder Wheel in Brazil Figure 28: Urban Operation Diagonal Sul Area of Interest and Urban Interventions vii

9 Figure 29: Diagonal Sul: Former Industrial Site (front) and Processes of Urban Growth (back) Figure 30: Brownfields in São Cristóvão Figure 31: Design Proposal for Brownfield Redevelopment in Ceramics Figure 32: Planning Area 3 (AP-3) Figure 33: Manguinhos and Neighboring Districts Figure 34: Aerial View from Manguinhos Figure 35: Inhaúma Freguesia on the Current Map of Rio de Janeiro Figure 36: Engenho Novo Freguesia Figure 37: Map of Urban Occupation, Railways and Train Stations at the Start of the 20 th Century Source: Pessoa (2006, 49) Figure 38: Streets localization in Manguinhos Figure 39: Aerial view of the Moorish Pavillon in 1922 plus embankments made Figure 40: Area of the 1927 Plan, and in green, the area reserved for the Oswald Cruz Institute (a); in red, the original Manguinhos Coast (b) Figure 41: Arial View in In the center, the Moorish Pavilion; on the left, the Rockefeller Foundation building built in 1937; and on the right, a hangar from Manguinhos Airclub Figure 42: Agache Zoning within the Industrial District Figure 43: Communities in Manguinhos Figure 44: Type of families in Manguinhos Figure 45: Percentage of the Population by Age in Manguinhos (a) in Slums from Manguinhos (b) Figure 46: Literacy Rate in Manguinhos (a) and CCDC (b) Figure 47: Educational Level for the Manguinhos Population Figure 48: Percentage of Population per Income Level Figure 49: View from the Fiocruz campus Figure 50: Types of Housing in Manguinhos Figure 51: Occupation in Embratel, Manguinhos Figure 52: Tenure Type Figure 53: Announcement of House for Sale Figure 54: Jacaré river, Maguinhos Figure 55: Number of people per house, Manguinhos Figure 56: Sanitation Inside the District and inside the Slums of the District (b) Figure 57: Pollution of the river, Manguinhos viii

10 Figure 58: Numbers of Bathrooms per House in Manguinhos Figure 59: Type of Waste Disposal in Manguinhos Figure 60: Headquarters of a Community Association Together with the Post Office 139 Figure 61: Commercial Area within the Communities Figure 62: The Fiocruz Library Figure 63: Abandoned and Underused Land in Manguinhos Figure 64: Aims of PAC Figure 65: Partnership in PAC Figure 66: PAC Program in Manguinhos Figure 67: Ceramic industry brownfield that will be site to redevelopment through housing ix

11 LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Industrial Development in Rio de Janeiro...41 Table 2: Ladder of Participation...99 Table 3: Current Population and Projection Table 4: Communities in Manguinhos and their Respective Years of Occupation Table 5: Communities from Complexo de Manguinhos in others districts Table 6: Industry Activities in Manguinhos Table 7: Budget Sources PAC Rio Table 8: Percentage of the Budget per Institution PAC Rio Table 9: Stakeholders Involved in the Development and Use of Brownfield Sites x

12 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AEIS Área Especial de Interesse Social: Special Area of Social Interest AP-3 Área de Planejamento 3: Planning Area 3 APARU - Área de Proteção para Reordenamento Urbano: Protection Area for Urban Reorganization BMZ - German Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development BR Brownfield Redevelopment CABERNET - Concerted Action for Brownfield and Economic Regeneration Network CAIXA Caixa Econômica Federal: Federal Loan and Savings Bank CCDC - Centro Comunitário de Defesa da Cidadania: Community Citizenship Center CCPL - Cooperativa Central dos Produtores de Leite: Central Milk Producer Cooperative CEDAE Companhia Estadual de Águas e Esgoto: State Water and Sewage Company CEG Companhia de Energia e Gás: Energy and Gas Company CEHAB Companhia Estadual de Habitação do Rio de Janeiro: Rio de Janeiro State Housing Company CETESB - Companhia de Tecnologia de Saneamento Ambiental: São Paulo State Environmental Sanitation Technology Company CHP2 - Centro de Habitação Provisória 2: Temporary Housing Center 2 CI Certidão de Informação: Information Certificate CLARINET - Contaminated Land Rehabilitation Network for Environmental Technologies COBAL Companhia Brasileira de Alimentos: Brazilian Food Company CONAB - Companhia Nacional de Abastecimento: National Supply Company CONAMA Conselho Nacional de Meio Ambiente: National Environmental Board COOTRAM - Cooperativa dos Trabalhadores Autônomos do Complexo de Manguinhos: Manguinhos Complex Autonomous Workers Cooperative 1 1 Group of slums xi

13 COPPE Instituto Alberto Luiz Coimbra de Pós-Graduação e Pesquisa de Engenharia: Alberto Luiz Coimbra Engineering Pos-Graduate and Research Institute. Fecomércio-RJ Federação do Comércio do estado do Rio de Janeiro: Rio de Janeiro State Trade Federation CORREIOS - Empresa Brasileira de Correios e Telégrafo: Brazilian Mail and Telegraph Company DSUP Depósito de Suprimento do Exército: Army Supply Deposit DLIS Programa de Desenvolvimento Local Integrado e Sustentável: Local Integrated and Sustainable Development Program DNOS Departamento Nacional de Obras e Saneamento: National Construction Project and Sanitation Department EEA - European Environment Agency EMBF Empresa de Melhoramentos da Baixada Fluminense: Baixada Fluminense Improvement Company Embratel Empresa Brasileira de Telecomunicações: Brazilian Telecomunications Company EMOP Empresa de Obras Públicas: Public Works Company ENSP - Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sérgio Arouca: Sérgio Arouca National School of Public Health EPA - U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ERM - Environmental Resources Management EU European Union FAFERJ - Federação das Associações de Favelas do Estado do Rio de Janeiro: Rio de Janeiro State Slum Association Federation Favela-Bairro Slum Improvement Program FAU Faculdade de Arquitetura e Urbanismo: Architecture and Urbanism School FECAM Fundo Estadual de Conservação Ambiental e Desenvolvimento Urbano: State Environmental Conservation and Urban Development Fund Fecomércio-RJ Federação do Comércio do Estado do Rio de Janeiro: Rio de Janeiro State Trade Federation FEEMA Fundação Estadual de Engenharia do Meio-Ambiente: State Environmental Engineering Foundation xii

14 FGTS Fundo de Garantia por Tempo de Serviço: Unemployment Insurance Fund FIOCRUZ Fundação Oswaldo Cruz: Oswaldo Cruz Foundation FIRJAN Federação das Indústrias do Estado do Rio de Janeiro: Rio de Janeiro State Industries Federation FNHIS - Fundo Nacional de Habitação de Interesse Social: National Social Housing Fund FUNASA Fundação Nacional de Saúde: National Health Foundation GDP Gross Domestic Product GIDUR Gerência de Desenvolvimento Urbano: Urban Development Management GTZ - Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit: German Technical Cooperation IAB Instituto de Arquitetos do Brasil: Brazilian Architects Institute IBE International Brownfield Exchange IBGE Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística: Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics IDB - Inter-American Development Bank IDH Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano: Human Development Index IEF.RJ Fundação Instituto Estadual de Florestas do Rio de Janeiro: Rio de Janeiro State Forest Institute Foundation INSS Instituto Nacional de Seguro Social: National Institute of Social Security IPHAN Instituto do Patrimônio Histórico e Artístico Nacional: National Historic and Artistic Patrimony Institute IPP Instituto Municipal de Urbanismo Pereira Passos: Pereira Passos Municipal Urbanism Institute IPPUR Instituto de Pesquisa e Planejamento Urbano e Regional: Urban and Regional Research and Planning Institute IPT - Instituto de Pesquisa e Tecnologia: Research and Technology Institute (a São Paulo state-owned research facility) ISS Imposto Sobre Serviço: Service Tax MAER Ministério da Aeronáutica: Ministry of Aeronautics MMA Ministério do Meio-Ambiente: Ministry of the Environment MS Minimum Monthly Salary xiii

15 MTE - Manual Técnico de Especificações: Technical Specifications Manual NBSP - National Brownfields Sites Project NGO Non-Governmental Organization NICOLE - Network for Industrially Contaminated Land in Europe OEMA - Órgão Estadual de Meio Ambiente: State Environmental Agency OGU Orçamento Geral da União: General Budget of the Union OIPSOLO - Observatório Imobiliário e de Políticas do Solo: Real Estate and Soil Policy Observatory OSCIP - Organização da Sociedade Civil de Interesse Público: Civil Society Organization of Public Interest PAC Programa de Aceleração do Crescimento: Growth Acceleration Program PAR - Projeto de Arrendamento Residencial: Residential Leasing Project PCRJ Prefeitura da Cidade do Rio de Janeiro: Rio de Janeiro City Government PDE Plano de Diretor Estratégico: Strategic Master Plan PDTSP - Programa de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Saúde Pública - Technological Development Program for Public Health PDU Plano de Desenvolvimento Urbano: Urban Development Plan Petrobras Petróleo Brasileiro: Brazilian Oil Company PEU - Projeto de Estruturação Urbana: Urban Structuring Project PDDU Plano Diretor de Desenvolvimento Urbano: Urban Master Plan PPP Public-Private Partnership PRI Plano de Reabilitação Integrada: Integrated Rehabilitation Plan Prodetur - Programa de Desenvolvimento do Turismo: Tourism Development Program PSF Programa Saúde da Família: Family Health Program PUC-Rio - Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro: Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro RA Região Administrativa: Administrative Region Rede CCAP Rede Centro de Atividades Populares: Popular Activity Center Network RESCUE - Regeneration of European Sites in Cities and Urban Environments REVITA - Revitalização de áreas urbanas degradadas por contaminação: Revitalization of Urban Areas Degraded by Contamination RFFSA Rede Ferroviária Nacional: Federal Railway xiv

16 ROBIN Regional Online Brownfield Information Network SENAC Serviço Nacional de Aprendizagem Comercial: National Business Learning Service SENAI Serviço Nacional de Aprendizagem Industrial: National Industrial Learning Service SEOBRAS Secretaria Estadual de Obras: State Department of Construction Works Sinduscon Sindicato da Construção Civil: Civil Construction Trade Union SERLA Fundação Superintendência Estadual de Rios e Lagoas: State Superintendence Foundation for Rivers and Lakes SISNAMA Sistema Nacional de Meio-Ambiente: National Environmental System SMAC Secretaria Municipal do Meio-Ambiente: Municipal Environmental Department SMF - Secretaria Municipal da Fazenda: Municipal Treasury Department SMH Secretaria Municipal do Habitat: Municipal Housing Department SMU Secretaria Municipal de Urbanismo: Municipal Urbanism Department SPU Secretaria do Patrimônio da União: Union Patrimony Department SuperVia Concessionária de Transportes Ferroviários: Railway Transportation Company UFRJ Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro: Federal University of Rio de Janeiro UN United Nations USA United States of America VIGISOLO Vigilância em Saúde de Populações Expostas a Solo Contaminado: Health Monitoring of Populations Exposed to Contaminated Soil ZEIS Zona Especial de Interesse Social: Special Zone of Social Interest xv

17 FOREWORD The population in the largest metropolitan areas in Brazil doubled between 1970 and At the same time, the population from the suburban peripheral areas more than tripled, threatening environmental systems such as the Atlantic Forest in Brazil s Southeastern region, which still forms greenbelts in cities like Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo (see Nieters (2007, 34)). In addition to this tremendous growth, the functions of the downtown areas of the city started to change in the late 1980s and early 1990s. The industries started to move into the peripheral areas of the mega cities due to transportation and infrastructure problems, environmental restrictions and tax disadvantages. Unemployment, social degradation and brownfields within the downtown areas of the city became related consequences (see Marker et al (2007, 17)). The city limits are also growing as a result of the migration from poorer Brazilian regions in direction of larger downtown areas and because poor income families that already live within the city are no longer allowed to stay near the downtown area. It is more expensive to live in areas where infrastructure already exists. Therefore, many vacant lands are also being speculated and, consequently, the urban sprawl begins to occupy green fields. The challenge is to preserve the remaining green areas and, at the same time, make growth within the city possible. In the Brazilian case, these brownfield are also occupied by informal settlements even if they are not decontaminated. If there is no national law on this issue, how can this topic be dealt with? This research project focuses on brownfield redevelopment through housing in Brazil as a way of minimizing the segregation problem and giving the poorer classes the chance for insertion into the formal city in a healthy manner. It also aims to show that besides 16

18 the specialized expert knowledge, development projects must be inserted into a broader common context strategy (see Oppermann/ Langer (2005, 08)). 17

19 INTRODUCTION Brazil as a whole is currently an urbanized country, similarly to Latin America, with approximately 80% of the Brazilian population living in cities. Thirty percent of this population, however, is concentrated within the large Brazilian metropolitan areas, with Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo as the main examples (see Figure 1). Figure 1: Metropolitan Areas in Brazil Source: adapted from Observatório das Metrópoles (2008) Nevertheless, the infrastructure of the Brazilian cities was unable to keep up with the population growth. The city began to extend its services only to some people and as a consequence, urban problems began to affect all citizens. 18

20 Industries were not able to compete with the city s growth. During the last decade of the 20 th century, the industrial sector in Rio de Janeiro lost its importance, with major industries moving to other municipalities within the metropolitan area. Even though the city government provides some incentives for keeping industries within the city, they continue to leave. The reasons are many: layout changes in the industries, technological evolutions, the sites and infrastructure required to transport production, public security, the high price of labor, etc. This has led to vacant lands and with them, several problems. Among these types of spaces, there may be contamination. If it is found, another barrier to redevelop those areas has appeared: generally they do not count on adequate treatment of decontamination. Besides this, low income families excluded from formal/ legal city start to occupy those places that are usually provided with urban infra-structure and services. These industries are also moving because Rio de Janeiro has started making increased investments in the service sector. Today, the city concentrates its economic activities on the areas of tourism, communication and entertainment, although its surroundings still have the strong presence of the oil industry that attracts other industries and makes the state of Rio de Janeiro one of the most industrialized in Brazil. In this way, there are countless degraded and abandoned properties in the city of Rio de Janeiro, concentrated largely within Planning Area 3 (AP-3) in the Northern zone of the city. This occurs due to the existing transportation infrastructure in the area. There are four railways and other important roads that connect the city to other cities even in different states. Several industries came with the transportation system, aiming to benefit from the logistics structure. In this way, AP-3 includes 13 Administrative Regions formed by 80 quarters. It has the biggest population of all the zones in the city (2,353,590 inhabitants), which corresponds to 40% of the total population. Of this total, 500,000 people live in slums (see Rio de Janeiro (2006b)). 19

21 The city government has defined AP-3 as a priority area and made its brownfields the object of municipal urban proposals. Surveys were performed on the degraded urban properties within the area, and as a result, some guidelines for redevelopment were defined. Special attention must be paid to the brownfield issue in Rio de Janeiro. Within the city, this problem is strongly correlated to two other major urban problems: the reduced quality of life of middle class neighborhoods, the abandonment and urban exclusion of the Northern and Western suburban zones and the urban exclusion of the informal cities such as slums and informal settlements (see Sirkis (2001, 07)). In this way, an area within AP-3 was chosen for a case study. Regarding the current policies on slum upgrading, the Brazilian federal government has developed the Acceleration Growth Program (PAC), directing a large budget at improving the quality of life in the large slums, especially in Rio de Janeiro. Two of those projects will be developed in AP-3 on areas with abandoned or underused land. The district of Manguinhos will be one of these assisted by PAC, and it is inserted into an industrial zone and right in the middle of former important industrial areas with decreasing activities. Manguinhos experiences the same problem as that of AP-3: slum vs. abandonment / under use of former industrial and commercial areas. PAC intends to provide housing, infrastructure and social equipment. The area is so densely populated and has such a high housing deficit that the research begins from the point that those empty spaces could be used in a way to minimize the problems in the area. The research focus is the Manguinhos district and its surrounding districts, since not only the community, but its problems and also potentials exceed the limits of the political division (see Chapter 5). 20

22 Research Questions Accordingly, the research was developed as a way to answer the following related questions: 1. Which urban aspects could be improved through brownfield redevelopment? 2. Which aspects could influence the success of a brownfield redevelopment project? 3. Is brownfield redevelopment a good way to solve the housing problem in Brazil? 4. How can citizens and other actors involved in the process truly take part? Objectives The research objectives were defined to answer the above questions. General Objective To analyze and evaluate brownfield redevelopment as a way of efficiently minimizing the housing problem in Brazil. Specific Objectives Analysis of the social aspects, problems and requirements within the context of brownfield redevelopment (international comparison with a focus on Brazil). Identification of suitable strategies and instruments for the integration of social interests in projects focused on brownfield revitalization that fit within the context (international comparison, best practices). Through a case study in Rio de Janeiro - Manguinhos: o Analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of brownfield redevelopment in Manguinhos. o Analysis of the actors' role, including forms and innovative methods of citizen participation (empowerment). o Analysis of monitoring measurements, urban and financing instruments, as well as possible housing policies. 21

23 Research Limits The researcher encountered certain barriers when trying to achieve the above mentioned objectives: the availability of different actors to provide data and be interviewed as well as the violence that exists in Manguinhos. Because of the first problem, there was a great deal of data that could not be acquired. For example, the researcher was unable to access legislation concerning contaminated sites. Other institutions were not available to talk about the problem, and some could not properly answer the questions asked, perhaps due to the fact that they are unaware of the brownfield redevelopment issue. The violence that exists today in Manguinhos requires some precautions, such as not going inside the area without being accompanied by a community member. To meet a contact from the community, the researcher had to participate in audiences and request help from the Fiocruz Institution. However, this occurred only two and a half months after the researcher was in Rio de Janeiro. After finding the contact, the researcher had to wait yet again for the availability of community members to go inside the area, while at the same time writing the thesis. Accordingly, even if the researcher went to Fiocruz several times to participate in the community meetings, the area could only be visited three times. 22

24 Methods The research was developed in three phases (see Figure 2): First Phase Figure 2: Research Methods and Phases The first phase involved understanding the problem of contaminated sites and how this problem is related to housing and public participation. In order to obtain this knowledge, a literature review was performed in Berlin in August This phase served as the basis for the research. At the same time, the research project was also re-formulated considering the new information acquired on a constant basis. Second Phase The literature review continued into this phase, but now in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. From September 2007 to January 2008, the researcher completed an internship at GTZ. The internship itself had the main objective of evaluating and analyzing brownfield 23